Xncp\_n(kz)bpsS khntijXIÄ

ap^ÊndpIfpsS hnhcW§Ä

\nÀ_Ôambh

\njn²ambh

CfhpIÄ

BZchpIÄ

ImcpWytIZmcw

BZcWob kwt_m[\

kzem¯v

]mc{XnItemI¯pw

i^mA¯pIÄ

s]mXphmb i^mA¯v

kapZmb¯nÂ

CXc {]hmNIcn \n¶p hyXykvXambn \_n(kz) X§Ä¡v {]tXyIambn Nne khntijXIfp­v. {]hmNI³amcpsSbpw {]hmNIs\¶ \nebn AhnSps¯ alXzw {i t²bamWv. FÃm \_namÀ¡pÅ {it²bamb khntijXIsfÃmw \_n(kz) X§fn epw kt½fn¨ncp¶p.

""\nÝbw, \_n(kz) X§fn ]qÀÆ{]hmNI³amcpsS FÃm hntijW§fpw kt½fn¨ncp¶p. ImcWw AhnSp¶mWtÃm B \à KpWhntij§fpsSsbÃmw t{km XÊpw k¯bpw. BZw(A)sâ kz`mhhpw Cukm(A)sâ Úm\hpw \qlv(A)sâ [ocXbpw C{_mlow(A)sâ kulrZ a\xØnXnbpw(Jeo F¶ AhØ) CkvamCuÂ(A)sâ `mjm ss\]pWyhpw CkvlmJv(A)sâ kwXr]vXnbpw kzmenlv(A)sâ A£ckv^pSXbpw epXzv(A)sâ XXzÚm\hpw bAvJq_v(A)sâ kt´mjhpw bqkp^v(A)sâ kuµcy hpw aqkm(A)sâ ImÀ¡iyhpw A¿q_v(A)sâ £abpw bq\pkv(A)sâ A\pkcW bpw bqiAv(A)sâ kachocyhpw ZmhqZv(A)sâ i_vZhpw Zm\nbmÂ(A)sâ kvt\l hpw CÂbmkv(A)sâ Kmw`ocyhpw blvbm(A)sâ ]hn{XXbpw Cukm(A)sâ ]cnXymKhpw  XpS§n FÃm {]hmNI³amcpsSbpw kZvKpW§sfÃmw \_n(kz) X§fn kt½fn¨ncp¶p''(iÀlpÈn^m:1/323).

FÃm {]hmNIcpw XuloZn A[njvTnXamb {]t_m[\ {]hÀ¯\§Ä Xs¶bmWv \S¯nbXv. F¶m AhcpsS Ime¯nsâbpw P\¯nsâbpw ]cnanXn¡pw kuIcy¯n\pa\pkrXambn icoA¯v \nba§fnÂ, AYhm XuloZnsâ ASnØm\¯nepÅ PohnX¯nsâ {]mtbmKnI coXnbn Nne hyXymk§Ä D­mbncp¶p. AXv kzm`mhnIhpw A\nhmcyhpamWv.

{]hmNI³amscÃmw AXmXpImes¯ amXrImtbmKycpw D¶Xamb ]ZhnIfpsS DSaI fpambncp¶p. AXn¶\pkrXamb imcocnI am\knI {]tXyIXIfpw AhÀ¡p­mbncp¶p. Cu KpW§fpsSsbÃmw BsI¯pI \_n(kz) X§fn kt½fn¨ncp¶p. ImcWw AhnSp¶v FÃmhcpsSbpw t\Xmhmbncp¶p. kÀÆ k¼qÀ®\mb t\Xmhv F¶XmWv \_n(kz) X§fpsS t\Xr]ZhnbpsS {]tXyIX. \yq\XIfnÃm¯ k¼qÀW hyànXzw. B \ne¡v \_n(kz) X§fn CÃm¯ Hcp KpWhpw A\pbmbnIfn D­mhm³ ]m SnÃ. A§s\ kw`hn¨m B hnjb¯n t\Xmhv ]n¶nemsW¶mWtÃm AÀYw. \ _n(kz) X§sf kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw A§s\  Hcp Ipdhnsâ {]iv\w Xs¶ DZn¡p¶nÃ. kIe kZvKpW ioe§fpsSbpw kw]qÀ¯oIcWw \_n(kz) X§fpsS \ntbmK¯nsâ e£yamWv.

""\nÝbw, kZvKpW ioe§Ä kw]qÀ¯oIcn¡p¶Xn\mbn«s{X Rm³ \ntbmKn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xv''(lmInw).

CXn\p c­p Xc¯nepÅ AÀYap­v: \_n(kz) X§fpsS ZuXy¯nsâ `mKamWXv F ¶Xn\p ]pdsa kZvKpWioe§fn ]qÀ¯oIcnt¡­Xmb \yq\XIÄ \ne\n¡p¶p­v F¶Xp IqSnbmWXv. Nne \yq\XIÄ a\pjysâ PohnXKXnbpsS {Iam\pKXamb ]cnWXnbmbncn¡mw. aäp NneXv kaImekmlNcy]camb ]cnanXnIfmhmw. c­mbm epw ]qÀ¯oIcWw tXSp¶p­v. AXmWv \_n(kz) X§fnepsS km[n¨ncn¡p¶Xv.

ap^ÊndpIfpsS hnhcW§Ä

hnip² JpÀB\n 18 {]hmNI³amsc¡pdn¨v Hcpan¨v ]dªXn\p tijw AÃmlp ]dbp¶p:

""AÃmlp lnZmb¯p sNbvXhcmWhÀ. AhcpsSsbÃmw lnZmb¯v A§v ]n´pScpI'' (Bibw; AÂA³Bw:90). Cu kqà¯nsâ hymJym\¯n Camw dmkn(d) ]dbp¶p: ""\½psS \_n(kz) X§Ä FÃm {]hmNI³amsc¡mfpw t{ijvTcmsW¶Xn\v ]WvVnX ³amÀ Cu Bb¯pw sXfnhm¡p¶p­.v AXn§s\bmWv: \nÝbw, ]qÀ®XbpsS KpW§fpw ioe§fpw khntijXIfpw ]qÀÆIme {]hmNI³amcn `mKnIambpw hyXykv Xambpw InS¡pIbmWv F¶p \mw hnhcn¨phtÃm.

ZmhpZv(A), kpsseam³(A) F¶nhÀ A\p{Kl¯n\v Gsd \µn tcJs¸Sp¯p¶hcmbncp¶p. A¿q_v(A) ]co£W§fn £an¡p¶hcmbncp¶p. bqkp^v(A) Cu c­p hn tijW§fpapÅhcmbncp¶p. aqkm(A) hyàamb Aam\pjnI kn²nIfpw A[oi Xz iànbpÅ icoA¯papÅhcmbncp¶p. kIcn¿m(A), blvbm(A), Cukm(A), C bmkv(A) F¶nhÀ `uXnI ]cnXymKnIfmbncp¶p. CkvamCuÂ(A) kXykÔXbpÅhcmbncp¶p. bq\pkv(A) hn\oX hnt[bXzapÅhcmbncp¶p.

Cu {]hmNI³amsc AÃmlp {]tXyIw ]cmaÀin¨Xv Ahcn t{ijvThpw {]iwk\obhpamb Nne KpW§Ä D­mbncp¶Xn\memWv. Chsc¡pdn¨p ]cmaÀin¨ tijw AÃm lp \_n(kz) X§tfmSv Ahsc  ]n´pScm³  \nÀt±in¡pIbp­mbn.

At¸mÄ "D_qZn¿¯n'sâbpw "XzmAXn'sâbpw ]cn[nbnÂs¸« KpWioe§fn \n¶v AhcnseÃmhcnepambn InS¡p¶ hntijW§sfÃmw kzmb¯am¡m³ \_n(kz) X§tfmSv \nÀt±in¨Xp t]msebmbn¯ocp¶p AXv. C§s\ \nÀt±iap­mb ØnXn¡v AXv kzoIcn¡p¶Xn \_n(kz) X§Ä hogvN hcp¯n F¶p ]dbm³ \nÀÆmlanÃ. A t¸mÄ CsXÃmw \_n(kz) X§Ä t\Snbn«p­v F¶XmWv ØncoIcn¡m³ ]änb Imcyw.

Cu ASnØm\¯n FÃmhn[ KpWIcamb Imcy§fpw \_n(kz)bn kt½fn¨n«p­mbncp¶p. AXmIs« ]qÀÆ {]hmNI³amcn ]eXpw ]ecnembn«mbncp¶p D­mbncp¶ Xv. C§s\ t\m¡pt¼mÄ \_n(kz) X§Ä FÃm \ne¡pw ]qÀÆ {]hmNIsc¡mÄ t{i jvTcmsW¶p ]db A\nhmcyambn¯ocp¶p'' (X^vkoÀ dmkn :13/58).

""FÃm {]hmNI³amcnepambn \nesIm­ncp¶p KpW ioe§sfÃmw \_n(kz) X§fn kt½fn¡pIbp­mbn. At¸mÄ \_n(kz) Ahcntemtcmcp¯sc¡mfpsa¶ t]mse Xs¶ AhscÃmhsc¡mfpw t{ijvTcmbn¯oÀ¶p''(X^vkoÀ dqlp aB\n 4/206).

""CXpsIm­pt±iyw AhcnepÅ \à kz`mh§sfÃmw ]n´pScWsa¶mWv. X§fnepÅ CXcKpW§sf At]£n¨v D¶Xhpw DZm¯hpamb GsX¦nepw D¶Xhpw DZm¯hpamb KpWapÅhcmbncp¶p AhscÃmw. AsXÃmw ]n´pScm³ \_n(kz) X§tfmSp ]d ªXv FÃm {]hmNI³amcnepapÅ kIe kZvKpW§fpw ]pÀWambn ]n´pScm\pÅ \nÀt±iamWv. CXv aäp {]hmNI³amÀ¡mÀ¡pw km[n¡m\mhm¯ AXyp¶Xamb ]ZhnbmWv''(X^vkoÀ dqlp _bm³:10/106).

""AhcpsS lnZmb¯ns\ ]n´pScpI F¶p  ]dªXnepsS FÃm A¼nbm¡fpsSbpw lnZmb¯v ASnØm\]cambn \_n(kz) X§fpsS lnZmb¯mWv F¶v  Adnbn¡pIbmWÃmlp''(AÂ Phmlndp h ±pdÀ:234).

\_n(kz) X§Ä¡v  {]t_m[\hgnbn AÃmlp Hcp¡ns¡mSp¯ A\pIqemhØbpw kuIcy§fpw  Cu t{ijvTX hyàam¡p¶XmWv.

kqd¯p Iukdnse BZy kqà¯nsâ hniZoIcW¯n Camw dmkn(d),  aäp {]hmNI³amÀ¡v \ÂIs¸« apAvPnk¯pIsf¡mÄ D¶XambXv \_n(kz) X§Ä¡v \ÂInbn«ps­¶v DZmlcWklnXw kaÀYn¡p¶p­v(32/118).

C_v\p lPÀ(d) ]dbp¶p: ""Camw kA±p±o\n¯^vXmkm\n(d) "\n§Ä D¯a kapZm bamIp¶p' (BepwCwdm³:110) F¶ Bb¯v apl½Zv \_n(kz) t{ijvT krjvSnbmsW¶Xn\p sXfnhmbp²cn¨n«p­v''(t\m¡pI : idlp AJmCZv:140,141).

ImcWw Hcp kapZmb¯nsâ D¯amhØ aX¯n AhcpsS k¼pÀ®Xsb B{ibn¨mWncn¡p¶Xv. AXmIs« AhÀ A\pKan¡p¶ {]hmNIcpsS ]qÀ®XbpsS A\p_Ôambn D­mbn¯ocp¶XpamWv. A§s\ hcpt¼mÄ \_n(kz) X§Ä {]hmNI·mcn  D¯a\mbncp¶nsæn X§fpsS kapZmbhpw D¯acmhnÃ. Cu kqà¯nsâ {] Xy£`mhw sIm­v AhÀ(D½¯v) D¯acmsW¶v h¶n«p­v. AXn\m AXp c­pw (D¯akaqlhpwþD¯a{]hmNIXzhpw) X½nepÅ A\nhmcy ]mckv]cy¯nsâ ASnØm\¯n AhcpsS {]hmNIcmb apl½Zv \_n(kz) X§Ä {]hmNIcn D¯a\msW ¶p hcp¶p (A ^Xmh lZokn¿:t].152).

CXc {]hmNI³amcn \n¶p \_n(kz) X§fpsS {]tXyIX hyàam¡p¶Xn\mbn C _v\plPÀ(d) ]¯p {]hmNI³amcpsS BZchpIfpw Aam\pjnI kn²nIfpw XmcXayw sN¿p¶p­v.

""FÃm {]hmNI³amcpsSbpw ZrjvSm´§Ä \_n(kz) X§fpsS {]Imi¯n \n¶v B hmlns¨Sp¯n«pÅXmWv. ImcWw \_n(kz) X§Ä kqcys\t¸msebmWv; {]hmNI³ amÀ Xmc§sft¸msebpw. Ah kzbw {]ImianÃm¯hbpw kpcy\n \n¶p {]Imiw Bhmln¡p¶hbpamWv. kqcy³ A{]Xy£amhpt¼mÄ Ah kqcysâ (kqcy\n \n ¶p kzoIcn¨) {]Imiw {]kcn¸n¡pw.

\_n(kz) X§fpsS BKa\¯n\p ap¼p Xs¶ {]hmNI·mcneqsS AhnSps¯ t{ijv TX {]ISambncp¶p. AhcpsS {]Imi§f{Xbpw \_n(kz) X§fpsS kÀÆhym]nbmb {]Imi¯n \n¶pw {]hnimeamb klmb¯n \n¶papÅXmWv.

BZw(A)ansâ {]mXn\n[yhpw kÀÆ\maÚm\hpw \_n(kz) X§Ä¡pÅ {]tXyIXbmb k¼qÀ® hN\§fn \n¶v Bhmln¨n«pÅXmWv. ]n¶oSv krjvSnIsfÃmw \_n (kz) X§fpsS BKa\w hsc {Iam\pKXambn h¶psIm­ncp¶p. \_n(kz) X§Ä cwK s¯¯nbt¸mÄ AhnSp¶v kqcys\t¸msebmbn. FÃm {]Imi§fpw AXn \neo\ambnt¸mbn. AhnSps¯ ZrjvSm´§fpsS {]Imi¯n CXc {]hmNI³amcpsS ZrjvSm´§f{Xbpw \njv{]`ambn. AXn\m Xs¶ CXc {]hmNI³amÀ¡p \ÂIs¸«n«pÅ BZchpw t{ijvTXbpw AXpt]msetbm AXnep]cntbm Bbn \_n(kz)¡p \ÂIs¸«n«p ­v. alm³amcmb ]WvVnX t\Xm¡Ä CXp hyàam¡nbn«p­v''(A an\lp a¡n¿: 2/653).

BZw(A)

BZw(A)s\ AÃmlp(amXm]nXm¡fnÃmsX) t\cn«p krjvSn¨p. \_n(kz) X§fpsS s\ ©p ]nfÀ¯n AXn {]hmNIkz`mh khntijXIÄ \nd¨p.

BZw(A)epsS AÃmlp imcocnIkrjvSn¸v \S¯n. \½psS \_n(kz) X§fnepsS {]hmNIkrjvSn¸pw \S¯n.... BZw(A)an\p aeIpIÄ kpPqZv sNbvXXp \_n(kz) X§fpsS {]Imiw At±l¯nsâ Xncps\änbnep­mbncp¶Xn\membncp¶p F¶v Camw dmkn(d) ]dªn«p­v.

\qlv,CZvcokv(A)

CZvcokv(A)s\ AÃmlp D¶Xamb ]Zhnbnte¡pbÀ¯nbn«p­v. F¶m \_n(kz) X§Ä¡v AÃmlp(XXz¯nepw {]tbmK¯nepw D¶Xnbnte¡pÅ DbÀ¯emb) anAvdmPv \ÂIn. \qlv \_n(A)s\bpw At±l¯n hnizkn¨hscbpw AÃmlp ({]fb¯n \misam¶pta¡msX) c£n¨p. \_n(kz) X§fpsS A\pbmbnIfn hym]Iamb Hcp in£bpw \S¸m¡pIbnsöv AÃmlp Adnbn¨n«p­v.

C{_mlow(A)

C{_mlow(A)s\ AÃmlp \wdqZv Hcp¡nb AánIpWvU¯n \n¶p c£s¸Sp¯n; \_n(kz) X§sf bp²¯nbn \n¶p c£s¸Sp¯n...... C{_mlow(A)\v AÃmlp Xsâ Jeo F¶ ]Zhn \ÂIn; \_n(kz) X§Ä¡v AÃmlp B ]Zhnbpw  FÃm ]ZhnIsf¡mfpw D¶Xamb  "alº¯n'sâ ]Zhnbpw \ÂIn(l_o_v F¶ ]Zhn). C{_mlow(A)¡v IAv_ \nÀ½mW¯n\hkcw \ÂIn; \_n(kz) X§Ä¡v lPdq AkvhZv ]p\xØm]n¡m\hkcw \ÂIn.

aqkm(A)

aqkm(A)\v AÃmlp hSn ]m¼mbn amdpI F¶ Aam\pjnIkn²n \ÂIn; \_n(kz) X§Ä¡Ãmlp Cu¯¸\¯­nsâ  Ic¨n ({]hmNI km¶n²y \jvS¯mepÅ hnem]w) \ÂIn. CXv Hcp almÂ`qXw Xs¶bmWv...... aqkm \_n(A)\v AÃmlp sN¦S ]nfÀ¯ns¡mSp¯p; \_n(kz) X§Ä¡v N{µs\ ]nfÀ¯ns¡mSp¯p.

lmdq³(A)

lmdq³ (A)\v AÃmlp hmKznemkw \ÂIn; \_n(kz) X§Ä¡v AXns\¡mÄ al¯m b hmKvanX \ÂIn. lmdq³(A)sâ `mj ln{_phmbncp¶p; F¶m \_n(kz) X§fpsS `mj IqSpX kmlnXy kw]pjvSamb Ad_n `mjbmWv.

bqkp^v(A)

bqkp^v(A)\v AÃmlp kuµcy¯nsâ AÀ²`mKw \ÂIn; \_n(k) X§Ä¡v ku µcyw apgph\mbn \ÂIn. bqkp^v \_n(A)sâ kz]v\hymJym\§Ä A¸Sn ]pecpIbp­mbn. \_n(kz) X§fpw hfsc IqSpX kz]v\§Ä hymJym\n¨n«p­v. bqkp^v \_n (A)sâ kz]v\ hymJym\w ]cnanXambncp¶p.

ZmhqZv(A)

ZmhqZv(A)\v AÃmlp Ccp¼ns\(sagpIp t]mse) hnt[bam¡ns¡mSp¯p. \_n(kz) X§Ä¡v AÃmlp DW§nb ac¡jvWw ]¨bm¡ns¡mSp¯p. Xosc {]khn¡m¯ BSv  \_n(kz) X§fpsS kv]Àiw sIm­v ]m Npc¯n.

kpsseam³(A)

kpsseam³(A)\v AÃmlp ]£nIfpsS kwkmcw ]Tn¸n¨p sImSp¯p. \_n(kz) X§tfmSv IÃpIÄ kwkmcn¨p. Nc¡ÃpIÄ AhnSps¯ ssIIfn Xkv_olv sNmÃn. hnjw ]pc«nb APamwkw \_n(kz) X§tfmSv hnhcw ]dªp.

Imäv kpsseam³ \_n(A)ansâ hml\ambncp¶p. \_n(kz) X§Ä¡v AXns\¡mÄ thKXbpÅ _pdmJns\ \ÂIn. \_n(kz) X§Ä¡v `qansb Npcp«ns¡mSp¯p.

Cukm(A)

Cukm(A)\v shŸm­v, P·mÔX F¶nh kpJs¸Sp¯m\pÅ Ignhpw acn¨hÀ¡p Poh³ \ÂIm\pÅ tijnbpw \ÂIn. \_n(kz) Xq§nb I®v bYmØm\¯p h¨v kp Js¸Sp¯n. acWs¸« Hcp s]¬Ip«nsb ]p\cpÖohn¸n¨p kwkmcn¸n¨p(t\m¡pI: AÂan\lp a¡n¿ 2/653þ659)

Cu NÀ¨ Ahkm\n¸n¨v C_v\plPÀ(d) ]dbp¶p: ""sam¯¯n aäv A¼nbm¡Ä¡p \ÂIs¸«Xn\p kam\ambXpw AXnep]cnbpambn IW¡m¡m³ Ignbm¯{X {]tXyIXIÄ \_n(kz)¡v e`n¨n«p­v. Ft¸mgpw AhÀs¡Ãmw klmbw \¡p¶hcmWv (B{ibamWv) \_n(kz) F¶v Adnbn¡p¶Xn\p th­nbmbncp¶p CXv''(AÂan\lp a¡n ¿: 2/659).

Npcp¡¯n \_n(kz) X§Ä FÃm {]hmNIsc¡mfpw D¶Xhpw DZm¯hpw k¼qÀ®hpamb AhØbpw ]ZhnIfpw {]m]n¨hcmbncps¶¶pw AXv AhnSps¯ ZuXyþ\ntbmK]camb A\nhmcyX Xs¶bmbncp¶psh¶pw a\Ênem¡mw. CXc {]hmNI³amcn \n¶p hyXykvXambn \_n(kz) X§Ä¡v am{Xw kz´amb ]e {]tXyIXIfpw thsdbpap­v.

icoA¯nsâ s]mXphmb \nba§fnÂ, NneXn \_n(kz) X§Ä¡p hyàn]camb hn[nhne¡pIfmWpÅXv. CXp \_n(kz) X§Ä¡p am{Xw \nÀ_ÔambXv, \njn²ambXv, A\phZ\obambXv F¶n§s\ ap¶p Xc¯nep­v \_n(kz) X§Ä¡v am{Xamb BZchpIfpw A\p{Kl§fpw ]ZhnIfpw thsdbpap­v.

\n_Ôambh

fplm,hnXvdv, XlÖpZv \nkvImc§Ä, hmbþZ´ ip²oIcWw, Dfvln¿¯v _en, IqSnbmtemN\, bp²a\nhmcyamb kab¯v i{Xp¡sf{X [mcmfaps­¦nepw Ahcpambn t\cnSÂ, \ntcm[n¡s¸«Xv ZrjvSnbnÂs]«m Xncp¯Â, Zcn{Z\mbn acWs¸« IS¡mcsâ ISw ho«Â, kz´w `mcyamÀ¡v ]Xv\nbmbn XpScp¶Xn kzmX{´yw\ÂIÂ, kamcw`n¨ kp¶¯mb IÀ½w ]qÀ¯nbm¡Â(XlÖpZv \nkv¡mc¯nsâ \nÀ_Ôw ZpÀºes¸«XmsW¶`n{]mbap­v. t\m¡pI: \nlmb: 4/177).

Chbn `mcyamÀ¡v kzmX´yw \ÂIp¶XÃm¯ Imcy§sfÃmw FÃmhÀ¡pw kp¶¯mWv. kp¶¯nsâ \nehmc¯n kmlNcy§Ä¡\pkcn¨p hyXymkaps­t¶bpÅq. bp²\nbaw kmlNcyw t]msebmbncn¡pw.

\njn²ambh

k¡m¯v(\nÀ_ÔZm\w) hm§Â. kzZJ (sFOnI Zm\w) \njn²amsW¶`n{]mbhpap­v. F¶m k½m\§fpw kw`mh\Ifpw kzoIcn¡mhp¶XmW.v Fgp¯pw ]m«pw A`ykn¡Â, ]Sb¦n [cn¨m ]ns¶ ]S Ahkm\n¡pItbm Ahkm\n¸n¡m³ \nÀt±iap­mhpItbm sN¿p¶Xp hsc AXv Agn¡Â. sFlnI hn`h§fnte¡v B{Klw {]ISn¸n¡Â, bp²X{´sa¶ \ne¡ÃmsX A\phZ\obamb hnjbs¯¡pdn¨pt]mepw Bw Kyw ImWn¡Â, XmÂ]cyanÃm¯ ]Xv\namsc h¨p s]mdp¸n¡Â, thZ¡mcnsb hnhm lw sN¿Â, ASna kv{Xosb hnhmlw sN¿Â, IqSpX e`n¡Wsa¶ Dt±iyt¯msS hÃXpw \ÂIÂ, `uXnIamb {]Xn^teOtbmsS Zo\o {]t_m[\w \S¯Â F¶o Im cy§Ä \_n(kz) X§Ä¡v \njn²ambhbmWv.

A\phZ\obamb CfhpIÄ

henb Aip²nbp­mbncns¡ ]Ånbn Xmakn¡Â, hnhmlhpambn _Ôs¸« NneImcy§Ä, `mcyamcpsS F®w. XpSÀ¨bmb {hXm\pjvTm\w(cm{XnbS¡w), Akzdnsâ tijw kp¶¯v \nkv¡mcw, kzem¯v F¶ ]Zap]tbmKn¨pÅ {]mÀY\ XpS§nbh \_n(kz) X§Ä¡v {]tXyIambn A\phZ\obamb Imcy§fmWv. Dd§nbm hpfqAv apdnbpsa¶ Imcy¯nepw \_n(kz)¡v Cfhp­v. C¯cw CfhpIfp­mbncp¶n«pw, Chbn {]t_m[\hgnbn klmbIhpw Ahiyhpamb Imcy§tf  AhnSp¶p sNbvXncp¶pÅp.

BZchpIÄ

\_n(kz) X§Ä¡v {]tXyIambn«pÅ BZchpIfnÂ, sFlnIhpw ]mc{XnIhpambXp­v. X§fpsS kapZmb¯n\p {]tXyIambn e`yambn«pÅ BZchpIfpw AhnSps¯ B Zchnsâ `mKamWv.AhnSps¯ {]tXyIXIfpsS aÞew AXnhnimeamWv. AXnÂ\n¶v  DZmlcW¯n\p GXm\pw NneXv am{Xta D²cn¡m³ km[n¡q. AXn\p Xs¶ \½psS ZpÀºe ho£W¯n\¸pdw hnimeamb AÀYXe§Ä D­mtb¡pw. GXm\pw  {]tXyIXIÄ ap¼p²cn¨p. \_n(kz) X§fpsS alXzadnbp¶Xnte¡pÅ kqN\Isf¶ \nebn NneXp IqSn {i²n¡pI.

kXyhnizmknItfmSp \_n(kz) AhcpsS kz´w icoc§sf¡mÄ _Ôs¸«hcmWv. \ _n(kz) X§fpsS ]Xv\namÀ kXyhnizmknIfpsS amXm¡fmWv. Ahsc hnhmlw Ign¡Â kXyhnizmknIÄ¡v \njn²amWv.

AÃmlp ]dbp¶p: ""{]hmNIÀ(kz) apAvan\o§tfmSv AhcpsS kz´w icoc§sf¡mÄ _Ôs¸«hcmWv, \_n(kz) X§fpsS ]Xv\namÀ AhcpsS amXm¡fmWv''(Bibw; A Alvkm_v:6).

kXyhnizmknItfmSv IqSpX _Ôs¸«ncn¡p¶Xn\m AhnSp¶v AhcpsS Imcy¯n  henb B{Klhpw {]Xo£bpw h¨p ]peÀ¯nbncp¶p. e`yamb kphÀ®mhkc§fnseÃmw kapZmb¯nsâ  KpW¯n\mbn {]hÀ¯n¨ncp¶p.

Hcn¡Â hlvbnsâ CSthf ZoÀLn¨ ImcW¯m {]bmks¸«ncns¡ hlvbv ]p\cmcw`n¡pIbpw ]mc{XnI kt´mjs¯¡pdn¨v hnhcw e`n¡pIbpw sNbvXt¸mÄ AhnSp¶p kzkapZmb¯nse apgph\mfpIfpsSbpw kzÀK{]thianÃmsX Rm³ Xr]vXns¸SnÃ' F ¶p ]dª kµÀ`w DZmlcWw.

hnjaIcamb hÃXpw kapZmb¯ns\¯psa¶dnªm AXn \n¶hsc kpc£nXcm¡p¶Xn\mbn AhnSp¶v B{Kln¡pIbpw {]hÀ¯n¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. i^mA¯n\pÅ Ahkcw kapZmb¯n\v KpW]cambn hn\ntbmKn¡m³ \o«nh¨ncn¡bmWv.

""\n§Ä _p²nap«p¶Xv {]hmNI¶p hnjaamWv. \n§fpsS KpW¯n Gsd XÂ]c cpw. kXyhnizmknItfmSv Zbbpw IcpWbpapÅhcpamWv''(Bibw; A¯u_:128).

AÃmlp \ap¡v sNbvXn«pÅ A\p{Kl§fn Gähpw {][m\ambXmWv \_n(kz) X§ Ä. kXy¯nsâ kcWn ImWn¨p F¶Xv am{XaÃ, sFlnIamb Imcy§fnepw AhnSp ¶p kpc£nXhpw kpXmcyhpamb amÀKw sXfnbn¨p X¶p.

""kXy hnizmknIÄ¡v AhcnÂ\n¶p Xs¶ Hcp {]hmNIs\ \ntbmKn¡pIhgn AÃmlp henb A\p{Klw sNbvXncn¡p¶p''(Bibw; BepCwdm³:164).

hnizmknIÄ \_n(kz) X§fn AÀ¸n¡p¶ hnizmkhpw A\pkcWhpw AÃmlphn eÀ¸n¡p¶ hnizmk¯n\pw Ahs\ A\pkcn¡p¶Xn\pw XpeyamWv. ""\n§Ä AÃmlphns\bpw Ahsâ ZqXs\bpw hgns¸SpI'' (Bibw:BepCwdm³ :132) F¶mWv AÃmlp ]dªXv

""Bsc¦nepw AÃmlphns\bpw dkqens\bpw [n¡cn¡pIbpw Ahsâ ]cn[nIÄ ew Ln¡pIbpw sNbvXm Ahs\ imizXambn \cI¯n {]thin¸n¡p¶XmWv''(B ibw; A¶nkmDv :14)

\_n(kz) X§sf ]n³]ämsX AÃmlphnsâ kvt\lw e`n¡pIbnÃ. ""\n§Ä  AÃmlphns\ kvt\ln¡p¶psh¦nÂ, Fs¶ ]n´pScpI; F¶m AÃmlp \n§sfbpw kvt\ ln¡p¶XmWv F¶p \_ntb, A§v ]dbpI''(Bibw; BepCwdm³:31).

ImcpWy tIZmcw

temI¯n\mIam\w \_n(kz) X§Ä IcpWbmWv. hnizmkn Ahnizmkn t`Zas\y kÀ hcpw \_n(kz) X§fpsS ImcpWyw A\p`hn¡p¶p­v. ]t£, Ahnizmkn Cu ImcpWys¯ \ntj[n¡p¶p. kXyhnizmknIfmsc¦nepw Cu ImcpWyw \ntj[n¨m ]cmPnX\mbnt¸mIpw. Cu ImcpWy{]kcW¯n\v \_nbpsS PohnX acW AXnÀhc¼pIfnÃ. AhnSps¯ PohnXhpw acWhpw Hcp t]mse kapZmb¯n\v KpWIcamWv. \_n(kz) X§Ä ]dbp¶p:

""Fsâ PohnXw \n§Ä¡p KpWamWv. \n§Ä¡p (KpW¯n\pÅ) hnhc§Ä Adnbn¡s¸SpIbpw (Fsâ PohnX Ime¯v amÀKZÀi\¯n\p Rm³ IqsSbp­mhpw) \n§Ä¡pth­n hnhcn¡s¸SpIbpw sN¿pw. Fsâ h^m¯pw \n§Ä¡p¯aamWv. \n§fpsS {]hÀ¯\§Ä F\n¡p {]ZÀin¸n¡s¸Spw. KpWambXp ImWpt¼mÄ Rm³  AÃmlphns\ kvXpXn¡pw. tZmjambXp ImWpt¼mÄ  \n§Ä¡p th­n  Rm³ AÃmlphnt\m Sv ]m]tamN\ {]mÀY\ \S¯pw''(_ÊmÀ: aPvaDÊhmCZv).

\_n(kz) X§Ä \½psS sFlnI PohnX¯nsâ kpc£mIhNamWv. Cu temI¯nsâ kpc£nXXzw \_n(kz) X§Ä ImcWamWv kn²ambX.v a¡bnse AhnizmknIÄ \ _n(kz)bpsS {]t_m[\ {]hÀ¯\§Ä XSÊs¸Sp¯ns¡m­v shÃphnfn¨ kw`hw Hm À¡pI. kqd¯p A³^men CsX¡pdn¨v hnhcn¡p¶p­v. ""CXv kXyamsW¦n \n tj[nIfmb R§fpsS ta BImi¯v \n¶p IÃpag hÀjn¡pItbm thZ\mP\Iamb in£ AhXcn¡pItbm sN¿s«'' F¶mbncp¶p AhÀ ]dªXv. At¸mÄ AÃm lp ]dªp:

""A§v AhÀ¡nSbn Pohn¨psIm­ncns¡ Ahsc AÃmlp in£n¡p¶XÃ. AhÀ ]m]tamN\w \S¯ns¡m­ncn¡pt¼mgpw AÃmlp Ahsc in£n¡p¶XÃ''(Bibw A A³^mÂ:33).

]m]¯n\pw [n¡mc¯n\pw in£ Cdt§­XmWv; ]m]tamN\w \S¯pI hgn ]m]¡d \o§nt¸mhp¶tXmsSbmWp in£bpsS kmlNcyw CÃmXmhpI. F¶m AXn\p XpeyambmWnhnsS \_n(kz) X§fpsS km¶n[ys¯ hnhcn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. \_n(kz) X§fpsS km¶n²yw AhnizmknIÄ¡p t]mepwþ AhcpsS [n¡mcw ]m]tamN\ {]mÀY\t¡m ]ÝmXm] t_m[¯nt\m km[yXbnÃm¯ ]m]ambncp¶n«pt]mepwþ in£bn \n¶p kpc£nXXzw \ÂIp¶p F¶msW¦n \_n(kz) X§fpsS `uXnIhpw _ÀkJnbpamb km¶n²yw kXyhnizmknIÄ¡v Bßobhpw sFlnIhpamb kpc£bpw ImhepamWv F¶Xn kwibnt¡­XnÃ.

\_n(kz) X§sfs¡m­pw AhnSps¯ ]qWytZis¯s¡m­pw AÃmlp kXyw sNbv Xncn¡p¶p. BZcWobambXns\bmWv kXy¯n\p]tbmKn¡pI. AXnsâ kzm`mhnIX AXmWv. AÃmlphnsâ kXy§Ä, kXywsN¿m\p]tbmKn¡p¶Xns\ alXzs¸Sp¯pIbmWv. \_n(kz) X§Ä¡v Nne kt´mjhmÀ¯Ifdnbn¡p¶Xn¶pw AÃmlp kXyw sNbvXXmbn ImWmw. kqd¯v bmko³, kqd¯p Jew, kqdXp¶Pvav, kqd¯pÅplm XpS§nbhbn DZmlcW§fp­v.

BZcWob kwt_m[\

hnip²JpÀB\n ]e {]hmNI³amscbpw AÃmlp kwt_m[\ sNbvX hmNI§Ä D­v. AhbnseÃmw AhcpsS \masaSp¯mWv hnfn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. F¶m \_n(kz) X§ sf "Hm {]hmNItc, Hm ZqXtc, Hm ]pX¨p InS¡p¶htc' XpS§nb {]tbmK§fneqsSbÃmsX AhnSps¯ \ma¯n  hnfn¨n«nÃ. \_n(kz) X§sf AhnSps¯ t]cp sIm­v A`nkwt_m[\ sN¿m³ BÀ¡pw ]mSnÃ.  AtXkabw ]qÀÆ{]hmNI³amtcmSv AhcpsS kapZmbw t]cp hnfn¨p \S¯nb A`nkwt_m[\IÄ JpÀB³ D²cn¨n«pap­v  \_n(kz)sb A§s\ A`nkwt_m[\ sN¿cpsX¶mWp \nÀt±in¨ncn¡p¶Xv. ""\n§fn NneÀ Nnesc hnfn¡p¶Xp t]mse ZqXsc \n§Ä hnfn¡cpXv''(Bibw; A¶qÀ :63).

\_n(kz) X§fpsS k¶n[nbn AhnSps¯ i_vZs¯¡mÄ D¨¯n kwkmcn¡m³ ]mSnÃ. ]ckv]c kwkmc¯nepw \_n(kz)bpsS i_vZs¯¡mÄ i_vZw DbÀ¯m³ ]m SnÃ.""hnizmknItf, \n§fpsS i_vZ§Ä \_n(kz) X§fpsS i_vZs¯¡mÄ DbÀ¯cpXv. \n§fn NneÀ NnetcmSv D¨¯n kwkmcn¡p¶Xp t]mse \_n(kz) X§tfmSv D¨¯n kwkmcn¡cpXv. (AXpImcWw) \n§fdnbmsX \n§fpsS kÂIÀ½§Ä s]m fnªp t]mhm\nSbp­v''(Bibw: AÂlpPpdm¯v 2,3).

kzem¯v

\_n(kz) X§fpsSta kZm kzem¯v XpSÀ¶psIm­ncn¡p¶p. "AÃmlphpw Ahsâ aeIpIfpw \_n(kz) X§fpsS ta kzem¯v sN¿p¶p­v' F¶mWv JpÀB³ ]dbp¶Xv. ChnsS {]tbmKn¨ncn¡p¶ `mhnIme{Inbmcq]¯n\v hÀ¯am\¯nsâbpw `mhnbpsS bpw AÀYXeap­v. AXmbXv \nc´cw, Fs¶¶pw kzem¯v XpScp¶p F¶ÀYw.

""\nÝbw, AÃmlphpw Ahsâ aeIpIfpw \_n(kz) X§fpsS ta kzem¯v sN ¿p ¶p; kXyhnizmknItf, \n§Ä \_n(kz) X§fpsS ta kzem¯v sNmÃpIbpw kemw ]dbpIbpw sN¿pI''(Bibw; A Alvkm_v :56).

\_n(kz) X§fpsS t]cn kzem¯v sNmÃp¶hÀ¡v {]Xn^eambn e`n¡p¶Xv AÃm lphnÂ\n¶pÅ kzem¯v Xs¶bmWv. "GsXmcp kÂIÀ½¯n\pw  AÃmlp Dt±in¨ {]Xn^ew \nÝbn¨n«p­v' F¶p \_n(kz) ]dªn«p­v. F¶m kzem¯nsâ {]Xn^ ew kzem¯v Xs¶bmsW¶mWv \_n(kz) X§Ä ]Tn¸n¨Xv. ""Bsc¦nepw Fsâta Hcp kzem¯v sNmÃnbm AÃmlp Ahsâta ]¯p kzem¯v sN¿p¶XmWv''(apkvenw).

C§s\ ]Ic¯n\p ]Icw, F¶t]mse sNbvXXpXs¶ ]¯nc«n {]Xn^ew \ÂIs¸Sp¶  kÂIÀ½sa¶ {]tXyIX kzem¯n\p am{XtabpÅp. hfsc {it²bamb ssienbneqsSbmWv AXn\pÅ \nÀt±iw D­mbncn¡p¶Xv. ]qÀÆ{]hmNI³amcnemcpw CXp t]msemcp A\p{Kl¯n\pw D¶Xamb ]Zhn¡pw AÀlcmbn«nÃ. CXpt]msemcp {]Xn^e hmKvZm\hpw ap¼p­mbn«nÃ.

CkvdmAv anAvdmPv, [mcmfw apAvPnk¯pIÄ, {]t_m[\ hnPbw, A\pbmbnIfpsS B[nIyw, AP¿amb JpÀB³,. AÃmlphnsâ \ma§Ä sIm­pÅ hntijW§Ä Xp S§n [mcmfw {]tXyIXIÄ  \_n(kz)¡p am{Xambn C\nbpap­v.

\_n(kz) ]dªp: CXc {]hmNI·msc¡mÄ Bdp Imcy§Ä sIm­v Fs¶ t{ijvTam¡nbn«p­v. F\n¡v k¼qÀW hN\§Ä \ÂInbncn¡p¶p. i{Xp¡sf `bNInXcm¡n Fs¶ klmbn¨n«p­v.kacmÀÖnX kz¯p¡Ä F\n¡v A\phZ\obam¡nbncn¡p¶p. ip²oIcn¡m³ ]äp¶Xpw ip²nbpÅXpam¡n `qansb F\n¡v \nÝbn¨pX¶ncn¡p¶p. krjvSnIfnte¡v apgph³ Fs¶ \ntbmKn¨ncn¡p¶p. Fs¶s¡m­v {]hmNIirwJe¡p kam]\w Ipdn¨ncn¡p¶p''(apkvenw).

Camw _pJmcn(d) D²cn¨ lZokn "F\n¡v i^mA¯v \ÂInbncn¡p¶p' F¶mWp ÅXv. Camw AlvaZv(d)hnsâ lZokn `qanbpsS Xmt¡mepIÄ F\n¡v (\nt£]§Ä) \ÂIs¸«ncn¡p¶p, Fsâ kapZmbs¯ D¯a kapZmbam¡nbncn¡p¶p, F\n¡v A lvaZv F¶ t]cp \ÂIn F¶pw _ÊmÀ(d)hnsâ \nthZ\¯n "F\n¡v IukÀ \ Inbncn¡p¶p' F¶pap­v.

]mc{XnI temI¯pw

]ctemI¯pw \_n(kz) X§Ä¡p [mcmfw {]tXyIXIfp­v. FÃm {]hmNI³amÀ¡pw A\pIqeambn, AhscÃmw AhcpsS ZuXyw \nÀÆln¨n«p­v F¶p \_n(kz) X§Ä km£ys¸Sp¯pw. ]p\cp°m\ \mfn `qanbn \n¶v BZyw ]pd¯p hcp¶Xp \_n(kz) X§fmbncn¡pw.

""J_À ]nfÀ¶p ]pd¯phcp¶hcn BZys¯bmÄ Rm\mbncn¡pw''(apkvenw). ""A´y\mfn Rm³ A¼nbm¡fpsS t\Xmhmbncn¡pw, Ahcnse {]kwKI\pambncn¡pw, AhcpsS in]mÀiI\pambncn¡pw''(AlvaZv).""BZw(A) apXepÅ Hcp {]hmNI\pw A ¶v Fsâ enhmCsâ IogneÃmsXbp­mhnÃ...''(XpÀapZn).

""\cI¯n\p apIfnepsS Hcp ]mew sh¡s¸Spw. At¸mÄ B ]me¯neqsS BZyw IS¡p¶Xp Rm\pw Fsâ kapZmbhpambncn¡pw''(apkvenw).

""A´y\mfn A¼nbm¡fn Gähpw IqSpX A\pbmbnIfpÅh³ Rm\mbncn¡pw. Rm\mbncn¡pw BZyambn kzÀKhmXnen ap«p¶h³''(apkvenw).

""A´y\mfn Rm³ kzÀKhmXn¡ sNÃpw; F¶n«v  hmXn Xpd¡m\mhiys¸Spw. At¸mÄ kzÀK¯nsâ ]mdmhpImc³ AI¯p \n¶p tNmZn¡pw: "BcmWv \o'?  apl½ZmWv F¶p Rm³ ]dbpw. At¸mÄ aeIv ]dbpw: At§¡msWt¶mSv  Cu hmXn Xp d¡m³ \nÀt±in¡s¸«Xv .At§¡v ap¼mbn aämÀ¡pw Rm³ Xpd¡pIbnÃ''(apkv enw). ""At¸mÄ AhÀ F\n¡mbn kzÀKhmXn Xpd¡pw; AhÀ F\n¡v kzmKXtamXpw'' .(XpÀapZn)

lufp IukÀ \_n(kz) X§Ä¡p \ÂIs¸«ncn¡p¶p. hninjvSamb ]m\obamWXv. AXnsâ A[nImcw \_n(kz) X§Ä¡mWv.

""Rm³ \n§sf lufn¦Â Im¯p \n¡p¶p­mhpw. AhnsS h¶vv Bscs¦nepw AXp  IpSn¨m ]ns¶sbmcn¡epw AhÀ¡p Zmln¡pIbnÃ''(apkvenw).

kzÀK¯n e`yamhp¶ hninjvSamsbmcp ]ZhnbmWv hkoe¯v. AXv HcmÄ¡p am{X ta e`n¡q; AXv \_n(kz) X§Ä¡mbncn¡pw.

""]n¶oSv \n§Ä F\n¡p  hkoesb tNmZn¡pI; \nÝbw, AXv kzÀK¯nse Hcp ]ZhnbmWv. AÃmlphnsâ Zmk³amcn HcmÄ¡p am{Xta AXv A\ptbmPyamhq (e`yamhq). B ASna Rm\mhWsa¶v Rm\m{Kln¡p¶p. F\n¡v hkoesb tNmZn¡p¶h\v Fsâ i^mA¯v e`yamhp¶XmWv"''(apkvenw).

kIekrjvSnIfpsSbpw {]iwk¡pw kvXpXn¡pw \_n(kz) X§sf {]m]vXam¡p¶ ]ZhnbmWv aJmapalvaqZv. \_n(kz) X§Ä¡v am{Xw \ÂIs¸Sp¶ ]ZhnbmWXv.\_n(kz) ]dbp¶p:

""P\§Ä A´y\mfn bm{Xbm¡s¸Sp¶XmWv. Rm\pw Fsâ kapZmbhpw Hcp {] tXyI AhØbnembncns¡ Fsâ \mY³ Fs¶sbmcp lcnXhkv{Xw [cn¸n¡pw. ]n ¶oSv F\n¡v A\paXn e`n¡pw. At¸mÄ AÃmlphnsâ Dt±iyw t]mse Rm³ Bhiy§Ä ]dbp¶XmWv. AXs{X(B Ahkc ku`mKyw) aJmapalvaqZv (AlvaZv).

i^mA¯pIÄ

\_n(kz) X§Ä¡v A´y\mfn hnhn[Xcw i^mA¯pIÄ¡hkcap­v. Jmfo Cbmfv(d) AXv A©p hn[amsW¶p hyàam¡nbn«p­v: H¶v. s]mXphmb i^mA¯v. c­v, hnNmcWbnÃmsX kzÀK{]thiw \S¯m\pÅXv. aq¶v, ]m]w ImcWw \cImhIminIfmbn¯oÀ¶ kXyhnizmknIÄ¡p  th­nbpÅXv. \me,v ]m]w sNbvXp \cImhIminIfmbn \cI¯n {]thin¨hÀ¡v. A©,v kzÀK¯n {]thin¨hÀ¡v AhcpsS ]ZhnIÄ DbÀ¯m\pw hÀ²n¸n¡m\pw th­nbpÅXv.

s]mXphmb i^mA¯v

s]mXphmbn«pÅ i^mA¯v alvidnse hnjaL«¯n P\§sf hnNmcW \S¯n tamNn¸n¡p¶Xn\mbpÅXmWv. BZw, \qlv, C{_mlow, aqkm, Cukm(A) F¶nhsc kao]n¨p X§Ä¡p th­n in]mÀi \S¯m³ At]£n¡p¶ P\§Ä AhscÃmw Hgnªpamdpt¼mÄ \_n(kz) X§tfmSmhiys¸SpIbpw AhnSp¶p in]mÀi \S¯pIbpw sN¿pw. Cu i^mA¯n\pÅ Ahkcw e`n¡pIsb¶ ]ZhnbmWv aJmapalvaqZv F¶Xs{X IqSpX {]_eamb A`n{]mbw

Cu ]Zhn \_n(kz) X§Ä¡v am{Xw \ÂIs¸«n«pÅXmbXn\memWv aäp {]hmNI³amscÃmw "Rm\Xn\Àl\Ã' F¶p ]dªv i^mA¯n\pÅ At]£ \nckn¡p¶Xv

kapZmb¯nÂ

\_n(kz) X§fpsS {]tXyIXbpsS `mKambn AhnSps¯ kapZmb¯n\pw [mcmfw ]ZhnIfpw KpW§fpw e`n¨n«p­v. \_n(kz) X§fpsS kapZmbw D¯akapZmbamWv. "C kvemw' F¶pw "apkvenwIÄ' F¶pw  hntijn¸n¡s¸«Xpw Cu kapZmbs¯bmWv. hn ip² Ckvemansâ {]mtbmKnIcq]amb icoA¯nsâ k¼qÀ®amb cq]w AhXcn¸n¡s¸SpIbpw AXphgn  Gähpw henb A\p{Kl¯n\p ]m{Xo`qXcmhpIbpw sNbvXhcmWhÀ. ]qÀÆIme icoA¯n \n¶p hyXykvXambn A\pjvTn¡m³ {]bmkw Ipdª aX\nba§fmWv Cu kapZmb¯n\p \ÂIs¸«ncn¡p¶Xv. A´y\mfSp¡pt¼mÄ Cu temIt¯¡p ho­pw hcp¶ Cukm(A) Cu kapZmb¯nse HcwKhpw IqSnbmbncn ¡pw. At±lw alvZn Camansâ ]n¶n aAvaqambn \nkvIcn¡pw. \nkv¡mc¯n\p ip²oIcn¡m³ shÅw e`n¡m¯ kmlNcy¯n Xb½pw sNbvXp ip²nhcp¯msa¶ B\pIqeyw, shÅnbmgvN, AXn {]mÀY\¡p¯cw e`n¡p¶ {]tXyI kabw, sseeXp JZvÀ, kXyamÀKw Ahew_n¨p Pnhn¡p¶ Hcp hn`mK¯nsâ \nXykm¶n²yw XpS§nb sFlnItemI¯p Xs¶ \nch[n {]tXyIXIÄ Cu kapZmb¯n\pam{XapÅXmWv. AXmIs« \_n(kz) X§fpsS alXz¯nsâ `mKamWp Xm\pw.

kzÀK¯n t\Xr]ZhnbnepÅhÀ Cu kapZmb¯nepÅhcmbncn¡pw. sNdnb IÀ½¯n\p henb {]Xn^ew, kzÀK{]thi¯nepw, kzndmXzv IS¡p¶XnepapÅ {]YaØm \w, hpfqAv sNbvXXnsâ ASbmfambn ssIImepIfpw apJhpw {]Imin¡p¶hcmbn  A´y\mfn bm{Xbm¡s¸SÂ, ]qÀÆ kapZmb§fn AhcpsS {]hmNI³amÀ {]t_m[\ ZuXyw \S¯nbXnsâ km£ys¸Sp¯Â, kzÀKmhIminIfn `qcn]£w XpS§nb ]mc{XnI temIs¯ ku`mKy§fpw Gsdbp­v. \_n(kz) X§fpsS A\pbmbnIsf¶ \ne¡mWnhbpw e`yamhp¶Xv.

khntijXIÄ

\_n(kz) X§fpsS Cu khntijXIÄ hnhcn¡p¶Xv AhnSps¯ alXzw a\Ênem ¡m³ th­n am{XamWv. AÃmsX aäp {]hmNI³amcpsS ]Zhn Ipd¨p ImWn¡m\Ã. A hcpsSsbÃmhcpsSbpw ]Zhn D¶XambXmWv. HcmfpsSbpw ASnØm\ ]Zhnbn \yq\ X Btcm]n¡m³ ]mSnÃ. AÃmlp Xs¶ Nnesc Nnesc¡mÄ t{ijvTam¡nbn«p­tÃm. ""B ZqX³amcn Nnesc \mw Nnesc¡mÄ t{ijvTcm¡nbncn¡p¶p''(Bibw; A _Jd:253). Cu t{ijvTXIÄ FSp¯p ]dbp¶Xv KpWIcamb {]Xn^e\ap­m¡p¶XmsW¶mWp ]WvVnXm`n{]mbw. kz´w {]hmNIcpsSbpw t\Xmhnsâbpw KpW§fpw Ncn{Xhpw AdnbpI F¶Xpw AXv hnfw_cw sN¿pI F¶Xpw kZpt±iy]qÀÆw \St¡ ­ kZvIÀ½amWv. AXn\v  CXc {]hmNI³amsc AhKWn¡pI F¶ÀYanÃ.