duf: ImeLǤfneqsS

duf¯pÈco^! hnizmknbpsS lrZb`qan. t{]amXntcI¯nsâ hnImcXojvWXbn hnizmkn hnip²duf s\©I¯nteän \S¡pIbmWv. ]m¼v amf¯ne`bw tXSp¶Xp t]mse Ah³ aZo\bnte¡v DÄhenbp¶p. (_pJmcnþ‏anivIm¯v. t]:29) Xncpk¯bpsS A\p{KloX kv]Àiw sIm­v [\yambn¯oÀ¶ a®nte¡v ‏þ kzÀ¤¯nsâ Hcp IjvWamWXv. (_ÊmÀ, Xz_vdm\n, A_qXzmlnÀ) amemJamcpsS A\´ t{iWn BImi¯n \pa¸pdt¯¡v \o­p InS¡p¶p. X§Ä ImWpItbm tIÄ¡pItbm sN¿m¯ a\pjy]pjv]¯n\p th­n tImSm\ptImSnbpsS _mjv]aWnIÄ AhnsS Cänhogp¶p. AXv Xncpkv]Àitaäp InS¡p¶ ]pWya®v. AÞISml§fnse AJne hkvXp¡ sf¡mfpw hnip²as{X. IAv_tb¡mÄ, AÀint\¡mÄ... kzÀ¤t¯¡mÄ (C_v\p AJo ]dª Cu A`n{]mbw C_v\p J¿nw Xsâ _ZmCep h^mCZv. D²cWw a^mlow, t] 197) B ]pWya®psIm­v aZo\ am{Xaà `qan apgpt¡bpw ]hn{Xambn. kqcyN{µ·mÀ Aà A´tImSn BImiKwKIÄ apgpt¡bpw `qansb t\m¡n Akqbs¸SpIbmWv. F§s\ Akqbs¸SmXncn¡pw.

FÃm {]`mX¯nepw Fgp]Xn\mbncw amemJamÀ NndISn¨v Cd§nh¶v kzem¯v \nÀÆln¡pIbmWhnsS. kÔybmIpt¼mÄ AhÀ Ibdnt¸mhpIbpw asämcp Fgp]Xn\mbncw Cd§nhcnIbpw sN¿p¶p. (apkv\Zp±mcnan, hm:1, t]:44) \s½ ImWpIbpw tIÄ¡pIbpw sNbvXv, \½psS kzem¯pIfpw kemapIfpw (Xz_vdm\n, _kmÀ, A_qZmhqZv, C_v\pamP, ZmdpJpXv\o... D²cn¨ kzlolmb lZokpIÄ) kzoIcn¨v thhemXnIfpw ]cnthZ\§fpw tI«v, kpIrX§fpw hnIrX§fpadnªv AXpeyamsbmcp _ÀkJo PohnXw! kpIrXw ImWpt¼mÄ AhnSp¶v \mYs\ kvXpXn¡p¶p. XobXdnbpt¼mÄ am¸n\t]£n¡p¶p. (_kmÀ D²cn¨ lZokv kpbqYn, JkvXzÃm\n, lm^nfpÂsslXan F¶nhÀ kzlolm¡nbncn¡p¶p) "Imcy§sf \nb{´n¡p¶' (JpÀB³ 79/5, dmkn klnXw (31/31, 78/1)) BßmhpIfpsS t\XmhmWhnSp¶v. {]]©¯nsâ Ne\¯n B almßmhnsâ km¶n[yap­v. ]cws]mcpÄ Xsâ ]cn]qÀ® Zmks\ t{]an¡p¶Xnsâ ]caImjvSbmWXv. ASna¯¯nsâ ]mcayXbmWv Cu hnip² a®ns\ BImi§tf¡mÄ AXypÂIrjvSam¡nbsX¶v kn²w. B hnip² apdns¡m¸w \ap¡v Ncn{X¯neqsS k©cn¨p t\m¡mw. ]pdw]In«pIÄ¡¸pdapÅ, {]Imiam\amb Ncn{XiIe§fnte¡p \aps¡¯nt\m¡mw.

C_v\p PpssdPv ]dbp¶p: \_n (kz) sb FhnsSbmWv adhpsN¿pIsb¶Xns\¡pdn¨v kzlm_¯n\v \nÝbap­mbncp¶nÃ. Ahkm\w A_q_IvÀ (d) ]dªp. Hcp {]hmNI\pw acn¨ Øe¯ÃmsX J_dS¡s¸«n«nsöv \_n (kz) ]dbp¶Xv Rm³ tI«n«p­v. \_n (kz) InS¶ncp¶ hncn¸v \o¡n Ipgnsh«n.(AlvaZv) \_n  (kz) sb aq¶v shÅ hkv{X§fn I^³ sN¿pIbpw P\§Ä [mcmfw kwL§fmbn \nkvIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Aºmkv (d) Dw Aen (d) Dw J_dn Cd§n "elvZv' (a®v Xpcs¶Sp¡s¸« Øew) CjvSnI sIm­v ]Sp¯p. ]ns¶ a®n«p aqSn. tijw shÅw IpSªp. J_dS¡Â IgnªbpSs\ ]p{Xn ^mXzna (d) tNmZn¨phs{X. "A\tk', Xncp\_n¡p ta a®v tImcnbnSm³ \n§fpsS a\Êv k½Xn¨pthm?'

J_dnsâ cq]w

Bcw`Zibn J_À F§s\bmbncp¶psh¶Xv kw_Ôn¨v hyXykvX dnt¸mÀ«pIfmWpÅXv. Ahbn {]_eamb A`n{]mbw H«I¯nsâ ]qª t]mse DbÀ¶Xmbncp¶psh¶mWv. kp^vbm\p¯aÀ ]dbp¶p: \_n (kz) bpsS J_À DbÀ¯s¸«Xmbn Rm³ I­p. (_pJmcn) A_q_IvÀ (d) h^m¯mbt¸mÄ \_n (kz) bpsS Nmc¯pXs¶ adhpsNbvXp. AXn\Sp¯mbn DaÀ (d) t\bpw. ChcpsS aq¶p t]cptSbpw J_dpIÄ ØnXnsN¿p¶ {Iaw kw_Ôn¨v \m^nAv D²cn¡p¶Xn§s\bmWv. Jn_vebpsS `mKt¯¡mbn Gähpw ap¼n \_n (kz) bptSbpw \_n (kz) bpsS tXmtfmSp tNÀ¶v A_q_IvÀ (d) hntâbpw A_q_Ivdnsâ tXmtfmSp tNÀ¶v DaÀ (d) hntâbpw J_dpIÄ ØnXnsN¿p¶p (h^mDÂh^m, 2/556). lnPvd 86  `cWtasäSp¯ heoZp_v\p A_vZn aenInsâ Ime¯v J_dnsâ IÃp\o§nbt¸mÄ Hcp Im ]pd¯pI­ kw`hw _pJmcn D²cn¡p¶p­v. \_n (kz) bpsS ]mZambncn¡ptam F¶v ZrIvkm£nIÄ kwibn¨p. AhÀ¡v kw{`aambn. CXdnª DÀh ]dªp. "\nÝbw CXv Dadnsâ ImemWv.' heoZnsâ Ime¯v Dadp_v\pA_vZn Akokv akvPnZn ]cnjvImc§Ä hcp¯pIbp­mbn (DwZ¯p Jmcn 8/227).

Hcn¡Â aZo\mhmknIÄ¡v ISp¯ £maw t\cn«p. AhÀ BCi (d) tbmSv ]cmXn ]dªp. BCi (d) ]dªp. \n§Ä \_n (kz) bpsS J_dn\Spt¯¡v sNÃpI. F¶n«v dufbn \n¶v apIfntem«p Hcp ZzmcanSpI. Ahc§s\ sNbvXp. ag s]bvXp. sNSnIÄ CSXqÀ¶v hfÀ¶p. H«I§Ä XSn¨psImgp¯p. AXn\m B hÀj¯n\v t£ahÀjw F¶ t]cp In«n (AÂh^m, C_v\pÂPukn). C_v\p IkoÀ (d) D²cn¡p¶p. (X^vkoÀ C_v\pIkoÀ, 1/520) AX_n ]dbpIbp­mbn. Rm³ \_n (kz) bpsS J_dn\p kao]w Ccn¡pIbmbncp¶p. At¶cw Hcp AAvdm_n h¶v kemw sNmÃn. \_ntb A§bpsS ASp¡Â h¶m ]S¨h³ s]mdp¯p Xcpsa¶v JpÀB\nep­tÃm. AXn\m A§sbs¡m­v Rm³ in]mÀi tXSp¶psh¶v ]dªv \_nsb kwt_m[\ sNbvXpsIm­v Hcp ]ZyiIew sNmÃn. AAvdm_n t]mbt¸mÄ F\n¡v Dd¡w h¶p. Dd¡¯n Rm³ \_nsb I­p. AAvdm_n¡v ]S¨h³ s]mdp¯psImSp¯ncn¡p¶Xv ]dbm³ \_n Ft¶mSv ]dªp. Camw \hhnbpw C_v\p JpZmabpw Cu kw`hw D²cn¨n«p­v.

Xncpicocw tamjvSn¡m³ {ia§Ä

\_n (kz) bpsS ]hn{Xicocw aZo\bn \n¶v tamjvSn¨p sIm­pt]mIphm³ A©p XhW {ia§fp­mbn. (h^mDÂh^m, t]:648, 654, kod¯pakvPnZn¶_hn¿nÈco^v). \_n (kz) bpsS icocw aZo\bn \n¶v ankzvdnte¡v sIm­ph¶m ankzvdnsâ JymXn hÀ²n¡psa¶v Nne \ncoizchmZnIÄ "AÂlmInap_v\p AwdnÃmlv' F¶v kzbw hntijn¸n¨ncp¶ Dss_Zo cmPmhns\ [cn¸n¨p. cmPmhv hnjbw A_p ^pXqlns\ G¸n¨p. X{´w aZo\¡mcdnªp. Ahs\ h[n¡m³ {ian¨t¸mÄ "AÃmlphns\ `bs¸SpI' F¶h³ hnfn¨p ]dªp. DSs\ iàamb ImäSn¡pIbpw `qNe\a\p`hs¸SpIbpap­mbn. AXn\nsS `qan hnd¡m³ XpS§n. A_p ^pXqlv IogS§n. lnPvd 386 embncp¶p Cu kw`hw.

Xncpicocw I«psIm­pt]mIm³ lnPvd 411  c­maXpw Dss_Zn {iaw \S¯n. At±lw \ntbmKn¨ Hcp kwLamfpIÄ duf¡cnIn Hcp hoSpsI«n Xpc¦w \nÀ½n¨p XpS§n. J_dn\Sps¯¯nbt¸mÄ Btcm Dds¡ A«lkn¡p¶Xv P\w tI«p. "\n§fpsS {]hmNI³ Xpc¡s¸Sp¶p.' BfpIÄ HmSn¡qSn. i{Xp¡sf ]nSnIqSn h[n¨p. aq¶mas¯ {iaw AÃmam Pamep±o³ Akv\hn hnhcn¡p¶Xn§s\: \qdp±o³ iloZnsâ `cWImew. \_n (kz) bpsS `uXnIicocw aZo\bn \n¶v X«nsbSp¡m³ Hcp kwLw {InkvXym\nIÄ Xocpam\n¨p. A§s\ Hcp Znhkw Jeo^ ]Xnhpt]mse XlÖpZv \nkvIcn¨v Dd§pIbmbncp¶p. Dd¡¯n \_n (kz), Xhn«p\ndapÅ c­mfpIsf Nq­n "Chcn \n¶v Fs¶ c£n¡q' F¶v ]dbp¶p. At±lw hn{`m´\mbn sR«nbpWÀ¶p. ho­pw Dd§n. kz]v\w aq¶p{]mhiyw BhÀ¯n¨p. \qdp±o³ Xsâ a{´n Pamep±o³ aqkznensb hnfn¨p hnhc§Ä ]dªp. At±lw ]dªp: "DSs\ aZo\bnte¡v ]pds¸SpI. A§v I­Xv ad¨psh¡pI.' Jeo^bpw a{´nbpw aZo\bnse¯n. Jeo^ h¶Xdnªv BfpIÄ ]Ånbn XSn¨pIqSn. a{´n P\§tfmSv kwt_m[n¨p: "knbmd¯n\p h¶ Jeo^ \n§Ä¡v FÃmhÀ¡pw Zm\w \ÂIphm³ B{Kln¡p¶p. \m«pImsc apgph\pw hnhcadnbn¡pI.' P\§Ä apgph\pw HgpInsb¯n. kw`mh\IÄ hm§n Xncn¨pt]mbn. Xhn«p \ndapÅ c­pt]sc XncbpIbmbncp¶p At±l¯nsâ I®pIÄ. "C\n Bsc¦nepw _m¡nbpt­m?' At±lw At\zjn¨p. "]mÝmXycmbn c­pt]À am{Xta _m¡nbpÅq. AhÀ BcnÂ\n¶pw H¶pw hm§mdnÃ. aäpÅhÀ¡v [mcmfw Zm\w sN¿mdpÅhcpamWhÀ.' "Ahsc sIm­phcq.' Jeo^ D¯chn«p. \_n (kz) Nq­n¡mWn¨ AtX a\pjyÀ.

"\n§fpsS Xmak Øew?' "R§Ä duf¡Sp¯v Hcp sIm¨p IpSnen Xmakn¡p¶p.' Jeo^ AhcpsS IpSnente¡p sN¶p. c­v "JXvaXp'IÄ, Ipd¨p ]pkvXI§Ä, [mcmfw k¼¯v, IpSnense BsI kma{KnIÄ. CXpI­v aZo\¡mÀ ChcpsS A]Zm\§Ä ]dbm³ XpS§n. "F¶pw {hXamWv. FÃm \nkvImc§Ä¡pw ]Ånbnep­mIpw. F¶pw knbmd¯v sN¿pw. FÃm ]peÀ¨bpw _JoC t]mIpw. FÃm i\nbmgvNbpw Jp_mbn t]mIpw. F´p tNmZn¨ht\bpw \ncmicm¡nÃ...'

apdn¡I¯p InS¶ Hcp ]mb Jeo^ DbÀ¯n t\m¡n. lpPvd¯pÈco^¡pt\sc Hcp Xpc¦w. P\§Ä AÔmfn¨p. tNmZyw sNbvXt¸mÄ \_n (kz) bpsS icocw tamjvSn¨p sIm­pt]mIm³ {InkvXym\nIÄ ]dªb¨ Nmc·mcmWv X§sf¶v AhÀ Ipäk½Xw \S¯n. "FÃm Znhkhpw cm{Xn Ipgn¡pw. cmhnse Ipgns¨Sp¯ a®v _mKnem¡n P¶¯p _JoC J_dpIÄ¡nSbn \nt£]n¡pw. Iptd \mfmbn Xpc¦ \nÀ½mWw XpScpIbmWv. C¶se e£yØm\¯n\Sps¯¯nbncp¶p.' AhÀ h[n¡s¸«p. lnPvd 557 emWv kw`hw.

lnPvd 578 emWv \memas¯ {iaw \S¶Xv. AXnsâ kq{X[mcIsc s]s«¶p I­p]nSn¡pIbpw in£n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. A©mw {ias¯¡pdn¨v aplnºpXz_vcn Xsâ "AÀcnbmfp\fod ^o ^fmCen Aivd' F¶ IrXnbn hniZambn ]dbp¶p­v. le_pImcnÂs¸« Hcp kwLamfpIÄ A¶s¯ cmPmhn\v [mcmfw Aaqeyamb k½m\§Ä \ÂIn kzm[o\n¨v lpPvd Xpd¶v A_q_Ivdnt\bpw Dadnt\bpw s]m¡ns¡m­pt]mIm³ k½Xw hm§n. lpPvd ]cnNmcIt\mSv cmPmhnsâ ZqX³ ]dªp. "C¶nhnsS Ipd¨mfpIÄ hcpw. AhÀ sN¿p¶Xv sN¿s«. H¶pw XSbcpXv.' CimAv \nkvImcw Ignªp hmXnepIfS¨p. s]s«¶v hmXnen Btcm ap«p¶Xv tI«p. Xpd¶p t\m¡pt¼mÄ \m¸tXmfw hcp¶ kmbp[tk\ ]Ånbnte¡v Cc¨pIbdp¶p. dufbmWv e£yw. ]t£, an¼dn\Sps¯¯nbt¸mtg¡pw `qan Ahsc hngp§n¡fªp.

knbmd¯n\p hcp¶ hnizmknIÄ¡v dufbn \n¶v H«\h[n BÝcyIcamb A\p`h§fp­v. alm\mb amenIv (d), \_n (kz) bpsS J_À Rm³ knbmd¯v sNbvXpsh¶v ]dbp¶Xpt]mepw shdp¯ncp¶p. \_n (kz) sb knbmd¯v sNbvXpsh¶v ]dbp¶XmWv AZ_v (^Xvlv_mcn, 3/66). ssiJv cn^mCu duf kµÀin¨p. AZayt{]a¯m A\nb{´nXamb lrZb¯n \n¶v AXpeyamb IhnXIÄ hncnbpIbpw sNbvXt¸mÄ Xncp\_n (kz) Xsâ XncpIcw ssiJn\p \o«ns¡mSp¯p. ssiJv ssI Npw_n¨p. ssI J_dn\pÅnte¡v adªp! 1143 epw 44 epw lÖv \nÀÆln¡pIbpw duf kµÀin¡pIbpw sNbvX imlv henbpÃmln Zlvehn X\n¡v dufmico^n \n¶p­mb \m¸XnÂ]cw A\p`h§Ä Xsâ ^pbqfp ldssa\nbn hniZoIcn¡p¶p­v. Hc\p`hw C§s\: ""Rm³ duf knbmd¯v sN¿pIbpw Xncp\_nbpsS dqlns\ {]Xy£ambpw hyàambpw ZÀin¡pIbpw sNbvXp. AÀhmlnsâ temI¯v am{Xambncp¶nà \½psS _mlytemIt¯mSv ASp¯pInS¡p¶ Beap ankmenembncp¶p Cu A\p`hw. \_n (kz) \nkvImc¯n\v lmPcmhp¶Xmbpw P\§Ä¡v Cama¯v \n¡p¶Xmbpw aäpw s]mXpP\§Ä ]dªpt]mcp¶Xnsâ bmYmÀYyw F\n¡p a\Ênembn. X§fpsS Bßm¡fn ]Xnªp InS¡m¯ Hcdnhpw s]mXpP\§Ä kwkmcn¡mdnÃ. C¯cw hnjb¯n s]mXpP\m`n{]mbs¯ \nÊmcambn I­p ]pÑn¡p¶Xn\p ]Icw BfpIÄ ]dªphcp¶Xnsâ s]mcpÄ {Kln¡phm\mWv {iant¡­Xv. {]hmNI·mÀ acWw {]m]n¡pIbnsöpw AhÀ X§fpsS J_dpIfn \nkvImchpw lÖpw \nÀÆln¨psIm­v Pohn¨ncn¡pIbmsW¶pw \_n AcpfnbXv CXnte¡mWv kqN\ \ÂIp¶Xv'' (aZo\bnse A\p`h§Ä, A\p{Kl§Ä (hnh) t]:45).

aebmf¯nsâ alm\mb ]p{X³ DaÀJmfn lpPvd¯pÈco^bpsS D½d¸Snbn \n¶psIm­v Hcp sIm¨pIp«nsbt¸mse Icªp. AXncä t{]a¯nsâ AeISepIÄ Hcp hnjmZImhyambn AhnsS s]bvXnd§n. DaÀ Jmfn¡v {]thi\ hnet¡Às¸Sp¯nb ]mdmhpImÀ kvX_v[cmbn\nÂt¡ lpPvdbpsS hmXn aeÀs¡ Xpd¡s¸«p. B AacImhyw C¶pw aebmfnbpsS a\Ênepw Np­nepw \ndªp \n¡p¶p.

"bm AIvda Ipdam Aem AAvXm_nIpw

Dadp ^Jodp apÀXPo _nP\m_nIpw

bÀPp AXzmA Ae _pImC _n_m_nIpw

h±wD ^o Jss±ln kme kPoam

kzÃq Asselnh kÃnaq Xkveoam'

(t{ijvTcn t{ijvTsc, A§bpsS D½d¸Snbn {]Xo£ItfmsS ]mhw DaÀ! A§bpsS IhmS¯n \n¶v Icªp Imcyw t\Smsa¶v {]Xo£n¡p¶p. IhnfpIfn \n¶v _mjv]IW§Ä [mc[mcbmbn Hen¨nd§p¶p.) CXv kw`hn¨Xv lnPvd 1247 embncp¶p. (DaÀJmfn Ncn{Xw)

]cnjvIcW§Ä

dufbn Imcyamb ]cnjvIcW§Ä hcp¶Xv \qdp±o³ iloZnsâ Ime¯mWv. (h^mDÂh^m, kod¯p akvPnZn¶_hn¿nÈco^v) lnPvd 557  J_dn\p t\sc Xpc¦w \nÀ½n¡m\pÅ {InkvXy³ IpX{´w ]mfnt¸mbXv \mw a\Ênem¡nbtÃm. C¯cw {ia§Ä `mhnbn D­mImXncn¡m³ th­n At±lw ]pXnb Hcp {]Xntcm[ amÀ¤w I­p]nSn¨p. duf¡p Npäpw hnimeamb Hcp InS§v Ipgn¡pI. shÅw ImWp¶Xp hsc. A§s\ AXn _rl¯mb Hcp InS§v cq]w sIm­p. AXv \ndsb C¿w Dcp¡nsbmgn¨p. AXn\paosX aq¶p iàamb aXnepIÄ ]WnXp. Ncn{XImc\mb kpwlqZn ]dbp¶Xv "s]«n'bpsS (kzp³ZqJv) \nÀ½mWs¯¡pdn¨v X\n¡dnbnsömWv. C_v\p Ppss_dnsâ bm{XmhnhcW¯n \n¶mWv CtX¡pdn¨v IqSpX Adnbm³ Ignbp¶Xv. lnPvd 580 IfnemWv C_v\p Ppss_À bm{X sN¿p¶Xv. kzp³ZqJv AXn\papt¼ Øm]n¨ncn¡psa¶v CXn \n¶p a\Ênem¡p¶p. iodmkn ]dbp¶p: Icn´Imfnhr£w sIm­v \nÀ½nXamWXv. shÅnsIm­v s]mXnbs¸«ncn¡p¶p. \_n (kz) bpsS Xe`mK¯mWXv Øm]n¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv. s]«n¡v A©pNm¬ \ofap­v. aq¶p Nm¬ hoXn, \mepNm¬ Dbcw.

aXzcn ]dbp¶p: duf¡v A`napJambn Hcp hnf¡v Øm]n¨ncp¶p. AXn\p Nph«nemWv kemw sNmÃm³ th­n \n¶ncp¶Xv. ]Ån¡v Xo ]nSn¡p¶Xphsc C§s\bmbncp¶p. dufbpsS ap³`mK¯n\pt\sc Hcp hnf¡p am{Xta D­mbncp¶pÅq. ]Ån ]pXp¡n¸WnXt¸mÄ [mcmfw hnf¡pIÄ Øm]n¡s¸«p. kemw sNmÃp¶Xn\v Ct¸mÄ ASbmfs¸Sp¯nbn«pÅ Øe¯v Nph¶ amÀ_nfn Hcp shÅn \nÀ½nXamb BWn Øm]n¨ncn¡p¶p. CJvilvcn ]dbp¶p: ln. 720  Cu BWn (ankvamÀ) hoWp. ln. 724  CXv ho­pw ]p\xØm]n¡s¸«p. C_v\p\ÖmÀ ]dbp¶p: \pssk_v\p A_nÂsslPmAv Hcp shfp¯ hncn J_dn\paosX hncn¨p. shÅbpw Nph¸pw kn¡pIÄ sIm­v Nn{X¸WnIÄ AXn sNbvXn«p­mbncp¶p. ]«p\q sIm­v AXv Ae¦cn¨ncp¶p. bmko³ kqd AXn DtÃJ\w sN¿s¸«n«p­mbncp¶p. "A Camw apkvXfoAv_nÃmln'bpsS k½Xt¯msS AXv dufbn Xq¡n.

dufbnse hnf¡pIÄ (J\mZoÂ)

\qdp±o³ Aen¿p_v\p AlvaZnÊpwlqZn (ln. 911  acWw) ]dbp¶p: \½psS Imew hsc cmPm¡·mcpw aäp {]amWnamcpw dufbnte¡v kzÀ®¯ntâbpw shÅnbptSbpw hnf¡pIÄ lZvb sN¿p¶ Ncy XpSÀ¶p hcp¶p. ssiJp\m AÃmam \mkndp±o³ Dkvam\o Jmfn A_vZpdlvam\p_v\p kzmenlns\ D²cn¨n«p­v. Hmtcm hÀjhpw C§s\ ]t¯m ]Xnaqt¶m ]Xn\t©m Hs¡ hnf¡pIÄ In«pambncp¶phs{X. F¶m \½psS Ime¯v hnhn[ P\§Ä t\À¨bm¡nbn«v Ccp]XnÂ]cw hnf¡pIÄ Hmtcm hÀjhpw e`n¡pw. {]tXyI ]cn[nsbm¶panÃ. lm^nfp_v\plPdpw Cu hnjbw khnkvXcw {]Xn]mZn¨n«p­v. (XpSÀ¶v A¶v ‏þ ln. 881 lpPvdbn \ne\n¶ncp¶ kp{][m\ hnf¡pIsf¡pdn¨pw AhbpsS Xq¡hpw cq]hpw Ah lZvb sNbvXhsc¡pdn¨psaÃmw kplqZn hniZambn hniZoIcn¡p¶p­v.)

Cu Ae¦mc§fpsS hn[n kw_Ônbmbn Camw kp_vIn "X\ÊpepÊIo\ Aem J\mZoen aZo\' (aZo\bpsS Zo]§fn im´nhÀjw) F¶ t]cn Hcp {KÙw Xs¶ cNn¨n«p­v. _pJmcnbpsS lZokv D²cn¨v AhbpsS km[pXbpw HuNnXyhpw hn\nabamÀ¤§fpsaÃmw At±lw hniZoIcn¡p¶p­v. Cu duf¡p Npäpw ln. 668  Hcp hnimeapdn \nÀ½n¡s¸«p. dpIv\p±o³ _o_dkv Bbncp¶p CXv ]WnIgn¸n¨Xv. Jn_vebpsS `mK¯pw ]Snªmdpw Ing¡pambn CXn\v aq¶p hmXnepIfp­mbncp¶p. CXn\v acambncp¶p D]tbmKn¨ncp¶Xv.. ln. 694  ssk\p±o³ cmPmhv CXn ]cnjvIcWw hcp¯pIbpw ta¡qc ap«pamdpbc¯n hepXm¡pIbpw P\hmXnepIÄ \nÀ½n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. ln. 886se Xo¸nSp¯¯n CXn\v NnÃd tISp]änbXn\m ln. 886 18,817 Intem{Kmw Xq¡w hcp¶ Ccp¼pw sN¼pw D]tbmKn¨v CXv ]pXp¡n¸WnXp. sN¼nsâ PmeI§Ä Ing¡pw ]Snªmdpw hS¡pw ]¨ Nmbw ]qinb Ccp¼p PmeI§Ä. Cu "aJvkqd'bmWv ]n¶oSv lpPvd¯pÈco^ F¶dnbs¸«Xv. ChnsSbpÅ Zo]§Ä "J\mZnepÂlpPvd' F¶pw Adnbs¸Sp¶p. Jn_ve bpsS `mKw "aphmPl¯pÈco^' F¶p hnfn¡p¶p. ChnsSbmWv kµÀiIÀ \n¡p¶Xv.

ln. 608 a³kzqÀ cmPmhnsâ Ime¯mWv kp{]kn²amb Cu Jpº \nÀ½n¡s¸«Xv. \mkznÀ lk³ _n³ apl½Zv cmPmhnsâ Ime¯v CXv ]pXp¡n¸WnXp. ]p\xØm]n¨t¸mÄ Nne tISp]mSpIÄ kw`hn¨Xn\m Aivd^v iAv_m³ cmPmhnsâ Ime¯v 765  CXv ho­pw ]pXp¡pIbpw icnbmbn Dd¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. kpsseam³Jm³ cmPmhv (ln. 926‏þ948) lpPvdbn amÀ_nÄ ]Xn¨p. A_vZp Akokv BepkpDuZnsâ Ime¯v amÀ_nÄ sIm­v Nne ]ptcmKa\ {]hÀ¯\§Ä \S¶n«p­v.