lndm's]m¯n \n¶v s]mfns¨gp¯n\pÅ shfn¨w

Hcp ssZhZqXsâ BKaw A\nhmcyamb  ImekÔnbnemWv apl½Zv apkvX^ (kz) XuloZnsâ ]XmIhmlI\mbn Atd_ybpsS DujcXbn {]Xy£s¸Sp¶Xv. tdma³, {Ko¡v, t]Àjy³, C´y³, ssN\okv \mKcnIXIÄ PoÀ®X ]nSns]«v `mhnbnte¡pÅ Ka\w Akm[yamw hn[w PUmhØbnte¡v \o§pt¼mgmbnbncp¶p ]pXnsbmcp ZÀi\¯neqsS {]hmNI³ \nehnse hyhØnXnbpsS s]mfns¨gp¯n\v \mµn Ipdn¨Xv. am\hcminbpsS AXphscbpÅ Ncn{X¯n CXn\v kam\amsbmcp hgn¯ncnhv Hcn¡epap­mbn«nÃ. ImelcWs¸« temI {Ia¯nte¡v ]pXnsbmcp aqehnNmcw k¶nthin¸n¨v, \nJne taJeIfnepw hn¹hIcamb amdd§Ä k^eam¡pIbmbncp¶p ap¯v \_n. Zpjn¨ aXhpw Pcm\c _m[n¨ kmaqlnI {Iahpw NqjtWm]IcWambn amdnb `cW hyhØnXnbpsaÃmw k½m\n¨ PohnX tbmKyaÃm¯ Hcp  ImeL«s¯ ]ngpsXdnªv \oXnbpw kaXzhpw kam[m\hpw kakrjvSn `mhhpw hgnsªmgpIp¶ ]pXnb hyhØbnte¡v {]hmNI³ IhmS§Ä Xpd¶nSpIbmbncp¶p. ]pcmX\ \mKcnIXIfpsS ih¸d¼nemWv {]Xo£bpsS _Z temIs¯ \_n (kz) ]Sp¯pbÀ¯p¶Xv. GsX¦nepw Hcp hn`mK¯n\v am{Xaà am\h cmin¡mIam\w Ckvemansâ ZÀi\§Ä km´z\ambn F¶XmWv FSp¯p ]dtb­ khntijX. {]hmNI³ ssIhcn¨ t\«s¯ Fw.F³ tdmbn hniIe\w sN¿p¶Xn§s\bmWv.

"The phenominal success of Islam was prillimarily due to its revolutionary significance and its ability to lead the marses and of the hopless situation created by the decay of the antique civilization not only of Greece and Rome but of Persia and China and of India"

Bdmw \qäm­n A¶dnbs¸« FÃm kwkvIrXnIfpw A\nhmcyamb \hoIcWhpw am\hoIcWhpw tXSpt¼mgmWv {]Xo£mIncW§Ä sNmcnªv, AXnsâ kIe hn¹hmßI `mh§fpambn Ckvemw IS¶p h¶sX¶v {]IoÀ¯n¡s¸SpIbmWnhnsS.

a\pjycmin Ct¶ hsc I­ Gddhpw _rl¯mb km{amPyambmWv tdma³ cmjv{Sobm[oiXzs¯ Ncn{XImc·mÀ hntijn¸n¨Xv. AXvemânIv apX Gjym ssa\À hsc hym]n¨p InS¡p¶ {]hnimeamb `q]cn[n tdmansâ taÂtImbvabnembncp¶p. kndnbbpw CuPn]vXpw saks]mt«anbbpw tdma³ B[n]Xy¯n\v Iognembncp¶p. t]Àjy kmkm\nZv \mKcnIXbpsS Iogn ss[jWnIhpw kÀKmXvaIhpamb taJeIfn Øm]ns¨Sp¯ HuPeyw CXc P\X AÂ`pX kvX_v[cmbn t\m¡n \n¡pIbmbncp¶p.  "DÂIrjvSambsXÃmw' {Ko¡nsâ Ip¯Ibmbncp¶p. C´y HcXnibambpw \nKqVambpw a[yImeL«¯nsâ a\ÊpIsf aYn¨p. AXn¶nSbnte¡mWv hc­ Atd_y³ acp`qanbn IhnXbpw IfnXamiIfpambn Ignªp IqSnb Hcp P\Xbn \n¶v \nc£c\mb Hcp {]hmNI³ amä¯nsâ ImlfaqXn Cd§n hcp¶Xv.

Ccpfnsâ Kplbn \n¶v

Cu hn¹h¯nsâ DÂ`hw Hcp Kplbn \n¶mWv, "lnd' F¶ XaÊn \n¶mWv s]mfns¨gp¯n\mbpÅ shfn¨w `qanbmsI NnXdn hogp¶Xv. Xsâ ZÀi\¯nsâ hnfw_cw Hcp sIm¨p aeapIfnemWv {]hmNI³ t{]mZvLmS\w sN¿p¶Xv. {InkvXm_vZw 610  ""AÃmlphÃmsX Bcm[y\nsöv'. F®aä ssZh§sf Bcm[n¨p t]m¶ Hc P\Xsb kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw tIÄ¡m³ C¼apÅ Hcp DZvtLmjambncp¶nà AXv. ]t£, B {]Jym]\¯nsâ {]XymLmXw am\h Ipes¯ F´p sIm­v ]cnhÀ¯nXam¡n F¶v Is­¯pt¼mgmWv {]hmNI ZuXy¯nsâ s]mcpÄ A\p`h thZyamIp¶Xv.

Ncn{XImc\mb JmenJv Al½Zv \nkman Nq­n¡m«nbXv t]mse temI KXnhnKXnIsf CXpt]mse kzm[o\n¨ asddmcp hN\w a\pjyÀ CXphsc {ihn¨n«nÃ. (Religion and politics in 13rd , 14th    century). At¶hsc `qapJ¯p \ne\n¶ cmjv{Sob þ kmapZmbnI LS\Isf Iogvta adn¡m³ am{Xw DuÀPvP ZmbIambncp¶p {]hmNI³ DbÀ¯n¸nSn¨ GI ssZh¯neq¶nb XuloZnsâ B hN\w. ChnsS Bcm[n¡s¸tS­Xv AÃmlp am{XamWv F¶ ZrVkzcw {]]©¯nsâ ISnªm¬ ssIbnte´m³ {ian¡p¶ kIe iànItfmSpapÅ shÃphnfnbmbncp¶p. ssZhw am{XamWv Bcm[y³ F¶ Bib¯nsâ BXy´nI ktµiw a\pjyÀ ka·mcmsW¶pw BÀ¡pw Bscbpw Iogvs¸Sp¯m³ ChnsS ]gpXnà F¶pamWv. 18þmw \qddm­n {^©v hn¹h¯nsâ (1789) aqÀ²\yXbn tI« "kaXzw, kzmX{´yw, kmtlmZcyw (Equality, Liberty, Freternity) F¶ ap{ZmhmIy¯nsâ ka{K `mjyambncp¶p AXv. a\pjykaXzs¯¡pdn¨v Nn´n¡m³ t]mepw hyhØnXn A\phZn¡mXncp¶ a[yIme IcmfXIfnemWv a\pjy\nÀ½nXamb kIe D¨\oNXz§fpw hÀ¤t`Z§fpw X«n¯IÀ¯v \msaÃmw AÃmlphnsâ ASna F¶ Iogvs¸Sensâ Blzm\w {]hmNIÀ {]Ncn¸n¡p¶Xv. Bcm[\IfneqsS, PohnX¯neqsS AXnsâ {]mtbmKnI cq]w ImWn¨p sImSp¡pIbpw sNbvXp. hÀ® hÀ¤ `mj tZi `n¶XIÄ X«namddn a\pjyXz¯nsâ DZm¯`mh§Ä Ime¯nsâ cwKthZnIfn A\mhrXambt¸mÄ AXphsc NqjW§Ä¡pw ]oU\§Ä¡pw AhaXnIÄ¡pw hnt[bamb P\XIÄ Hs¶m¶mbn Ckvemansâ IpS¡ogn AWn\nc¡m³ AlalanIbm apt¶m«v h¶p. AXphsc It¯men¡m NÀ¨nsâ aX{`m´n\pw Im]Sy§Ä¡pw sImSnb ]oU\§Ä¡pw CcIfmbn {InkvXy³ hnizmknIÄ hoÀ¸pap«pIbmbncp¶p. tdmam km{amPy¯nsâ HutZymKnI aXw F¶ \nebn {]PIfpsS ta bmYmkvXnIhpw AÔhnizmk PUnehpamb BNmcm\p jvTm\§Ä sIm­v ]ptcmlnX hÀ¤w {Iqin¡pIbmbncp¶p. t]m¸pw ]utcmlnXyhpw km·mÀ¤nIambn Zpjn¨Xnsâ `hnjy¯v sI«ntb¸n¡s¸«Xv hnizmknIfpsS taemWv. Aca\IÄ B`mk§Ä sIm­v PoÀ®n¨Xv am{Xambncp¶nà {]iv\w; hnIeam¡s¸« thZ{KÙw adbm¡n tkzOm[n]XnIfpw A{IaImcnIfpamb `cWIqS§fpsS ]nWnbmfpIfmbn aXm[nImcnIÄ A[x]Xn¨p.

ss{IkvXhtcmSpÅ amÕcy¯n blqZ ]ptcmlnXcpw bmYmØnXnIXz¯nsâ Dcp¡p tIm«IÄ ]WnXp. Aánbmcm[Icmb skmdmÌy³ hn`mKamhs« ISp¯ AklnjvWpXtbmsS Xo \mf§fm bpàn Nn´sb Icn¨p Ifªp. k¦Â] ssZh§Ä X½n Iem]w Iq«nb Ncn{X¯nse Gddhpw k¦oÀ®amb Bßob {]XnkÔnbpsS Iqcncp«nte¡mWv XuloZnsâ ssI hnf¡pambn apl½Zv apkvX^ (kz) IS¶p sNÃp¶X.v At¸mgpw Xsâ ap³KmanIfmb {]hmNI·mcpsS [Àt½m]tZi§sfbpw IÀ½ hoYnsbbpw {]hmNI³ XÅn¸dªnÃ. F¶Ã, B ]mX AwKoIcn¡m\pw ap³t] Ncn¨ ]pWymf·msc BZcn¡m\pw IÂ]n¨p. ssZh \ntbmKnX thZ {KÙ§sf AwKoIcn¨p sIm­p Xs¶ AXv hnIrXam¡s¸«Xnsâ IY hnhcn¨p sImSp¯p. Nn´sb t{]mÕmln¸n¨p. \nco£Ws¯ kXymt\z jW¯nsâ imkv{Xob D]m[nbm¡m³ BÚm]n¨p. Úmt\mZb¯neqsS {]]©¯nsâ \nKqV clky§fnte¡pw a\pjy krjvSn¸nsâ \nKqVXIfnte¡pw [njWsb hyhlcn¡m³ ]Tn¸n¨p. AXn\p t{]mÕml\w \ÂIn. {]]©s¯ Ah\nte¡Sp¸n¨p. {]]© clky§fnte¡pÅ InfnhmXn aeÀs¡ Xpd¶p sh¨p. {Ko¡p XXzNn´IÄ AXphsc XpSÀ¶p h¶ \nKa\m[njvTnXamb KthjW ioe¯nsâ  Aimkv{XobX s]mfn¨p Im«n. \nco£W¯nsâ ITn\ km[\bneqsS hkvXp \njvTambn A]{KYn¨v kXyw Is­¯p¶ coXnsb imkv{X temI¯n\p Ckvemw k½m\n¨p. B¡anbpw BÄPn{_bpw tKmf imkv{Xhpw ap¶q \qäm­p sIm­v hfÀ¶p hnIkn¡p¶Xv A\ptbmPyamb Cu ImemhØbnemWv.

an¶Â ]nWÀt]mse

Imew ssZhZqXs\ Im¯ncn¡pIbmbncp¶p F¶Xnsâ sXfnhmWv s\mSnbnSsIm­v At±lw ssIhcn¨ t\«§Ä. an¶Â ]nWÀ t]msebmWv XuloZnsâ {]Imiw AjvS Zn¡pIfnte¡pw hym]n¨Xv. F.Un. 610 emWv {]hmNIÀ {]t_m[\w XpS§p¶sX¶v ]dªphtÃm. IrXyw Hcp \qäm­v sIm­v 710 BIpt¼mtg¡pw Ckvemw A¶dnbs¸« temIs¯ apgph³ (Atacn¡, Bkvt{Xenb h³IcIÄ I­p ]nSn¨ncp¶nÃ) AXnsâ kzm[o\ heb¯n sIm­p h¶p. "lnPvdx' {]Xn\n[m\w sN¿p¶ XuloZnsâ ]emb\w ]n¶osSmcnS¯pw \n¶n«nÃ. AddvemânIv apX HmIvkkv \Znhsc, kvs]bn³ apX knÔp hsc F{X A\mbmkamWv CkvemanI ZÀi\hpw kwkvImchpw ]cs¶mgpInbXv. BZyw aZo\, ]ns¶ temI \mKcnIXIfpsS addv Ipsd aZo\IÄ' þ UakvIkv, \njm]qÀ, kaÀ¡µv, _pJmd, ZÂln....... C¶pw XpScp¶ A\´amb bm{X. tdma³, {Ko¡v, ss_kâbn³ \Kc§Ä No«p sIm«mcw t]mse Ckvemansâ ap¶n hogp¶p. B ImgvN I­v Ncn{XImc\mb FtUzUv lnº³ tNmZn¡p¶p; ""apl½Znsâ ssIbnse AÂ`pX Bbp[w F´mbncp¶p?''

tdmam km{amPy¯nsâ ]X\w hnhcn¡p¶ _rlXv {KÙ kamlmc¯n Hc[ymbw Knº¬ amddnsh¨ncn¡p¶Xv Ckveman\v th­nbmWv. {]hmNIsâ hyàn amlmßyw hÀ®n¡m\mWv. Ckvemw ssIhcn¨ hn¹h t\«§fpsS Kcna FSp¯pIm«m\mWv. {]hmNIsâ kzm[o\s¯¡pdn¨v Knº¬ XpS§p¶Xn§s\: "The talents of Muhammad are entitled to an applaure; but his success has, perhaps too strongly attracted our admiraion  (The Declline and Fall of the Roman Empire  Edward Gibban)

Ckvemansâ BKaw PoÀ®Xbn \naKv\amb tdma³ \mKcnIXbpsS ISbv¡v I¯nsh¨p sh¶v At±lw ]tcm£ambn k½Xn¡p¶p. km{amPy¯nsâ c­mas¯ Gddhpw henb \Kcamb AeIvkm­vdnb c­mw Jeo^ Dadnsâ (d) Ime¯v IogS§nbt¸mÄ B{^n¡bnte¡pw B´eqknbbnte¡papÅ IhmSamWv Xpd¡s¸Sp¶sX¶v Bcpw \n\¨n«p­mhnÃ.

A[xØnXsâ DWÀ¯p]m«v

`cWhpw t]mcm«hpambncp¶p ]gb temI¯v BVyIpe¯nsâ AwKoIrX sXmgnÂ. Irjnbpw I¨hShpw Iogmf\v \o¡nsh¨ taJebmbncp¶p. tdmanepw C´ybnepw AhØ `n¶ambncp¶nÃ. A`nPmX Ipe¯n\p th­n A[xØnXÀ Pohn¡p¶p F¶ hgn]ng¨ ImgvN¸mSnt·embncp¶p kmaqlnI hyhØ Xs¶ sI«n¸Sp¯Xv. a\pjysc hnhn[ t{iWnIfn ]nSn¨psI«n, tamN\¯nsâ ]gpXpIÄ AS¡m³ Hmtcm {]tZi¯pw enJnXhpw AenJnXhpamb \nbakwlnXIfp­mbncp¶p. ]utcmlnXyhpw `cW hÀ¤hpw BVy³amcpw  tNÀ¶ Cu Iq«psI«mWv a\pjys\ F¡mehpw NqjW§Ä¡v Ccbm¡nbXv.

{]hmNI\v A\oXnbpsS Cu Icn¦Â tIm« \njv{]bmkw XIÀ¡m\mbXv JpÀBsâ a\pjyXz¯neq¶nb PohnX hnImk§sf Bbp[am¡nbmWv. sXmgnen\v alXzw IÂ]n¨p. Irjn Bcm[\bmbn DbÀ¯n¡m«n. A[zm\¯nsâ aqeyw A\ÀLamsW¶v hn[n¨p. sXmgnemfnbpsS BhImi§Ä {]Jym]n¨p. Ahsâ hnbÀ¸v  Bdp¶Xn¶v ap¼v {]Xn^ew \ÂIWsa¶v A\pimkn¨p. Cu "hn¹h' ]ptcmKa\ Bib§fpsS A\´c^ew s]mSp¶s\ temI km¼¯nI sXmgn taJebn Zriyambn. F§pw Irjn t{]mÕmln¸n¡s¸«p. A´mcmjv{S hmWnPyw ]Xn·S§v hÀ²n¨p. sh\oknse I¨hS¡mcsâ AanX emt`ÑbpsS Øm\¯v kvt\lhpw kulrZhpw ssIamdp¶  ]pXnb I¨hS kwkvImcw \nehn h¶p. ssN\ apX bqtdm¸v hsc Icbpw ISepw hgnbpÅ hym]mcw Ad_nIfpsS hcpXnbnembn. ]pXnb ]pXnb XpdapJ§Ä Xpd¡s¸«p. IS sImÅ¡msc `bs¸tS­XnÃm¯ AhØ h¶p.

bp²¯nsâ \mfpIÄ¡v hnS \ÂIn. temI {Ia¯n {]ISamb, ImXemb amddw. {Ko¡vþtdma³ km{amPy§fpsS ss\kÀ¤oI `mhw IS¶p Ibdd¯nsâXpw ]nSns¨Sp¡ensâXpambncp¶p. AeIvkm­À alm\mbXv PohnX aqey§sf DbÀ¯n¸nSn¨mbncp¶nÃ. \njvTqcamb ssk\nI ]cm{Iaw {]ZÀin¸n¨mbncp¶p. {]hmNI³ bp² \nbaw sIm­p h¶p. {]Xntcm[¯nembncp¶p AXnsâ Du¶Â. knhneb·mscbpw \nc]cm[nIsfbpw P´p Pme§sfbpw {]IrXnsbbpw t\mhn¡msX bp²w ]qÀ¯oIcn¡Wsa¶v ]Tn¸n¨p. Pohlm\n ]camh[n Ipd¨p sIm­pÅ Hcp bp²apd ioen¸n¨p. AXpsIm­p Xs¶ apkvenw ssk\nIsc hntamNIcmbn P\w I­p. Imcyamb sNdp¯p \nÂ]nÃmsXbmWv cmPy§fpw P\]Z§fpw Hmtcmt¶mcm¶mbn CkvemanI dn¸_vfn¡nsâ `mKambXv. apl½Zv_v\p Jmknw F.Un. 710  C§v knÔnse¯nbt¸mÄ At±ls¯ kzoIcn¨Xv {_mlvaW cmPmhn\p Iogn  izmkw ap«n InS¡p¶ _p² ssP\ aX¡mcmbncp¶p. saks¸mt«anbbnepw t]Àjybnepw P\§Ä `cW IqS `oIcXbn \n¶v c£s¸Sm³ tamN\ amÀ¤w Im¯ncn¡pt¼mgmWv Ckvemw ]p¯³ {]Xo£IÄ \ÂIn IS¶p h¶Xv. ss_kâbn cmPm¡·mÀ AanX \nIpXn GÀs¸Sp¯n I¨hS¡mscbpw Irjn¡mscbpw s]mdpXnap«n¨ A]cnjvIrX ImeL«¯nemWv temI hym]mc¯nsâ A\nb{´nX ]mX Xpd¶psh¨v apkvenw hyhØnXnbnte¡v Ahcpw tNÀ¡s¸Sp¶Xv.

{]hmNI³ km£mXvIcn¨ BZÀi hn¹h¯nsâ hym]vXn {Kln¡Wsa¦n ]gb \mKcnIXbn kv{XoP\w A\p`hn¨ ZpcnX§fpw AhImi \ntj[§fpw F{X ItTmcamsW¶v At\zjn¡Ww. {Ko¡v þ tdma³ t]Àjy³ kwkvImc§fnseÃmw kv{Xo¡v Hcp Xc¯nepÅ AhImi§fpw hIsh¨p sImSp¯ncp¶nÃ. N´bnse ]eamXncn  Nc¡pIIfn Hcn\w am{Xambncp¶p Cu ZpÀºe hn`mKw. kz¯hImis¯¡pdn¨v Nn´n¡m³ t]mepw AhÀ¡v sIÂ]nÃmbncp¶p. hnhml tamN\¯n\v ]gpXp­mbncp¶nÃ. AhfpsS Nmcn{Xyw kq£n¡m³ {Ko¡pImÀ I­p ]nSn¨ amÀ¤w ]q«m\pw Xpd¡m\pw kwhn[m\apÅ Hcp s_Âddmbncp¶p. AhfpsS KplyØm\¯n\p t]mepw AhÄ¡v AhImianÃm¯ AhØ. apl½Zv \_n FÃm N§e¡pSp¡n \n¶pw kv{Xo hn`mKs¯ tamNn¸n¨p. A´ÊmÀ¶ AkvXnXzw hmKvZm\w sNbvXv AhcpsS imcocnI kpc£nXXzw `{Zam¡n. AhfpsS am\m]am\ t_m[s¯ AwKoIcn¨p. IpSpw_¯nsâ s\Spw kvXw`ambn kv{Xo {]IoÀ¯n¡s¸«p. kz¯pSamhImihpw A\´ncmhImihpw hIsh¨p sImSp¯p. ]Snªmd³ temIw t]mepw kv{XoIÄ¡v ]uc kzmX{´yw A\phZn¡m³ X¿mdmbXv ASp¯ Ime¯mWv. 1870 emWv {_n«\nse kv{XoIÄ¡v kz¯hImiw e`n¡p¶Xv. thm«hImiw e`n¨tXm, {_n«\n 1918 epw Atacn¡bn 1928 epw {^m³kn 1944 epw kznddvkÀem­n 1971 epw. 1960 IÄ hsc Idp¯ hÀ¤¡mc\v shÅ¡mcnsb hnhmlw Ign¡m³ bp.Fkv \nbaw A\phZn¨ncp¶nÃ.

C¶pw {]kàw

{]hmNI³ A¶v hn`mh\ sNbvX temI{Ia¯nsâ C¶s¯ {]kànbnte¡mWv Cu At\zjWw hnc Nq­p¶Xv. 1400 hÀjw ap¼v `qapJ¯v \ne\n¶ cmjv{Sob kmaqlnIþkmwkvImcnI AhØsb¡mÄ ]Xn·S§v PoÀ®nXamWv C¶s¯ temIw. \oXn tNmÀ¯s¸« Hcp temI{Ia¯nsâ hµyXbn a\pjycmin ISp¯ {][nkÔn t\cnSp¶p. A¶v tdmam km{amPyamsW¦n C¶v Atacn¡³ km{amPyw. Htc Xqh ]£nIsft¸mse bqtdm¸pw C{kmtbepw. am\h i{Xp¡Ä ]Snªmtdm«p amdn F¶ hyXymkw am{Xw. CXv A\nhmcyam¡p¶Xv A¶v Ccp«p hIªp amddnb shfn¨¯nsâ Xncn¨phchmWv. Asæn XuloZv \izcamsW¶ kXy\ntj[nIfpsS hmZw icnsh¡s¸SpIbntÃ?