a\pjyhÀK¯nsâ
kmwkvImcnI Ncn{X¯n AÔImcmhrXamb ImeL«ambn«mWv {InkvXphn\v tijw A©pw
Bdpw \qämpIÄ hnebncp¯s¸Sp¶Xv. kmaqlnI kmw kvImcnI taJeIfn a\pjy\v
Znimt_m[w ]Itc D¯chmZs¸« tI{µ§sfÃmw A¶v, KÀlWobamb AhØbnembncp¶p.
aX§fpw `cWkwhn[m\§fpw PoÀW XbnÂ\n¶p PoÀWXbnte¡v
KXnamdnbncn¡pIbmbncp¶p.
A¶v \nehnepmbncp¶ PqX,
ss{IkvXh, km_n aX§Ä ap³Ime {]hmNI³amcpsSbpw thZ§fpsSbpw t]cnembncps¶¦nepw
B {]hmNI³amtcm thZ§tfm \ÂInb PohnXZÀi\ambncp¶nà Ah {]Xn\n[m\n¨ncp¶Xv.
AXnsâ kuµcyhpw ssNX\yhpw kuc`yhpsaÃmw \jvSs¸«ncp¶p. A´xkmciq\yamb
tIhe aX thZ hn`mK§fmbncp ¶p A¶dnbs¸«ncp¶ aX hnizmknIfn `qcn`mKhpw.
kmwkvImcnIhpw Bßobhpambn a\pjysc
hgn\St¯ aXta[mhnIfpw ]ptcmlnX ³amcpw `cWhÀK¯nsâ XmÂ]cy§Äs¡m¸w \n¡m\mWnjvSs¸«Xv.
Cu Ahnln Xamb sFIys¸SÂ kaIme P\Xsb Bßobambpw `uXnIambpw \ncm{ibcpw ]Xn
Xcpam¡n¯oÀ¯p. `cWIqShpw aX taemf³amcpw X§fpsS B{Klm`nemj§fpsS ]qÀ¯oIcW¯n\v
]ckv]cw klIcn¨v \o§n. aXtaemf³amcpsS ]n´pWbpmb t¸mÄ `cWhÀK¯n\v F´pw
sN¿mhp¶ kmlNcyapmbn.
t]Àjybpw tdmapw A¶v
CcptNcnIfmbn \ne\n¶ncp¶ cph³ km{amPy iànI fmbncp¶p. Ah [mÀanIm[x]X\¯nsâbpw
a\pjymhImi \ntj[¯nsâbpw \oÀ¨p gnbneIs¸«ncp¶p. `cWhÀKhpw AhcpsS
D]Pm]I hrµ§fpw kpJtemep]Xbnepw t`mKmekXbnepw kmbqPyw Ip. AtXkabw
Zcn{Zcpw sXmgnemfnIfpw PohnX {]Xn kÔn t\cnSpIbmbncp¶p. htcWy
hn`mK¯nsâ kpJm\p`qXnIÄ kwc£n¡p¶Xn \mbn AhÀ ASnaIsft¸mse ITn\m²zm\w
sNt¿nh¶p. Cu ZpÀLS kÔnbn A `bhpw B{ibhpamtI aXtI{µ§Ä Ahsc
Is¿mgnªp. elcnbpsSbpw kam\ Xn·IfpsSbpw \pIw t]dm³ AhÀ \nÀ_ÔnXcmbn¯oÀ¶p.
tdmansebpw t]Àjybnsebpw
htcWyhÀKw sFlnIamb kpJm\p`qXnIÄ am{Xw e£yam¡n Pohn¨p. kpJt`mK
hkvXp¡fpw BÀ`mS hn`h§fpw AhÀ [mcmfambn kw`cn¨p sImncp¶p.
A[ahnImc]qÀ¯n¡mbn [mcmfw h\nXIsf his¸Sp¯n \nÀ ¯n. Ahsc Ae¦cn¡m\pw
AWnbn¡m\pw IW¡ä kzÀWw, shÅn B`cW§fpw tiJcn¨p.
ss{IkvXhX
apl½Zv\_n(kz)¡v sXm«pap¼v \ntbmKnX\mb
{]hmNI\pw ZqX\pamWv Cukm \_n (A). At±l¯nsâ t]cn \ne\n¡p¶ aX
kaqlamWv {InkvXobÀ. ]t£, AhÀ Cukm(A)sâ ]mT§fn \n¶p _lpZqcw AI¶ncp¶p.
]utemkv ]mXncnbpsS Imew sXm«v AXnsâ FÃmhn[ KpW§fpw ssNX\yhpw
\jvSs¸Sm³ XpS§n. ]ucmWnIamb {Ko¡v sFXnly§fpsSbpw, CuPn]vjy³
XXzimkv{X¯nsâ `mKamb {]Xna ]qPbpsS bpw aäpw k¦ccq]ambn AXv ]cnWan¨p.
\memw \qämn\ptijw {InkvXpaXw
a\pjys\ kmwkvImcnIambn DbÀ¯m\pw hfÀ ¯m\pw D]Icn¡m¯ hn[¯n A[x]Xn¨ncp¶p.
Cukm\_n(A) ZnhyXz¯nsâ tXmXv F{Xbmbncn¡Wsa¶Xn XÀ¡n¨mWv Ahm´c
hn`mK§fpmbXv. AhÀ X½nepÅ A`n{]mb hyXymkw Iel¯nsâbpw kwLÀj¯nsâbpw
cq]w ssIs¡m p. Btcm]W {]Xymtcm]W§fpw A]hmZ {]NmcW§fpw kmaplnI cwKw
Iepjn Xam¡n¯oÀ¯p.
km¼¯nIambn ASnt¨Â¸n¡s¸«
AanX `mchpw kzbwIrXm\ÀYambn h¶p`hn¨ `m chpw Hmtc kabw t]tdn h¶p.
AXn\m km¼¯nI t\«§Ä¡mbn GXv amÀKhpw kzoIcn¡p¶ ØnXnhntijapmbn. C§s\
km¼¯nIhpw kmwkvImcnIhpw Bßo bhpamb ]X\w ]qÀWambn¯oÀ¶n«pÅ Hcp
kaqls¯bmWv ss{IkvXhX {]Xn\n [m\w sNbvXncp¶Xv. F¦nepw {InkvXpaX
ktµi§sf ]camh[n \ne\nÀ¯m³ A ²zm\n¡p¶hÀ Xnsc CÃmXmbncp¶nÃ. {]tbmKnIcwK¯v
hnapJX ImWn¨mepw thZaX ]mT§Ä a\Ên kq£n¡p¶hcpw ]T\w \S¯p¶hcpw ]ebnS§fnepapmbncp¶p.
FtXm]y³ cmPmhv \ÖmÈn(t\Kkv)bpw tdma³ N{IhÀ¯n lnÀ¡epw(sldmIvfnbkv)
CuPn]vjy³ N{IhÀ¯n apJuJnkpw A¡q«¯nembncp¶p.
\Ömin cmPmhv Xsâ \m«nse¯nb
kXyhnizmknIÄ¡v A`bw \ÂInbXv CXn\mem bncp¶p. lnÀ¡Â N{IhÀ¯n
apkvenwIfpambn kwkmcn¡m³ X¿mdmbn. apJuJnkv cmPmhv \_n(kz) sImSp¯b¨
ktµi¯n\v am\yamb ]cnKW \ÂIn. \Ömin ]n ¶oSv Ckvemw aXw kzoIcn¡pIbpw
sNbvXp.
PqXaXw
aqkm\_n(A)sâbpw Xudm¯nsâbpw
A\pbmbnIsf¶ \nebn Adnbs¸Sp¶hcm Wv PqX³amÀ. AÔImc bpK¯n ChcpsS
AhØbpw hfsc ]cnXm]Icambncp¶p. Hcp aXhn`mKsa¶ \nebn henb {]XnkÔnbmWhÀ
A`napJoIcn¨ncp¶Xv. \nµn Xcpw ]oUnXcpambn FÃmw \jvSs¸«hcmbn¯oÀ¶ncp¶p
AhÀ. ZpjvsNbvXnIfpsS ]cnWXnsbt¶mWw, AhcpsS AhØ \nµyambncn¡psa¶v
hnip² JpÀB³ hyà am¡nbn«pÅXmWv, F¶mepw hÃt¸mgpw A[nImctam kzm[o\tam
e`n¨m AXp Zpcp ]tbmKw sN¿m\hÀ [rjvScmbncp¶p Xm\pw. ss]imNnIhpw a\pjyXzclnXhpamb
{]XnImc in£mapdIÄ AhÀ \S¸m¡nbncp¶p.
PqXcpw ss{IkvXhcpw ]et¸mgpw
Fäpap«n. {IqcIrXy§fn Bbnc§Ä IpcpXnsIm Sp¡s¸«p.{InkvXphÀjw 610Â
A´mInbmbnse ss{IkvXhÀs¡Xnsc PqXÀ ]S\bn¨p. ss{IkvXhÀ Icpt¯msS
Xncn¨Sn¨p. {]XntbmKnIsf \mamhtijam¡n. sh«nbpw sh ůn ap¡nbpw
Xobn«pw lnw{kP´p¡Äs¡dnªv sImSp¯pamWv PqXsc AhÀ D·qe\w \S¯nbXv.
Cu hn[¯nepÅ B{IaW {]Xym{IaW§Ä
XpSÀ¶p tImtbncp¶p. Ip{kp]Àthiv Hcn¡Â iman IS¶m{IaWw \S¯n.
ss{IkvXhsc sImÃpIbpw NÀ¨pIÄ XIÀ¡p Ibpw sNbvXt¸mÄ PqXÀ ]Àthin\v ]n´pW\ÂIn
ss{IkvXhtcmSv {]XnImcw sNbv Xp. ]n¶oSv ss{IkvXhÀ X§fpsS B[n]Xyw
tdmanepw CuPn]vXnepw ]p\xØm]n¨ t¸mÄ sldmIvfnbkns\ kzm[o\n¨v
]ptcmlnX³amcpsS aX hn[nbpsS ]n´pWtbmsS PqX³amÀs¡Xnsc AXn\oNhpw \njvTqchpamb
{]XnImc {]{Inb \S¯n. AXpImcWw imanepw CuPn]vXnepw hfsc A]qÀhw
PqXÀam{Xta Ahtijn¨ncp¶pÅp. bp²apJ ¯p \n¶v HmSn c£s¸«hcmbncp¶p AhÀ.
Npcp¡¯nÂ, Hcp kaqlsa¶ \nebnÂ
]nSn¨p \n¡m\pw kz´w AkvXnXzw DbÀ ¯n¸nSn¨v Pohn¡m\pw km[n¡p¶
hn[¯nembncp¶nà PqXaX hnizmknIÄ. kz´w {]hmNIcm i]n¡s¸«hcpw Bt£]n¡s¸«hcpamb
CkvdmCueycpsS ]mc¼cy¯n sâ XpSÀ¨¡mcmbn AhÀ amdn. aXs¯bpw {]hmNIscbpw
\nÊmch¡cn¡p¶hcm bncp¶p PqX³amcne[nIhpw. AhcpsS F¡mes¯bpw ]X\ ]cmPb
Zpc´§sf¡p dn¨v JpÀB³ ]ebnS¯pw kqNn¸n¨n«pv .
kcXpjvSaXw
ss{IkvXh tdman\v kam´cambn
\ne\n¶ncp¶ km{amPyXz iànbmbncp¶p t]Àjy. am\yXbpsS
taÂhnemkahImis¸Smhp¶ Hcp kmwkvImcnI PohnXho£Ww AhÀ ¡papmbncp¶nÃ.
A_²PSne§fmb hnizmkmNmc§fpw hnIrXamb Bcm[\m coXn Ifpambncp¶p
AhcptSX.v {]mà\ Ad_nIfn Zyiyambncp¶Xp t]mepÅ kZmNmc t_m[w t]mepw
AhÀ¡pbncp¶nÃ. kz´w ]p{Xnamscbpw ktlmZcnamscbpw hnhm lw sNbvXp
sImpt]mepw AhÀ Ima]qÀ¯n \S¯nbncp¶p.
Imashdnb³amcmb P\Xsb AXnÂ
\n¶p tamNn¸n¡m³ {_ÒNcyamWv hgn F¶p "am\n' F¶bmÄ {]NmcWw \S¯n. ]t£,
e£yw t\Sm³ AbmÄ¡mbnÃ. P\§Ä At±ls¯ Xq¡nteän. {_ÒNcyw {]Ncn¸n¨v a\pjyhwis¯
CÃmbva sN¿m\mW t±l¯nsâ {iasa¶mbncp¶p At±l¯n Btcm]n¨ Ipäw. ]n¶oSmWv
"akvZI'v F¶ bmÄ ssewKnI kzmX{´yhmZhpambn cwKs¯¯p¶Xv. AXn\oNhpw
hr¯nsI«Xpamb Cu \ne]mSns\ kzmKXw sN¿m\pw BfpIfpmbn. kpJnb³amcpw
Ima{`m´³amcpw CXv Bthi]qÀhw kzmKXw sNbvXp . N{IhÀ¯n JpºmZv AXnsâ kwc£Ww
IqSn FsäSp¯t¸mÄ cmPIobmwKoImct¯msS AXv kÀh kzoImcyX t\Sn.
AántZhs\bmWv t]Àjy¡mÀ
Bcm[n¨ncp¶Xv. Aán¡v \ioIcW tijnbps¦n epw {]XnIcW tijnbnà F¶Xv AXnsâ
]pPIÀ¡v XpWbmbn. tZh\v CjvSanÃm¯ sNbvXnbmWv X§fptSsX¦n \nl\n¡m\pÅ
tijn AXp]tbmKs¸Sp¯pambncp¶ tÃm F¶Xmbncp¶p AhcpsS \ne]mSv. AXn\mÂ
X§fpsS \ne]mSpIÄ¡p AántZ h³ XpWbmsW¶hÀ \ymboIcn¨p. BcpsSsb¦nepw \nb{´Wtam,
kZmNmcZpcmNmc \nba§tfm {i²nt¡Xpw Ahew_nt¡XpanÃm¯Xn\m AhÀ
kzX{´cmbn A gnªmSn.
N{IhÀ¯namÀ X§fpsS
kncIfntemSp¶ càw ssZhnIamsW¶v hmZn¨p. P\§Ä AXwKoIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp.
P³a\m ssZhnIXbpsS AwiapÅhsc¶p IcpXs¸« N{IhÀ¯namÀ¡v AhÀ kmwjSmwKw
sNbvXp. ZnhyXzw IÂ]n¨pw hÀWn¨pw IoÀ¯\ Imhy§fpm¡n Be]n¨p.
kz´amsbmchImihpanÃm¯hcmWv X§sf¶pw AXn\m  Xs¶ X§Ä¡v N{IhÀ¯n \ÂIp¶sX´pw
kuP\yhpw HuZmcyhpamsW¶pw A hÀ IcpXn.
aX NS§pIÄ¡v t\XrXzw \ÂIp¶ ]pPmcnIsfbpw
AhÀ ZnhyXzw I¸n¨mcm[n¨p. sXmgnensâbpw P\\¯nsâbpw ASnØm\¯n hÀKoIcWw
\S¯n PmXnbpw Ipe hpw Ipes¯mgnepw \nÀWbn¨p. Ipes¯mgneÃmsX asämcp
sXmgn tXSp¶Xv \ntcm[n ¡s¸«ncp¶p. P·wsImp Xmgv¶ PmXn¡mcmbhÀ¡v
cmjv{S tkh\ kw_Ôamb sXmgntem ]Zhntbm \ÂInbncp¶nÃ. \nÝnXtPmenbn \nÀWnX
]Zhn¡¸pdw Hch Imihpw A\phZn¡s¸«ncp¶nÃ. hwiobhpw PmXobhpamb A`nam\t_m[w
AhÀ h¨p ]peÀ¯nbncp¶p.
CuPn]vXv
ss\Â\ZnbpsS km¶n[yw sImv
k¼Âkar²amb a®mWv CuPn]vXntâXv. ]pcmX\ amb kmwkvImcnI \mKcnIXIfpsS
Ifns¯m«nembncp¶p CuPn]vXv. ]t£, ]n¡m e¯v ss{IkvXh bqtdm¸nsâ
B[n]Xyt¯msS kwkvImc§fpsS ih¸d¼mbn AXp amdn. tdma³ km{amPy¯n\pw
AhcpsS hnizmk k¦Â]§Ä¡pw kw`hn¨ ]X\¯n sâ kzm`mhnIamb Zpc´w
CuPn]vXpw t]tdn h¶p. Hcp tdma³tImf\n F¶ \ne bn HXp¡s¸« CuPn]vXn\v
cmjv{Sobamb kzmX{´yw \jvSambn.A[nImcnIfpsS aXw F¶ \ne¡v ss{IkvXhXsb
AhÀ AwKoIcnt¡n h¶p. XÂ^eambn aXIobhpw _u²nIhpamb kzmX{´yw
AhÀ¡nÃmXmbn.
X§Ä¡mhiyapÅ hn`hNqjW¯ns\mcp
Xpcp¯v F¶ \nebnemWv CuPn]vXns\ tdmw ho£n¨Xv. henb \nIpXnIÄ Npa¯nbpw
aäp _m[yXIÄ ASnt¨Â¸n¨pw AhcXv km[n¨p. CuPn]vjy³ IÀjIcpw hmWn¡pIfpw
h³ NqjW¯n\p hnt[bcmbn. X§ fpsSta ASnt¨Â]n¡s¸Sp¶sX´pw kzoIcn¡m³
am{Xw hnt[bcpw `bNInXcpam bncp¶p AhÀ. cmjv{Sob]ctam \nÀamW]ctam Bb
Hcp taJebnepw AhÀ¡v Hcp ]¦pw \ÂIs¸«ncp¶nÃ. A§s\ FÃm AÀY¯nepw ASnbdhv
]dbpIbpw ASna¯w t]dpIbpw sNbvX Hcp P\XbpsS \mSmbn CuPn]vXv amdn.
bqtdm¸v
\thm°m\m\´cw \mKcnIXbpsSbpw
]ptcmKXnbpsSbpw Ip¯I¡mcmbn sRfnbp¶ bqtdm¸nsâbpw `qXImew AXy´w AÔImc
\n_nUambncp¶p. \mKcnIXbpsS ]db ¯¡ Hcp XpSn¸pw AhnsS ImWm\pmbncp¶nÃ.
càcq£nXamb Iem]§fpw On¶ `n¶amb P\ k©bhpw ASnapSn Aet¦mes¸« kmaply
kmlNcyhpambncp¶p hS ¡v ]Snªmd³ bqtdm¸ntâXv.
AhÀ¡v temIs¯bpw temI¯n\v
Ahscbpw hfsc Ipd¨v am{Xta ]cnNbapmbncp ¶pÅp. ]p¯³ ss{IkvXh k¦Â]¯n\pw
]pcmX\ _nw_mcm[\¡pw CSbn Xf¨n Ss¸« aX ho£Wambncp¶p AhÀ¡pmbncp¶Xv.
Ccpfn \n¶p IqSpX Ccpfnte ¡v F¶Xmbncp¶p AhcpsS KXn. bqtdm¸nsâ Cu
Ccp apJw {]apJ Ncn{XImc³ amcmb F¨v.Pn shÂkv, tdm_À«v {_nt¸mÀ«v
XpS§nbhÀ hnhcn¨n«pv.
C´y\hØ
`mcX¯n \nehnepmbncp¶
aXþkmaqlnIþkmwkvImcnI kmlNcyw IqSpXÂ hnh cnt¡XnÃ. \_n(kz)bpsS \ntbmK
Ime¯v kPohambn \ne\n¶ncp¶ Hcp \mSpw P \Xbpw F¶ \ne¡v C´ysb ChnsS NÀ¨
sN¿s¸tSXpv. AXn]pcmX\amb Nne \mKcnIXIÄ ChnsS \ne\n¶ncp¶p F¶Xn\v
]T\ ]cyth£W§Ä _ew \ÂIp ¶pv. C´ybnse Nne BNmccoXnIÄ ]gbIme \mKcnIXbpsSXmbn
Cg Xncns¨Sp ¡phm³ km[n¨n«pv.
]qÀhIme {]hmNI³amcpsS ]mT§fpambn
Cu \mKcnIXIÄ¡v _Ôaps¶Xn\v sXfnhpIÄ e`yambn«pv. lmc¸bn \n¶p
IsSp¯n«pÅ Hcp Ipf¯nsâ Ahin jvS§fn \S¯nb ]T\w AXv \qlv\_n(A)sâ k´m\]c¼cbnÂ
\n¶v ChnsS sb¯nbhcpsS \nÀ½nXnbmsW¶pw AhÀ {]mÀY\IÄ¡v ip²nhcp¯m³
D]tbmKn ¨ncp¶XmhmasX¶papÅ \nKa\¯nemsW¯nbncn¡p¶Xv. AÃmaminlvdkvXm\n
Xsâ AÂaneep h¶nl F¶ {KÙ¯n C´ybn \ne\n¶ncp¶ aXho£W§Ä hnhcn¡p¶nS¯v(hmfyw:
3 t]Pv:705) "{_mÒWcn Hcp hn`mKw km_n aZvl_pImcmbn cp¶p' F¶v ]dbp¶pv.
km_naX¡mÀ \qlv\_n(k)sâ P\XbpsS XpSÀ¨¡mcm sW¶pw t\cmb aX¯n \n¶p
hyXnNen¨hcmsW¶pw JpÀB³ hymJymXm¡fn NneÀ A`n{]mbs¸«n«pv (t\m¡pI:
Xzn_vcn1/252,JpÀXzp_n1/182, C_v\p IkoÀ3/140). BZyamZyw aX¯nsâ hyàamb
N«¡q«n\pÅnepw GIssZhhnizmk¯nepw Pohn¨ncp ¶hÀ {ItaW amÀK {`wicmbXmbncn¡msa¶mWv
A\pam\n¡s¸Sp¶Xv.
Bdmw \qämnse¯nbt¸mtg¡pw
AhÀ X§fpsS X\Xv kmwkvImcnI ]mc¼cy¯n \n¶p hfsc Zqcw AI¶p t]mbncp¶p.
Ab \mSpIfnsems¡bpmbncp¶ hym]I amb PoÀWXIÄ Ahcnepw Bthin¡pIbpw Zpjn¨
HchØbnse¯nt¨cpIbpw sN bvXp. Bcm[y hkvXp¡fpsS B[nIyhpw ImamÔXbpw D¨\oNXzhpw
aqVk¦Â] §fpw AhÀ¡nSbn hÀ²n¨p h¶p.
ssZh§Ä
EtKzZ¯n tZhXIfpsS F®w
33/333 F¶mWv KWn¨ncn¡p¶Xv. F¶m Bdmw \p ämn Xs¶ AhbpsS F®w 33
tImSnbnse¯nbn«pmbncp¶p. ImWm³ IuXpIap ÅXpw BIÀjIhpambsX´pw
ssZh§fmbn ]cnKWn¡s¸«p. IÃpIÄ, hy£§Ä, ]ÀhX§Ä, arK§Ä, hoc]pcpj³amÀ,
kzÀWw, shÅn XpS§n ]eXnepw ZnhymhXmc aps¶v I¸n¨v Bcm[n¨ncp¶p. ]ip,
{Kl§Ä XpS§n P\t\{µnb§Ä hsc Bcm [yambn¯oÀ¶ncp¶p. A§s\ sI«pIYIfpw
sFXnly§fpw an¯pIfpw BNmcm\pjv Tm\§fpw apdIfpambn sI«p]nWsªmchØ.
ssZhnIsat¶m _u²nIsat¶m hnti jn¸n¡mhp¶ H¶pw AXnepmbncp¶nÃ.
inÂ]Iem sshZKv[y¯nsâ
hym]Iamb D]tbmKw hgn AhcpsS k¦Â¸¯n\\pk cn¨v ssZh§Ä cq]s¸«p. _nw_mcm[\
AÀYiq\yamsW¶v ]Tn¸n¨ _p²\pt]mepw {]Xna XoÀ¡s¸Sp¶XmWv ]n¶oSv IXv.
A§s\ C´ybnse aXssZh k¦Â]s¯ bpw kmaqlnI kmwkvImcnI cwKs¯ coXnIsfbpw
_p² ssP\ZÀi\§Ä¡S¡w kzoIcnt¡n h¶p.
ssN\okv k©mcnbmb
lyqbm³kmwKv Xsâ bm{Xm hnhcW¯n ChnSps¯ _nw_ §fpsS B[nIys¯¡pdn¨v
hnhcn¡p¶pv. A¡mes¯ cmPIpSpw_§fpsSbpw tkhIcpsSbpw
Bcm[yhkvXp¡sf¡pdn¨v At±lw FgpXp¶p:
""NneÀ hnjvWp`àcpw aäp NneÀ
_p²aXm\pbmbnIfpw thsd NneÀ kpcys\bpw hnjvWphns\bpw Bcm[n¡p¶hcpw
Bbncp¶p. CjvSapÅhÀ¡v CjvSapÅXns\sbm apgph³ ssZh§sfbptam
Bcm[n¡mambncp¶p''.
ImamÔX
CXcaXk¦Â]§fn \n¶p
hyXykvXambn Ima¯n\pw ssewKnIX¡pw AXn{]m[m \yw \ÂIp¶ coXnbmWv `mcX¯nÂ
\ne\n¶ncp¶Xv . hnImtcm±o]Ihpw eÖmhlhp amb \áXmhÀW\bpw tZhntZh³amcpsS
Imaeoem hnemk§fpsS hnhcW§fpw th Z{KÙ§fn hsc Øew ]nSn¨n«pv. t£{X¨pacpIÄ
ssewKnItIfnIfpsS Nn{X§Ä sIme¦cn¨Xmbn¡mWmw. inhenwKs¯ Bcm[n¡pIbpw
AXnsâ cq]w ]ckyambn {]ZÀin¸n¡p¶Xv ]pWyambn KWn¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp.
Zbm\µkckzXn "kXymÀY {]Imiw'
F¶ Xsâ IrXnbn D²cn¨ t]mse "\ákv{Xo Isf Bcm[n¨ncp¶ ]pcpj³amcpw \á
]pcpj³amsc Bcm[n¨ncp¶ kv{XoIfpw' A ¶pmbncp¶p. P\§fnse Cu
Ima_Ôpcamb aXt_m[w NqjWw sN¿s¸SpIbpw sNbvXncp¶p.
PmXn k¦Â]w
P\§sf sXmgnensâbpw aäpw
ASnØm\¯n hnhn[ PmXnIfpw X«pIfpam¡n Xncn ¡p¶ ImS³k{¼Zmbw hfsc cq£ambn
\ne\n¶ncp¶ \mSpIfnsem¶mWv C´y. B bnc¯mpIfmbn \ne\n¶p hcp¶ Cu k¦Â]w
C¶pw ]tcm£ambn ChnsS \ne\n ¡p¶pv. sshZnI ImeL«¯nsâ A´y¯nemWo
k{¼Zmbw Bcw`n¨Xv. ChntS¡v IS¶ph¶ Bcy³amÀ A\mcy³amcpambn Iecp¶Xv
CÃmXm¡m\pw X§fpsS hyXncn àXbpw BZcWobXbpw \ne\nÀ¯m\pambn sa\ªpm¡nbXmWv
PmXn k¦Â]w F¶mWv ]WvVnXaXw.
a\pkvarXnbn P\§sf £{Xnb³,
{_mÒW³, sshiy³, ip{Z³ F¶n§s\ \mep PmXnIfm¡n¯ncn¨v Hmtcmcp¯À¡papÅ
AhImim[nImc§fpw ]ZhnIfpw sXmgn ]cn[nIfpw \nÀWbn¨n«pv.
{_mÒWs\ {_Òmhnsâ hmbn \n¶pw
£{Xnbs\ ssIIfn \n¶pw sshiys\ Xp SIfn \n¶pw iq{Zs\ ]mZ§fn \n¶pw ]S¨pht{X.
{_mÒW\v thZ ]T\hpw tZhm À¨\bpw £{Xnb\v ssk\nI tkh\hpw hnImc\n{Klhpw
sshiyÀ¡v CSbhy¯nbpw I¨hShpw Irjnbpw AXnt\mS\p_Ôn¨v, \nÝnX ]Zhn¡v
tIm«w X«m¯Xpw apIfn epÅhcpsS ]cn[nbn ssIIS¯m¯Xpamb aäpÅ tPmenIfpw
\nÝbn¨p \ÂIn. F¶m iq{Z³ Cu aq¶p hn`mKs¯bpw tkhn¨p Ignªp IqSm\mbncp¶p
thZhn[n. D¶X]Zhnbpw FÃmhn[ A[nImcmhImi§fpapÅ {_mÒW hn`mK¯n\v
ASnahr¯n sN¿pI F¶Xne¸pdw asäm¶n\pw ip{Z¶hImiapmbncp¶nÃ. iq{Zsâ kz¯v
]nSn s¨Sp¡m³ {_mÒW\[nImcapmbncp¶p. £{Xnb\pw sshiy\pw Nne AhImi§Ä \ÂInbncps¶¦nepw
Hcp {_mÒW _me\p Xpeyamb ]Zhnt]mepw {]m]n¡m\hÀ¡ hkcapmbncp¶nÃ.
£{Xnb\p thZw ]Tn¡pIbpw
hmbn¡pIbpw sN¿msa¦nepw ]Tn¸n¡m\[nImcapm bncp¶nÃ. sshiyt\m ip{Zt\m
thZw hmbn¡p¶Xv alm]m]ambmWv IW¡m¡nbXv. A§s\ Bsc¦nepw sNbvX hnhcw `cWm[nImcnIÄ
Adnªm Ahsâ \mhv apdn¨p Ifªncp¶p. ip{Z\v {_mÒWsâ IqsS Ccn¡mt\m Ahs\
kv]Àin¡mt\m AhImi apmbncp¶nÃ. IqsS Ccp¶m KpZw NqSv h¨v \mSpIS¯Ww.
sXm«mepw No¯]d ªmepw \mhv ]ngpsXdnbWw. ]Ãn, Im¡, Xhf XpS§nb sNdp
PohnIsf \in¸n¡p ¶Xpw ip{Zs\ h[n¡p¶Xpw ^e¯n Hcpt]msebmbncp¶p
KWn¨ncp¶Xv. ip{Zt\m sshiyt\m tamjWw \S¯nbm h[in£ \ÂIpt¼mÄ {_mÒW\pw
£{Xnb\pw {]mbÝn¯hpw eLphmb in£bpw am{XamWv \ÂInbncp¶Xv. ]camh[n Ahsc
in £n¡msX {]mbÝn¯¯nsemXp¡pIbmWv `cWm[nImcnIÄ sNbvXncp¶Xv. C´y k µÀin¨n«pÅ
k©mcnbpw imkv{XÚ\pamb AÂ_ndq\n Xsâ bm{Xm hnhcW¯n CXv hnhcn¨n«pv. ]cnjvIÀ¯mIfpsS
]cn{iaw hgn henb amä§Ä C¶p {]ISambn«pv.
tIcf¯nÂ
PmXobamb Cu thÀXncnhnsâ {]ISamb
cq]w \½psS tIcf¯nepw \ne\n¶ncp¶p F¶Xn\v [mcmfw sXfnhpIfpv. Ignª \qämnÂhsc
AXns\Xnsc cq£amb ka chpw kXym{Klhpw \S¶ Ncn{Xapv. Ipamc\mim³ "ZpchØ'
FgpXnbXv am¸nf hn tcm[t¯msSbmsW¦nepw tIcfob kaql¯n Ckveman\pw
apkvenwIÄ¡pw kzm[o \apmIm³ ChnsS \ne\n¶ncp¶ ImS³ \ne]mSpIÄ
klmbIamsb¶v AXn ]d bp¶pv.
""l´!\mb³amÀ
XpS§n¡ogvt]m«pÅ
lnµp¡fmbpancpt¶msc{X
B«pw hne¡pw hgnbm«pw aäpao
¡q«À kln¨p s]mdpXn ap«n
hn«Xm lnµpaXwþ PmXnbn Xms\
sI«p Ignª \¼qcnaXw''
_p² aXw
sshZnIaX¯nsâ
PoÀWXIfn \n¶v tamN\w t\Sm\mbn {io_p²³ D]tZin¨ Imcy §fmWv ]n¶oSv _p²aXw
F¶ t]cnednbs¸«Xv. {_mÒW ta[mhn¯¯n \n¶p km [mcW¡msc tamNn¸n¡m\pw _nw_mcm[\bpsS
AÀYiq\yXbn \n¶v c£s¸Sp¯m \pamWv _p²³ {ian¨Xv. A¡me¯v AXy[nIw
al¯chpw DZm¯hpamb Hcp tk h\w Xs¶bmbncp¶p AXv. ]t£, _p²sâ D]tZi§Ä¡pw
XXz§Ä¡pw A[nI Imew ]nSn¨p \n¡m\mbnÃ. {_mÒW ta[mhn¯w Hcp¡nb sIWnbnÂ
AXv AI s¸«p. sshZnI aX XmÂ]cy§Ä¡\pkcn¨v AXv hymJym\n¡s¸SpIbpw {]Ncn¸n¡
s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. XÂ^eambn AXnsâ emfnXyhpw ssNX\yhpw AÀYhpw \jvS s¸«p.
XpS¡¯n {_mÒW
aX¯n\v shÃphnfnbmbn \ne\n¶ _p² aXs¯ kz´w `mK am¡n amäm³ sshZnI aX
taemf³amÀ¡v Ignªp. XpSÀ¶v hn{Kl ]qPbpsS aXambn _p²aXhpw ]cnWan¨p._p²sâbS¡w
{]XnaIÄ Øm]n¨v Bcm[\ \S¯m³ XpS§n. _p²³ Hcp ssZhZÀi\w apt¶m«ph¨ncp¶nÃ
F¶Xv CXn\v A\pIpehpambn. PhlÀ em s\lvdphnsâ "C´ysb Is¯Â' F¶
IrXnbn CXns\¡pdn¨v hnhcn¨n«pv. A§s\ emfnXyhpw kmcfyhpw kam[m\hpw
D]tZin¨v PohnXcwKw hnaeoIcn¡m³ {ian¨ B almtbmKnbpw
ssZham¡s¸SpIbmbncp¶p. temI¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK§ fn Adnbs¸Sp¶ _p²aXm\pbmbnIf[nIhpw
C¶pw almbm\ hn`mK¯n s]«hcmWv. Cu hn`mK¯n\mWv IqSpX {]Nmcw t\Sm\mbXv.
AhÀ _p²\n ZnhyXzw B tcm]n¡p¶hcmWv Xm\pw.
_p²aX¯nsâ Cu ]X\w
\nan¯w AXnsâ kZv^e§Ä e`yaÃmXmbn. at\m \nb{´ W¯n\pw hnImc\n{Kl¯n\pw
t{ijvT KpWioe§Ä¡pw thZ\m kwlmc¯n\pw hn Úm\ k¼mZ\¯n\pw Hcp]tZi kwlnX
F¶ \nebn {]Xy£ KpWw sN¿m\m Ipambncp¶ Hcp ktµi¯nsâ ]X\w C´ybn {_mÒW
aX¯nsâ hnPbambn¯o À¶p.
ssN\
ssN\bn CuIme¯v
ap¶v aXho£W§Ä \nehnepmbncp¶p. _p² aXw, I¬ ^ypjykv aXw, XmtbmaXw. `uXnI
Imcy§fn am{Xta I¬^yqjykv D]tZiw \ Inbncp¶pÅp. Hcp ssZhs¯
Ivfn]vXs¸Sp¯n Bcm[n¡Wsa¶v \nÀtZin¨ncp¶nÃ. F¶m A\pbmbnIÄ¡njvSapÅ \ZnIsftbm
hr£§sftbm Bcm[n¡mambncp¶p. Hcp ZmÀi\nI ho£Ww F¶ \nebn am{Xta I¬^yqjy\nkw
\ne\n¶ncp¶pÅp.
hnip²nbpsS
amÀKambn emthmkn F¶ XXzNn´I³ \ÂInb D]tZi§fmWv Xm tbmaXw F¶dnbs¸«Xv.
Ime{Ia¯n AXpw _nw_mcm[\bpsS aXambn amdn. sF lnI
kpJ]cnXymKnIsfbmbncp¶p At±lw krjvSn¡m\pt±in¨Xv. kv{XoIsf kv]Àin ¡pItbm
Ahcpambn GsX¦nepw hnt[\ _Ôs¸SpItbm sN¿msXbmWhÀ Pohn¨n cp¶Xv. \nÀamW]chpw
PohkÔcWm]chpamb Hcp \nÀtZihpw \ÂIm¯ Cu k¦ ¸s¯ P\§Ä AXnthKw
ssIshSnªp.
Ad_nIÄ
Ad_nIÄ BZyL«¯nÂ
CkvamCuÂ(A)ansâ A\pbmbnIsf¶ \nebn XuloZne[njvTnXamb PohnXw \bn¡p¶hcmbncp¶p.
C{_mloao anïnsâ kÂkc WnbnepsS, CkvamCuÂ(A)sâ ]mX ]n³]än AhÀ Pohn¨p
t]m¶p AhcpsS aX]c amb ho£W¯n {ItaW hyXnbm\w kw`hn¡pIbmWpmbXv. F¶mÂ
Ad_nIÄ apgph³ Cu hn[w hyXnNen¨ncp¶p F¶p [cn¡m³ \ymbanÃ. AhÀ¡nSbn AÔ
hnizmk§fpw A\mNmc§fpw A\Â]ambn IS¶p IqSn F¶XmWv bmYmÀYyw.
GI CemlnepÅ
hnizmk¯n \n¶p _lpssZh k¦Â]¯nte¡pw icnbmb BNm c coXnIfn \n¶p
hnIrXamb ioe§fnte¡pw Ahcn `qcn`mKhpw amdn. tPymÂky ³amsc kao]n¡qI,
{]iv\w sh¡pI XpS§nb ZpcmNmc§Ä AhcpsS PohnX¯nse A\nhmcy ioe§fmbn.
hnNn{X BNmchpw [mcWbpw
hfÀ¯p arK§fnÂ
NneXv Nne {]tXyI kmlNcy§fn ]hn{Xhpw BZcWobhp amsW¶hÀ [cn¨p. NneXns\
NneÀ¡v am{Xta `£n¡mhq F¶p IcpXn. H«Iw {]k hn¡p¶Xv XpSsc ]¯v s]¬Ip«nIsfbmsW¦nÂ
AXn\v "kmC_¯v' F¶v t]cn«p. A¯cw H«I§fpsS ]m IpSn¡p¶Xpw Ahsb hml\ambn
D]tbmKn¡p¶Xpw AXnsâ tcmaw D]tbmKn¡p¶Xpw \njn²am¡n. hopw AXn\v ]nd¡p¶
Ip«n s]®p Xs¶bmsW¦n B H«I¡p«n¡v "_lod' F¶v t]cnSpIbpw kz´w XÅbpsS
hn[n Xs¶ AXn\pw _m[Iam¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Hcp BSv AXnsâ A©v {]kh§fnembn
]¯p s]¬Ip«nIÄ¡p P·w \ÂInbm B BSns\ AhÀ "hkzoe¯v' F¶p hnfn¨p. ]n¶oSv
B BSv {]khn¡p¶ H¶nsâbpw amwkw kv{XoIÄ¡v Ign¨p IqSm F¶mbncp¶p hn[n.
AXv ]pcpj³amÀ¡v am{XapÅXmWv. Iqä\m¡n \nÀ¯nb B¬ H«I ¯nt\mSnWtNÀ¶ s]¬
H«I§Ä¡v XpSsc ]¯v s]¬Ip«nIÄ ]nd¶m B Iqä³ H«Is¯ asäm¶n\pw D]tbmKn¨p
IqSm F¶mbncp¶p \nbaw. AXns\bhÀ "lmao' F¶p hnfn¨p.
hnip² JpÀB³
AhcpsS Cu [mcWsbbpw kao]\s¯bpw C§s\ hnhcn¡p¶p. ""_lod, kmC_Xv,
hkzoe¯v, lmao F¶n§s\sbm¶pw AÃmlp \nÝbn«nÃ. ]t£, \ntj[nIfmb BfpIÄ
AÃmlphn\v ta IÅamtcm]n¡pIbmWv. Ahcn A[nI t]cpw Nn´mtijnbnÃm¯hcmWv''(Bibw,
AÂ amCZ: 103).
""AhÀ ]dªp: Cu
arK§fpsS hbänepÅh R§Ä ]pcpj³amÀ¡v kz´ambpÅ XmWv. R§fpsS `mcyamÀ¡Xv \njn²amWv.
F¶m AXp N¯m kv{XoIfpw ]pcp j³amcpw AXn ]¦mfnIfmbncn¡pw''Bibw, AÂ
A³Bw :109).
_nw_§Ä
Ad_nIfpsS BNmcm\pjvTm\§fnepw
PohnX{I a§fnepsaÃmw hnNn{Xamb ]eXpw ImWmw. hnhmlw, acWw, hnt\mZw,
km¼¯nI {Ibhn{Ib§Ä XpS§nbhbnseÃmw Cu sshNn{Xyw {]ISambncp¶p. ]pcmX\
Bcm[\mIÀaamb lÖnsâ cq]¯n t]m epw AhÀ Imcyamb amä§Ä hcp¯n. hyXykvX
aµnc§sfmcp¡n AhnsS {]XnaIÄ Øm]n¨v ssZh§fm¡n Bcm[\bÀ¸n¨p. Hmtcm IpSpw_¯n\pw
tKm{X¯n\pw {]hn iy¡pw shtÆsd ssZh§sf k¦Â]n¨p. "kzphmAv' F¶ hn{Klw
lpssZÂ IpSpw _¯nsâXmbncp¶p. "hp±v' IÂ_v tKm{X¯n\v, "bKqkv' apZvlnPvv
IpSpw_¯n\v "b DuJv' ssJhm³ IpSw_¯n\,v "\kzvdv' lnwbÀ IpSpw_¯n\v, "Ckm^v',
"\mCe¯v' F¶nh JzpssdinIÄ¡pw JpkmA¯v IpSpw_¯n\pw.
"a\m¯v' F¶ _nw_s¯ IStemc¯v
{]XnjvTn¨v. Ad_nIÄ sam¯w AXns\ Bcm[n¨ncp¶p. "em¯', kJo^v
tKm{X¡mcpsSXpw "DÊ' ZmXpCÀJn\v apIfnepÅhcpsSXpambncp¶p. F¶m Jzpssd
inIÄ¡nSbn DÊ¡v henb Øm\ambncp¶p. Cu _nw_§sfsbÃmw Hmtcm Øe§fn {]XnjvTn¨v,
AhnsS tI{µoIcn¨v Bcm[\ \S¯pIbmbncp¶p. IqsSsImp \S¶v Bcm[n¡m³ _nw_§Ä
thsdbpapmbncp¶p. Npcp¡¯n _nw_mcm[\, AÔ hnizmkw, A\mNmcw,
A_²[mcWIÄ, Imgv¨¸mSpIÄ XpS§n hnNn{Xamb PohnX coXnIfpw ioe§fpw
Ad_nIÄ¡nSbn hym]Iambncp¶p.
aäp aX§Ä
A¡me¯v aX§fmbn Adnbs¸«ncp¶
PqX ss{IkvXh km_nb³ aXm\pbmbnIfpw Ad_nIÄ¡nSbnepmbncp¶p. _n.kn 587Â
_pJvXp\kvzÀ ^ekvXo\n A[n\n thiw \S¯nbt¸mÄ AhnsS \n¶p c£s¸« GXm\pw
PqXÀ lnPmknse¯nbncp¶p. ]n¶oSv {InkvXphÀjw 70 tdma¡mÀ ^ekvXo\n A[n\nthiw
\S¯nbt¸mgpw Pq X³amÀ lnPmknte¡v HmSn c£s¸«ncp¶p. AhcmWv
bkvcn_nepw(aZo\bnÂ) ssJ _dnepsams¡ Xmakam¡nb PqX³amÀ. ChÀ hgn
Ad_nIfn PqXaXw kzm[o\w sNep¯nbncp¶p. \_n(kz)bpsS \ntbmK Ime¯v
24e[nIw PqXIpSpw_§Ä ln Pmknepmbncp¶p. _\q\foÀ, _\qJpssdf, _\qssJ\pJmAv,
_\pÂapkvXzeJv XpS§nb tKm{X§Ä AXn s]Sp¶p.
ba\n X_m³ AkvAZv aptJ\bmWv
PqXaXsa¯nbXv. {ItaW AXp hfÀ¶v ba \n B[n]Xyapd¸n¨p. A¶v
AhnsSbpmbncp¶ {InkvXpaX hnizmknIsf \nÀ_ Ôn¨v PqXaX¯n tNÀ¡m³ AhÀ {iaw
\S¯n. AXp kzoIcn¡m³ X¿mdmhmXn cp¶hsc kv{Xo]pcpj t`Zas\y AhÀ \njvTqcambn
sImes¸Sp¯n. henb InS§pIÄ XoÀ¯v AánIpWvUsamcp¡n Poht\msS AXnte¡p
hens¨dnªmWv AhÀ {IqcX \S¯nbXv. Ccp]Xn\mbnc¯n\pw \m¸Xn\mbnc¯n\pw
CS¡v BfpIÄ C§s\ h[n ¡s¸«p F¶mWv IW¡v. {InkvXphÀjw 523embncp¶p Cu
IncmX kw`hw. hnip² JpÀB³ kqd¯p _pdqPn C¡mcyw kpNn¸n¡p¶pv.
{InkvXpaXw
FtXym]y¡mcpsSbpw
tdma¡mcpsSbpw A[n\nthi¡me¯mWv Atd_ybn {InkvXp aXsa¯p¶Xv. {InkvXphÀjw
340þ378 Imes¯ {InkvXy³ A[n\nthi¯n ba\n IrkvXpaXw hn]peambn {]Ncn¸n¡s¸«p.
Cu Ime¯mWv kÀhkzoImcy\pw \nch[n AÂ`pX kn²nIÄ¡pSabpamb Hcp alma\ojn
\Pvdm\nse¯n Cukm(A) {]Ncn¸n¨ aX¯nsâ {]NmcW¯nteÀs¸«Xv. kXykÔ\pw k\ymknbpamb
At±l¯nsâ {]Nm cW {]hÀ¯\§Ä P\§sf kzm[o\n¨p. At\IamfpIÄ {InkvXpaXw
kzoIcn¨p. tdm ansâ AXnÀ¯n{]tZi§fn Xmakn¨ncp¶ Ad_nIfn Nnecpw
lnwbssdäv cmPm ¡³amcpw {InkvXpaXmhew_nIfmbn¯oÀ¶p. {InkvXym\nbmb
A_vdl¯v ba\n `cWw \S¯p¶ Ime¯mWv IAv_s¡Xnsc ]S\bn¨p \miaSªXv.
kcXpjvSaXhpw km_nb¯pw
t]Àjy³ km{amPy¯n\v ASp¯p
InS¶ncp¶ {]tZi¯pImcn NneÀ t]Àjy³ aX ambncp¶ kcXpjvS aXm\pbmbnIfmbncp¶p.
CdmJnepw _lvssd\nepw kcXpjvScmb Ad_nIfpmbncp¶p. ba\n t]Àjy³ A[n\nthiapmbt¸mÄ
AhnS¯pImcmb [mcmfamfpIfpw kcXpjvScmbn amdn.
kndnb, ba³ XpS§nb {]tZi§fnÂ
km_n aXm\pbmbnIfpmbncp¶p. ]t£, {]hm NI³amcpsS {]t_m[\ {]hÀ¯\§Ä¡p
ap¼n B aX¯n\p ]nSn¨p\n¡m³ km [n¨nÃ. AXp \njv{]`ambn¯oÀ¶p. F¶mÂ
kcXpjvS aXt¯mSv tNÀ¶pw IeÀ¶pw km_nb³ ho£W§Ä \ne\n¶ncp¶p. CdmJnepw
Atd_y³ KÄ^nsâ Xoc{] tZi §fnepw CXp IqSpXÂ {]ISambncp¶p.
C{_mloao anïv
CkvamCuÂ(A) ]Tn¸n¨ncp¶
C{_mloao anïn \n¶pÅ hyXnNe\w Atd_y³ P\Xbn {]Xn^en¨p ImWmambncp¶p.
hfsc Ipd¨mfpIÄ am{XamWv Cu ]X\s¯ AXnPbn¨v t\cmbamÀK¯n Dd¨v \n¶ncp¶Xv.
]qÀh BNmc§fpsSbpw A\pjvTm \§fpsSbpw cq]`mhmZnIfn Imcyamb amäw {]ISambn.
lÖnâ kabhpw IÀ½§ fpw s]m§¨¯n\pw hochmZ¯n\pw am{Xam¡n amän. bYmÀYamb
BNmchpw A\p jvTm\hpw thÀXncns¨Sp¡m\mhm¯ hn[¯n Ahbn ]pXnb ]eXpw
IS¯n¡q«p Itbm \nehnepffh Hgnhm¡pItbm sNbvXp hnIrXam¡n. Cu ]X\s¯bpw
Zpch Øsbbpw AXnPohn¨hcn NneÀ {InkvXpaXmhew_nIfmbn. alm`qcn`mKhpw _nw
_mcm[\bne[njvTnXamb {]mIrX aX¯nsâ hàm¡fmbn¯s¶ Ignªp IqSpIbmbncp¶p.
kmaqlnIþkmwkvImcnI cwKw
hfsc¡mew {]hmNI·mcpsSbpw ]cnjvIÀ¯m¡fpsSbpw
km¶n²yanÃmsX Pohn¨h cmWv Ad_nIÄ. IÀi\amb A¨S¡apdItfm BZcWobamb Hcp
tI{µ¯nsâ amÀK ZÀi\tam CÃmXncp¶Xn\m ]e AcpXmbvaIfpw
AhcnepSseSp¡pIbpmbn. hnip ² JpÀB³ AsX¡pdn¨n§s\ ]dbp¶p: ]nXm¡Ä¡v ap¶dnbn¸v
\ÂIs¸«n«nÃm¯ P\X¡v A§v ap¶dnbn¸v \ÂIm³ thn; AhÀ A{i²cmWv (Bibw,
bmko³:6).
amÀKZÀiI {KÙtam
{]hmNI³amtcm CÃm¯ AhØ Ad_nIÄ¡pmbncp¶p sh¶v Cu kqàw hyàam¡p¶p.
C¯csamcp kaql¯nsâ kzm`mhnIamb ]X\w Xs¶bmWv Ad_nIfnepw ImWm\mhp¶Xv.
NqXm«w, aZy]m\w, s]¬Ip«nIsf Ipgn¨p aqSÂ, kv{XoIfpsS Agnªm«hpw
A]Yk©mchpw, s]¬hmWn`w, IpeamlmXvayw ]d bÂ, DZmc ssewKnIX, tKm{X
IpSpw_ ]£]mXnXzw, Zpc`nam\w, sImehnfn, t]mÀhnfn, A\mhiy bp²§Ä XpS§n
Gsd Zpjn¨ PohnX coXnbmbncp¶p A¶p \nehnep mbncp¶Xv. Nne ZpÈoe§Ä Nne
IpSpw_§fntem {]hniyIfntem HXp§nbncp ¶Xmbncps¶¦nepw s]mXpshbpÅ AhØ ]cnXm]Icw
Xs¶bmbncp¶p.
F¶m Nne \·Ifpw \à ioe§fpw
kz`mh§fpw coXnIfpw Ahcnepmbncp¶p. {]iwk\obhpw D¶Xhpamb Cu
kZvKpW§fn ]eXns\bpw CkvemanI kZmNmc \nÀZi§fpw kwkvIcW ]mT§fpw
hnaeoIcn¨v \ne\nÀ¯nbXmbn¡mWmw. hnizmk ¯nâ ]Ým¯e¯n Ah kzoIcn¡p¶Xpw
ioen¸n¡p¶Xpw {]Xn^emÀlamsW¶v Ckvemw ]Tn¸n¨n«pv.
cWiucyw
cWiucy¯nsâ Imcy¯n Ad_nIÄ
ap³]´nbnembncp¶p. H¶nsâ ap¼nepw ASn bdhv ]dbm¯ Bßm`nam\nIfmbncp¶p
AhÀ. AXpsImp Xs¶ km{amPyXz ZpÀ tamlnIÄ Atd_ysb {]tXyIn¨v lnPmkns\
hÃmsX B{Ian¨n«nÃ. acp¸d¼nse´v KpWamsW¶ Nn´bpw AXn \n¶p km{amPyXz
iànIsf ]n´ncn¸n¨ncn¡mw. tdmapw t]Àjybpw Hcp A[n\nthi {iahpw lnPmkn\p
t\sc \S¯nbncp¶nÃ.
_pJvXp\kvzÀ Atd_ybnte¡v ]S\bn¨Xmbn
Ncn{X¯n ImWmw (AÂIman ^n ¯mcoJv 1:271, 272). AXn GXm\pw t]À
sImÃs¸«p F¶ÃmsX iàambn B[n]Xy apd¸n¡m³ AhÀ¡v km[n¨n«nÃ. "A¿map Ad_v'
F¶ Ncn{X imJ Ad_nIfpsS Alwt_m[¯nsâ AXncpIS¶ {]IS\Nn{Xw A\mhcWw
sN¿p¶XmWv. tKm{X§Ä X½nepw {]hniyIÄ X½nepw \S¶ tLmchpw càcq£nXhpamb
]e t]mcm«§fpw AhcpsS bp² Ncn{X¯nepv. Ad_nIfpsS Cu kzXzt_m[¯nsâbpw [ocXbp
sSbpw ^esa¶p Xs¶ ]dbmw ASna¯z¯nâ \pIw t]td KXntIShÀ¡pm bn«nÃ.
km¼¯nI cwKw
acp{]tZisa¶\nebn Ad_nIÄ¡v
kz´w \mSv km¼¯nI t{kmXÊmbncp¶nÃ. F ¶m ba\n NnebnS§fnÂ
Pee`yXbpmbncp¶Xn\m AhnsS ImÀjnI hr¯n \S¶ncp¶p. ImÀjnI hr¯nbn hfsc
]ptcmKXn BÀÖn¨ Imew ba\n\pm bncp¶p. AXn\v ]t£, \µn tcJs¸Sp¯Wsa¶t_m[w
AhÀ¡pmbnÃ. AXpImc Ww B \mSns\ ]¨ ]nSn¸n¨p \ne\nÀ¯nbncp¶ Pe kw`cWn
AÃmlp XIÀ¯p Ifªp. FÃmw \jvSs¸« AhÀ c£bpw Bhmk kuIcyhpw tXSn ]e
Zn¡pIfnte ¡pw bm{Xbmbn. t\cs¯ hym]mc¯IÀ¨ ImcWw Iq«]emb\w sNbvX DSs\
bmbncp¶p Cu kw`hhpw. Irjn¡pw I¨hS¯n\pw ]pdsa Bbp[ \nÀamWw, tIm«³
hkv{X\nÀamWw XpS§nb sXmgnseSp¯ncp¶hcpw AhnsSbpmbncp¶p.
lnPmknembncp¶p AZv\m\nIfmb
Ad_nIÄ hmkapd¸n¨Xv. arK§fpsS ]mepw amw khpambncp¶p AhcpsS £p¯S¡nbncp¶Xv.
a¡¡mcpw ]cnkc hmknIfpw hym]m c¯nte¡mWv {i² Xncn¨Xv. ssiXyIme¯v ba\nte¡pw
DjvW Ime¯v imante¡pw AhÀ I¨hSbm{X \S¯n. AXpImcWw XmcXtay\ sa¨s¸«
PohnX \nehmcambncp ¶p a¡¡mcptSXv. hnip² `h\¯nsâ ]cnkchmknIfmb AhÀ¡,v
hnip²`h\¯n\v AhÀ \ÂIp¶ BZchnsâbpw ]cnNcW¯nsâbpw ^eambn AÃmlp \ÂInb
Hcp ku`mKyambncp¶p AXv. am{Xaà \_n(kz)bpsS IpSpw_¡msc¶ \ne¡pÅ ]cnKW
\ IqSn AhÀ¡p e`n¨ncp¶p. hÀj¯n cp {]mhiyw hoXw AhÀ \S¯nbncp¶
I¨hSbm{XbpsS kuIcyhpw A\p{Klhpw B\pIpeyhpw JpÀB³ FSp¯p ]dbp ¶pv.
AXp ap³\ndp¯n AXn\v \µn tcJs¸Sp¯n, hnip² `h\¯nsâ \mYs\ hn izkn¨v
Bcm[n¡m\mbn Blzm\w sN¿p¶papv. "Cuem^v' F¶ A²ymb¯nsâ
Bibw CXmWv.
]eni NqXm«w
]eni AhÀ¡nSbn hym]Iambncp¶p.
Atd_ybnse PqX³amcpw AXn ap¶nembn cp¶p. hfsc henb kwJybpw
Dcp¡fpambncp¶p ]enibmbn \nÝbn¨ncp¶Xv. \nÝnX Ah[n¡v ISw XoÀ¯S¡m³
km[n¨nsæn AXnt\¡mÄ DbÀ¶ kwJy ASnØm\ apXem¡n \nÝbn¡pw. ]n¶oSv ]eni
\ÂtInhcp¶Xv ]pXpXmbn IW¡n tNÀ¯XS¡apÅ apgph³ kwJy¡pamWv. hkvXp¡fmWv
aqe[\sa¦n AXnsâ Cc«n ASn Øm\ aqe[\am¡n \nÝbn¡pw. DZmlcW¯n\v 100
ZnÀlw ISw hm§nb BÄ BZy hÀjw XoÀ¯v AS¨nsæn kwJy 200 Bbn Dbcpw. ASp¯
hÀjw 400, XpSÀ¶v 800, 1600 F¶n§s\. I¨hSt¯¡mÄ efnXhpw em`Ichpsa¶ \nebnÂ
Cu coXn hym]Iambncp¶p.
NqXm«w Hcp A`nam\ {]iv\ambmWv
]cnKWn¡s¸«ncp¶Xv. kz´w `mcyamscbpw a¡ sfbpw hsc NqXm«¯nÂ
apXend¡nbncp¶p. A§s\ `mcybpw a¡fpw \jvSs¸« ZpxJn Xcpapmbncps¶¶v
Camw Xzn_vcn(d) tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pv.
kv{XoIfpsS ZpchØ
kaql¯nsâ Ahn`mPy LSIamWv
kv{Xosb¦nepw AhtfmSpÅ kao]\¯n am\yX ]peÀ¯p¶ Imcy¯n ]ecpw hnapJcmWv.
\mKcnI kaql¯nepw ]c¼cmKX kaql ¯nepw CXmWhØ. Ahsf Hcp D]t`mKhkvXp F¶Xnep]cn
ImWm³ AÔImc bp K¯nse P\§Ä¡p Ignªncp¶nÃ. Ahsf im]ambpw \nIrjvS
Pohnbmbpw I hcpmbncp¶p. aX§fpw km{amPy§fpw ZÀi\§fpsam¶pw AXnÂ
hyXykvXambncp ¶nÃ. FsX¦nepsamcp Xe¯n \ÂIs¸Sp¶ ]cnKW\ adphis¯ ISp¯ ]oU\
¯nsâbpw {IpcXbpsSbpw apJw adbv¡m\mbncp¶pthm F¶p tXm¶nt¸mhpw
hn[apÅXmbncp¶p. temI \mKcnIXbpsS Ncn{XsagpXnb "hnÂUyqdmân's\t¸mepÅhÀ
kv{XotbmSpÅ kaql¯nsâ C¯cw kao]\w A\mhcWw sNbvXn«pv
{KoknÂ
]pcmX\ \mKcnIXbpsS
DSaIfmWsÃm {Ko¡pImÀ. kv{XoIÄ¡v am\pjnIamb ]cnK W\ \ÂIm³ Ahcpw
Iq«m¡nbncp¶nÃ. Xmgv¶ tPmensbSp¡m\pw InS¸d ]¦nSm\pw am{XapÅ
PohnbmbmWhÀ Ahsf IXv. amÀ¡än \n¶p PohnX hn`h§sf¶ t]m se
kv{XoIsfbpw hm§m\pw hn¡m\pw kuIcyapmbncp¶p. CjvSapÅ kv{XoIsf hm§n
CjvSw t]mse D]tbmKn¡p¶Xn\pw {]Xn_Ôsam¶papmbncp¶nÃ.
kz´ambn A`n{]mbtam Bhiytam
BhemXntbm B{Kltam {]ISn¸n¡m\pw kaÀ ¸n¡m\pahÄ¡v Ahkchpw AhImihpw \ÂInbncp¶nÃ.
ASnØm\ PohnXmhiy §fmb A¶]m\mZnIÄ, hkv{X[mcWw, iqNoIcWw XpS§nb
Imcy§fneÃmsX [nj Wm]ctam \nÀamWmßItam Bb Hcp Imcy¯nepw taJebnepw
AhÄ¡v {i²n¡m³ t]mepw km[n¡pambncp¶nÃ. ]pcpjsâ HuZmcyaps¦nte kz´w
Ipªns\ Xmtem en¡m³ t]mepw AhÄ¡mIpambncp¶pÅp.
]pcpj\v Ahsf th F¶p tXm¶nbmÂ
\ncp]m[nIw hnhmltamN\w \S¯mambncp¶p. ]pcpj\p Xsâ a¡sf ths¦n AIse
acp¸d¼n hens¨dnbmw. shÅw t]mepw In«msX s]mcnªv B Ipªv A´yizmkw
hen¡pw. At¸mÄt]mepw Xsâ bpw IqSn IpªmWtÃm F¶ \nebn AXns\ c£s¸Sp¯m³
kv{Xo¡v A\phmZap mbncp¶nÃ.
Xm\njvSs¸Sp¶ GsXmcp
kv{Xosbbpw ssewKnI ]¦mfnbmbn IqsS Iq«m³ ]pcpj\v A[nImcapmbncp¶p.
AXn CSs]Sm³ `mcy F¶ kv{Xo¡v bmsXmchImihpap mbncp¶nÃ. AXns\ Ipdn¨hÀ
]dªncp¶Xn§s\bmWv: R§Ä thiyIsf {]m]n ¡p¶Xv BkzmZ\¯n\pw Iq«pImcnIsf
XncsªSp¡p¶Xv imcocnImtcmKy kwc£ W¯n\pw tkh\¯n\pamWv. `mcyamÀ a¡sf {]khn¡m\pw
]cn]men¡m\pw hoSv kwc£n¡m\pamWv.
{Ko¡v XXzimkv{XÚ\mb
tkm{I«okv kv{XoIsf hnebncp¯nbXn{]ImcamWv: kv{Xo IfmWv temIs¯ apgph³
]cmPb§fpsSbpw ImcWw. kv{Xo Hcp hnj hr£w t]mse bmWv. _mly`mKw `wKnbmÀ¶XmsW¦nepw
AXnsâ ]gw Ign¡p¶ ]£nIÄ X £Ww N¯phogp¶XmWv. {Koknse kv{Xo k¦Â]¯n\pw
kao]\¯n\pw CXne¸pdw Hcp DZmlcWw BhiyanÃ. F¶m _n.kn 415 \S¶ bp²§fnÂ
\nch[n ]pcpj³ amÀ h[n¡s¸«t¸mgpmb ]pcpj Zmcn{Zys¯ t\cnSm³ AhÀ¡p _lp`mcyXzw
\nba amt¡n h¶p. CXv {Koknsâ Ncn{X¯n kv{XoXz¯n\p \ÂInb Hcp ]cnKW\
Xs¶bmbncp¶p.
]pcmX\ CuPn]vXnÂ
CuPn]vXnepw h\nX \nµnXbmbncp¶p.
A¸w Nne AwKoImc§Ä Dmbncp¶Xv D] cn¹hw am{Xambncp¶p. kz´w
ktlmZcnamsc hnhmlw sNbvX cmPm¡³amÀ CuPn]v Xnepmbn«pv. cmPIob càhpw
]mc¼cyhpw hgnamdnt¸mhmsX X§fn Xs¶ tI {µoIrXamhm\mbncp¶phs{X CXv. {ItaW
Cu Zpjv{]hWX km[mcW¡mÀ¡nSbnepw hym]Iambn¯oÀ¶p. A§s\ {InkvXphÀjw cmw
\qämmbt¸mtg¡pw CXv CuPn ]vXnse Hcp ssien Xs¶bmbn amdn.
bp²¯ShpImcmbn ]nSn¡s¸Sp¶
kv{XoIsf cmPm¡³amÀ ASnaIfm¡n \nÀ¯n Ima ]qcW¯n\p]tbmKn¨p. CuPn]vXnse
P\§fmhs« cmPm¡³amcpsS kv{Xoe¼SXzs¯ t{]mÕmln¸n¡pIbmWv sNbvXXv. AhÀ
kz´w s]¬a¡sf cmPm¡³amÀ¡v ImgvN h¨p. kuµcy hXnIfmb ASnakv{XoIsf Is¯n
hnebv¡phm§n cmPmhn\v kaÀ ¸n¨p. kv{XoP\§sf kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw kz´amb hnImc
hnNmc§Ä¡v Xosc ]cnK W\ e`n¨nbncp¶nÃ. Zpjv{]`rXnIfpsS hn[n¡v hgns¸SpI
am{Xta AhÀ¡v \nÀÆml apmbncp¶pÅp.
kptadnb³ \mKcnIXbnÂ
kv{XobpsSta ]qÀWamb
A[nImcamWp kptadnb³ \mKcnIXbpw ]pcpj\p \ÂInbncp¶Xv. kz´w `mcysb
h[n¡m\pw hnÂ]\ \S¯m\papÅ kzmX´yw ]pcpj\pm bncp¶p. in£m\nba§Ä
kv{Xos¡Xnsc am{XamsW¶p tXm¶nt¸mhpw hn[ambncp¶p AXnsâ LS\.
hy`nNmc¡pä¯n\v kv{Xosb sImÃWsa¶pw ]pcpj\p am¸v \ÂIW sa¶pambncp¶p \nbaw.
t£{X§fnse ]pPmcnamÀ in£¡v
hn[n¡s¸« kv{XoIsf th{X D]tbmKn¨ tij ambncp¶p in£ \S¸m¡nbncp¶Xv. A§s\
ssewKnIambn D]tbmKs¸Sp¯nb tijamWhsc sImes¸Sp¯nbncp¶Xv. AXn AhÀ¡v
Hcp ssha\kyhpw A\p`hs¸«ncp ¶nÃ.
]qPmcnIfpsSbpw
X{´namcpsSbpw hnckXbIäm\pw Ahsc B\µn¸n¡m\pambncp¶p tZhZmkn
kv{XoIfpsS \ntbmKw. a¡sf tZhZmknbmbn hnSp¶Xv A`nam\ambm Wv ]nXm¡Ä ]cnKWn¨ncp¶Xv.
a¡sf tZhZmknbmbn hmgn¡p¶ Znhkw BtLmj]qÀ hamWhÀ sImmSnbncp¶Xv. t£{X
]cnkcs¯ hy`nNmcs¯ ]pWyambn¡mWp¶ A[a³amÀ, FÃmhcmepw D]tbmKn¡s¸«v
BtcmKyw £bn¨, kuµcyw \in¨ kv{XoI fpsS ssZ\yXbdnbm\pw hne IÂ]n¡m\pw
X¿mdÃmbncp¶p.
_m_ntemWnb³ \mKcnIXbnÂ
{]Xn{ipX hc\pambn ssewKnI
thgvN \S¯nsb¦nte _m_ntemWnb³ a¦ hnhml tbmKybmbn¯ocpambncp¶pÅp. ]pjv]nWnbmb
DSs\ k{Xo GsX¦nepsamcp t£{X ¯n t]mbn Zo£ Ccn¡Ww. Zo£ Ccn¡p¶Xn\nSbnÂ
GsX¦nepw Hc]cnNnX³ Ahsf ssewKnI thgvN¡p]tbmKs¸Sp¯Ww. CXn\mbn
DSps¯mcp§n BIÀjI amb thj¯n t£{X]cnkc¯hÄ Ignªp IqSWw. t£{X ]cnkc§fpw
hgnIfp saÃmw Cu ]¦mfnsb¡m¯ncn¡p¶ k{XoIsfs¡mv \ndªncp¶phs{X!
hnhmlam{Kln¡p¶ ]pcpj³ Cu Zo£¡me¯v
X\n¡njvSs¸«hfpsS aSnbn Hcp shÅn¡jvWw C«p sImSp¡pw. F¶n«v t£{X]cnkc¯vh¨v
Ahfpambn ssewKnI thgvN \S¯pw. C§s\ kw`hns¨¦nte Zo£ Ahkm\n¸n¨v AhÄ¡p
kz´w `h\ ¯nte¡v Xncn¨p sNÃm³ A\phmZapmbncp¶pÅp. Xs¶ thÄ¡m³ hcp¶hsâ
kuµcy, BtcmKy {]iv\§fnsem¶pw AhÄ¡v bmsXmcp A`n {]mbkzmX{´yhpapm
bncp¶nÃ. ]mcntXmjnIambn e`n¡p¶ shÅnbpsS Afhnse Gä¡pdhpw ]cnKW\o
bambncp¶nÃ. AXmbXv Bscbpw F´nsâ t]cnepw \nckn¡m\hÄ¡v bmsXmcp
hgnbpapmbncp¶nÃ. hg§pI am{Xambncp¶p AhfpsS KXn.
Cu BNmc¯nsâ ad]nSn¨v
ssewKnI hym]mc¯n\mbn t£{X ]cnkc¯v Ignbp¶ kv{XoIfpapmbncp¶p. C¯cw
hnhml]qÀh ssewKnIthgvN¡v Hcp hnip² ]m]sa ¶\ne¡v hnt[bs¸tSnbncp¶
kv{XobpsS ]cnXm]Icamb AhØ¡v Ahkm\apmbXv _n.kn 4mw \qämnsâ BZy ]mZ¯nemWv.
tIm¬Ìmânt\m¸nÄ Cu ZpcmNm cs¯ ZpÀ_es¸Sp¯nbt¸mgmbncp¶p AX.v
amÀt¡mt]msfmbpsS k©mcm\p`hw
hnhcn¡p¶ "AÚmXtemIw' F¶ IrXnbn Xn_¯nse P\XbpsS hnhml]qÀh ssewKnI
thgvNsb¡pdn¨v hnhcn¡p¶pv. A½ amÀ X§fpsS s]¬a¡sf A]cnNnXcmb
bm{X¡mÀ¡v ssIamdpw. AhÀ Ahsc btY jvSw D]tbmKn¡pw. F¶n«v amXmhns\ Xs¶
Xncnt¨Â]n¡pw. GÂ]n¡pt¼mÄ tam Xnctam atäm k½m\ambn \ÂInbncn¡Ww. C§s\
Ccp]Xp k½m\sa¦nepw In«nbmte AhÄ¡v `À¯mhns\ thÄ¡m³ AhImiapmbncp¶pÅp.
AXmbXv hnhml ¯n\p ap¼v 20 ]pcpj³amsc¦nepw D]tbmKn¨hÄ¡mWv
hnhmltbmKyX!. F¶n«pw hnhmltijw AhÄ ]Xn{hXbmbncn¡pas{X! "amÀt¡mt]msfm'
CXp hnhcn¨ tijw sNdp¸¡mÀ¡p t]mhm³ ]änb \mSmWp Xn_s¯¶v ]dªn«pap.v
ktlmZc³ Pohn¨ncns¡
ktlmZcn¡v ]nXrkz¯n AhImiapmbncp¶nÃ. ]qÀW ktlmZc\pw AÀ² ktlmZc\pw
Z¯v ktlmZc\pw Cu hnjb¯n Htc Øm\¯v Xs¶bmbncp¶p.
AÊocnb³ \mKcnKXbnÂ
D¶X Ipe¯n ]nd¶ kv{XoIsfbpw
Xmgv¶ Ipe¯n ]nd¶ kv{XoIsfbpw cp X «mbn Xncn¨v AhKW\bpw ]cnKW\bpw\ÂIp¶Xmbncp¶p
AÊodnb³ coXn. htcWy IpSpw_¯nse h\nXIÄ¡pw hnhmlnXcmb h\nXIÄ¡pw \áX
adbv¡Â IÀi\ \nbaambncp¶p. F¶m Xmgv¶ Ipe¯n ]nd¶hÄ icocw adbv¡p¶Xv
alm]mX Ihpw in£mÀlhpambncp¶p.
C´ybnÂ
_p² ZÀi\¯nepw sslµh ZÀi\¯nepw
kv{Xo¡v am\yamb ]cnKW\ e`n¨ncp¶nÃ. _p²³ B\µt\mSv bmsXmcp \ne¡pw
kv{Xosb kao]n¡pItbm kv]Àin¡pItbm sN¿cpsX¶mWv D]tZin¡p¶Xv. hnlnXtam
AhnlnXtam Bb Hcphn[ kv{Xo]pcpj _Ôhpw \S¡m³ ]mSnsö \njv¡Àj hncà\mb ]pcpj\v
Bßobm\µw ]IÀ t¶¡mw. ]t£, aÖbpw amwkhpapÅ Hcp a\pjyPohn F¶ \nebnÂ
kv{XobpsS {]IrXnbpsS tX«w F§s\bmWv ]qÀ¯nbm¡s¸Sp¶Xv?. AXv _p²³
AhKWn¨Xnse \ymbsa´mbncn¡pw?.
sslµh ZÀi\¯nÂ
a\pkvarXnbnse ]cmaÀi§fpw
AX\pkcn¨p \S¶p h¶ncp¶ hnNn{Xhpw `oIchpamb BNmc§fpw kv{XoXzt¯mSpÅ
sslµh kao]\¯nsâ ]¨bmb apJ§Ä hyàam ¡n¯cp¶pv. kv{Xo¡v ]camh[n
AhImiambn e`n¨ncp¶Xv hnhmlnXbmhp¶Xn eqsS ssewKnI Zmlw ian¸n¡m³ e`n¡p¶
Ahkcw am{Xambncp¶p. hnhmlm\´cw ]mcX{´y¯nsâ ]pXnb hne¡pIÄ ]eXpw
AhfpsSta hogpIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. kv{Xo `À¯mhns\ tkhn¨v Krlm´À`mK¯v
Ignªp sImÅWsa¶mWv a\pkvarXn bnepÅXv. hnhmltbmKycÃm¯hcmbn Ipsd
kv{XoIsfbpw kvarXn ]cnNbs¸Sp¯p ¶pv. s]¬Ip«nIÄ am{XapÅhcpsS, \o
tcmaapÅhcpsS, £btcmKapÅhcpsS. AÀiÊpÅhcpsS, Aánamµy tcmKapÅhcpsS,
A]kvamc tcmKapÅhcpsS IpSpw_ §fn \ns¶m¶pw kv{XoIsf hnhmlw sN¿cpXv.
sN¼n¨ tcmaapÅhÄ, Dbcw IqSn bhÄ, tcmKapÅhÄ, tcmaw IqSpXepÅhÄ, Xosc
tcmaanÃm¯hÄ F¶nhsc hnhm lwsN¿cpXv. a\pjy\nb{´W ]cn[nbn hcm¯, {]IrXn]camb
hyXykvXXIfpÅ kv{XoIÄ¡pw CWthWsa¶ {]IrXn]camb Bhiyw ChnsS ]cnKWn¡s¸Sp¶nÃ.
a X]camb C¯cw \nÀtZi§fneqsS kv{XoIfpsS PohnXmhmImiamWv \ntj[n¡p¶Xv.
`À¯mhnsâ GXpXcw kao]\¯nepw
£an¨p kln¨p Ignbm\hÄ _m[yØbmsW ¶pw a\p ]dbp¶p. `À¯mhv
Zpkz`mhnbmsW¦n t]mepw, Abmsf tkhn¨p Pohn¡ Ww. `À¯mhv acWs¸« kv{Xo¡v
asämcp ]pcpjsâ \maw D¨cn¡m³ t]mepw ]mSnÃ. ]p\ÀhnhmlnXbmhm³ \nba]cambn
A\phmZanÃ. `À¯mhv acWs¸«m Ahsâ Nn Xbn NmSn Pohs\mSp¡p¶ kXn A\pjvTn¡Ww.
kXn A\pjvTn¡p¶Xv alm]pWy hpw IpSpw_¯n\v kÂt]cpambn KWn¡s¸«ncp¶p.
kv{Xo¡v GsX¦nepw Xc¯nepÅ
DSamhImiw hIsh¨p \ÂIm\hÀ X¿mdmbncp¶nÃ. bp²¯ShpImcmbn e`n¡p¶ kv{XoIsf
X§fpsS DSaØXbnepÅ Hcp hkvXphmbm Wp Incp¶Xv. Cuizc³ kv{Xosb krjvSn¡m\pt±in¨t¸mtg¡pw
FÃm hkvXp¡ fpw ]pcpjs\ krjvSn¡m\p]tbmKn¨v XoÀ¶ncp¶phs{X! Ahsf
krjvSn¡m³ ]ns¶ H¶papmbncp¶nÃ. AXn\m ]pcpjsâ krjvSn¸n\p]tbmKn¨
hkvXp¡fpsS Ahin jvS§fmemWv kv{Xosb krjvSn¨Xv F¶v thZ§fn ImWp¶psh¶v
hnÂUyqdmâvv FgpXnbn«pv.
C´y³ kapl¯n \ne\n¶ncp¶
tZhZmkn k{¼Zmbw HcÀY¯n ssewKnI AcmPIXzw Xs¶bmbncp¶p. Bßob ]cnthj¯nÂ
AhnlnX thgvN¡v AXv kmlNcy samcp¡n. Z£ntW´ybnÂ, {]tXyIn¨v Xangv\m«nepw
]cnkc§fnepw Cu k{¼Zmb ¯n\v IqSpXÂ {]mNmchpw AwKoImchpw e`n¨ncp¶p.
ImamÀ¯cmb ]pcpj·mÀ `àn bpsS adhn Ahsc BhXpw D]tbmKn¨p. tZhZmknIsf
kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw hnt[ bs¸Sp¶Xv X§fpsS D¯chmZn¯amsW¶ hnNmcambncp¶p
Dmbncp¶Xv. amXm]n Xm¡Ä kz´w ]p{Xnamsc Cu hgn¡v Zm\w sNbvXv
kmbpPycmbn. sshZnI kaqlw C ¯cw BNmc§sf \ne\nÀ¯m\mWv {ian¨ph¶Xpw,
Ct¸mgpw {ian¡p¶Xpw. \nbaw aqew \ntcm[n¡s¸«n«ps¦nepw CXn ]eXpw
Ct¸mgpw \nÀ_m[w \S¶p sImncn ¡p¶p
tdma³ km{amPy¯nÂ
]pcmX\ {Ko¡p \mKcnIXbpsS
kzm[o\ heb¯neIs¸« tdma¡mÀ {KokpImcpsS \ne]mSv Xs¶bmWv kv{XobpsS
Imcy¯n kzoIcn¨Xv. kv{Xo {]IrXym Xs¶ AXoh ZpÀ_ebmsW¶Xn\m AhÄ¡v Hcp
hn[ {Ibhn{Ib kzmX{´yhpw \nb{´Wm[nIm chpw AhÀ hIh¨p \ÂInbncp¶nÃ.
Nne Imcy§fn kzmX{´yhpw
AhImi§fpw A\phZn¨v \ÂInbXns\¡pdn¨v Ncn {Xw kqNn¸n¡p¶ps¦nepw
BXy´nIambn ]pcpjs\ kw{]oX\m¡p¶Xn\pÅ Hcp D]m[n F¶Xne¸pdw Dbcm\hsf A\phZn¨ncp¶nÃ.
AXv sImp Xs¶ ssewKnI hy hlmcw kzX{´ambncp¶p. Nne Bcm[\meb§Ä
thiymhr¯n¡v GÀ¸mSv sNbvXp sImSp¡p¶ tI{µ§fmbn amdnbncp¶p.
ssewKnImcmPIXz¯nsâ ^eambn
kz´w `mcybpsS Imcy¯n t]mepw `À¯mhn\v AhImiap¶bn¡m³ km[n¡m¯ ØnXn
h¶p. `À¯mhnsâ km¶n[y¯n t]mepw AhÄ AgnªmSpIbpw A]Y k©mcw \S¯pIbpw
sNbvXp.`mcy A\y]pcpj\pambn ssewKnIambnthgvN \S¯p¶Xv t\m¡n \nÂt¡n h¶
`À¯m¡·mcpsS Zb\ob IYIÄ D²cn¡s¸«n«pv.
PqXaX¯nÂ
BZn]m]¯nsâ ImcW¡mcnbmWv
kv{Xo F¶Xn \n¶v Bcw`n¡p¶XmWv PqX {In kvXp aX k¦Â]§fnse kv{Xo kao]\w.
kzÀK¯n \n¶p hne¡s¸« I\n `£n¨ Xnsâ D¯chmZn¯w kv{Xo¡msW¶Xn\m AhÄ¡v
{]kh thZ\ Hcp in£bmbn \ÂInsb¶mWv DÂ]¯n ]pkvXIw ]dbp¶X.v
Rm³ \n\¡p IjvShpw
KÀ`[mcWhpw Gähpw hÀ²n¸n¡pw. \o thZ\tbmsS a¡sf {]khn¡pw (DÂ]¯n
A²ymbw: 3 hN\w:16).
a\pjyhÀKw A`napJoIcnt¡n
hcp¶ FÃm {]bmk§Ä¡pw AhfmWp¯chmZn F¶hÀ {]Ncn¸n¨p. am\yX¡v \nc¡m¯ \oNamb
IrXyw \S¯nbhfmWp kv{Xosb ¶v Ncn{XsagpXnbpm¡n. tem¯sbbpw ]p{Xnamscbpw
_Ôs¸Sp¯n Hcp IY DÂ] ¯n 19mw A²ymb¯nen§s\ hmbn¡mw:
A\´cw tem¯v tkmhÀ hn«p
t]mbn. Ah\pw Ahsâ cp]p{Xnamcpw ]ÀÆX¯n sN¶p ]mÀ¯p. A§s\bncn¡pt¼mÄ
aq¯hÄ CfbhtfmSv, \½psS A¸³ hy²\m bncn¡p¶p. `panbn FÃmShpw DÅ \S¸pt]mse
\½psS ASp¡Â hcphm³ `qanbn Hcp ]pcpj\pw CÃ. hcnI, A¸\m k´Xn
e`nt¡Xn\v Ahs\ hoªv IpSn¸n¨v Aht\mSv IqsS ibn¡ F¶v ]dªp (DÂ]¯n
19:30þ32).
tem¯nsâ ]p{XnamÀ kz´w ]nXmhns\
hoªv IpSn¸n¨p ssewKnI thgvN \S¯nsb ¶mWv IY. {]hmNI³amÀs¡Xnsc IÅ¡YIÄ
sa\ªv Ahsc AhaXn¡p¶tXm sSm¸w kv{Xo kaqls¯ A]am\n¡Iq¶Xn\pthn¡pSn
FgpXnt¨À¯XmWnsX¶ Imcy¯n kwibanÃ. a\pjysc t\Àhgn ImWn¡p¶Xn\v \nbpàcmb
{]hmNI³am cpsS ]p{Xnamsc¡pdn¨v C§s\ ]dbmsa¦n CXc kv{XoIsf Ipdn¨pÅ
PqXk¦Â]w F´mbncn¡Ww.!
hnhmlnXbmb kv{Xo¡v
a¡fpmhpw ap¼v `À¯mhv acWs¸«m ]tcXsâ ktlmZ c³amcn HcmÄ¡v AhÄ `mcybmbn¯ocpw
F¶mbncp¶p \nbaw. asämcmfpambn hn ml¯nteÀs¸Sm³ AhÄ¡hImiapmbncn¡nÃ.
BÀ¯h Ime¯v kv{XoIsf AIän \nÀ¯mdmbncp¶p ChcpsS ]Xnhv.
]gb \nba¯nse sbi¿mhv 3mw
A²ymbw 16 apX hN\§fn kv{XoIfpsS A]Y k©mcs¯bpw Agnªm«s¯bpw \ncpÕmls¸Sp¯p¶pv.
AXpImcWw kntbm³ ]p{XnamÀ¡pmhp¶ in£sb¡pdn¨v ]dbp¶papv. am\yambpw
aqSp]SaWnªpw \S¡m\mWv \nÀtZiapÅXv. ]t£, AXhKWn¨v kv{XoIsf {]ZÀi\
hkvXphm¡pI bmWn¶nhÀ. bYmÀY ssZhnI aX¯nsâ ]mT§fn kv{XoItfmSv
A¨S¡t¯msS Po hn¡m\pÅ D]tZiw DmhpI F¶Xv kzm`mhnIamWsÃm.
DÂ]¯n ]pkvXIw 24mw A²ymbw
64mw hN\¯n "t_¡' F¶p t]cpÅ, bnkvlm Jnâ {]Xn{ipX h[p bnkvlmJns\
It¸mÄ aqSp]Sw sImv apJw ad¨p F¶v ]dbp ¶pv. Npcp¡¯n kv{XobpsS am\yXs¡m¯
hkv{X[mcWamWv AhtfmSv \nÀtZin¡s¸«ncp¶Xv F¶v CXn \n¶v a\Ênem¡mhp¶XmWv.
CXn\v hn]coXambn ImWp¶ sXms¡ bYmÀY aX]mT§fnÂ\n¶pÅ hyXnbm\hpw kzbw
\nÀ½nXhpamsW¶p hy àw.
{InkvXpaX¯nÂ
BZn]m] `mcw s]®n\pta sh¨p
sI«p¶ {InkvXp aX¯nsâ hàm¡fn NneÀ kv{Xosb hnhmlw Ign¡cpsX¶phsc ]dbp¶pv.
]utcmlnXyw Cu \nebn {]Nm cWw \S¯nbXn\m {_ÒNcya\pjvTn¡m³ hsc
ss{IkvXhÀ \nÀ_ÔnXcmbn. kv {Xosb PohnX¯n \n¶p ]msS amän \nÀ¯m\mWnXv
ImcWambXv. ]utcmlnXyhpw k\ymkhpw D¶Xnbnte¡pÅ BtcmlWambn
sXän²cn¨tXmsS hy²cmb amXm]n Xm¡Ä \ncmew_cpw `mcym k´m\§Ä ^e¯nÂ
hn[hIfpw A\mYIfpambn amdn. bqtdm¸nsâ Ncn{XsagpXnb "se¡n' Xsâ {KÙ¯nÂ
Icfenbn¸n¡p¶ C¯cw cwK §Ä hnhcn¨n«pv.
kv{XoIsf ImWp¶nS¯p \n¶v
AhÀ HmSn c£s¸«p. kv{XoItfmSv ASp¯nS]gIp¶ Xpw AhcpÅnS¯v Hcpan¨p IqSp¶Xpw
alm]m]ambn¡p. bmZrNvOnIambn«msW ¦n t]mepw hgnbntem atäm Ahsf
Ipap«pItbm kwkmcn¡pItbm sNbvXm kÂIÀa§Ä \njv^eamhpsa¶pw
B²ymXvanIambn AXphsc t\SnbsXÃmw XIcp sa¶pw AhÀ hnizkn¨p. a\pjys\
Bßobamb PVmhØbn {]XnjvTn¡m\mWv ]ptcmlnX³amÀ {ian¨p t]m¶Xv.
ssZhnIamb ]mT§sf kaqlw X§fpsS XmÂ]cym \pkcWw Xncp¯n hnIrXam¡nbXp
ImcWw Ahsc¯nt¨À¶ PohnX ho£W§fn te¡v ]pXnb \nbaw shfn¨w \ÂIp¶pv:
hnhmls¯bpw `mcysbbpw
Ipdn¨pÅ ss__nfnsâ ImgvN¸mSv a¯mbn 19mw A²ymbw 3 apXÂ 12 IqSnb
hN\§fn hmbn¡m\mhpw. hnhmlt¯msS `mcybpw `À¯mhpw H ¶mbn¯ocpw. C\n AXv
]ncn¡m³ a\pjyÀ¡mhnÃ. hy`nNcn¨hsfbÃmsX hnhmltam N\w \S¯m³ ]mSnÃ.
hnhmltamNnXsb ]p\Àhnhmlw sN¿p¶h³ hy`nNmcnbmWv. Cu hN\§Ä tI« injy³amÀ
tNmZn¨p: F¦n ]ns¶ hnhmlw sN¿mXncn¡età D ¯aw?. AXn\pÅ adp]SnbpsS
BibanXmWv. hn`mcyX Xs¶bmWv D¯aw. AXv km[n ¡p¶Xn\mbn, kzÀKcmPyw
B{Kln¡p¶h³ thWsa¦n jWvUoIcWw \S¯p¶Xv \ÃXmWv.
`mcysb Hgnhm¡mhp¶ Htcsbmcp
ImcWw hy`nNmcamWv F¶v ]dbp¶Xv a\Ênem ¡mw. F¶m hnhmltamNnXsb hnhmlw
Ign¡p¶Xv hy`nNmcamsW¶ ]cmaÀiw A\ymbamWv, kv{XotbmSpÅ AhKW\bmWv.
jÞoIcWw kv{XoIsf amän\nÀ¯p¶ Xn\pÅ Hcp X{´amWXv.
kv{XoIfpsS hkv{X[mcWcoXnbpw
kz`mhioe§fpsams¡ F§s\bmbncn¡Wsa¶v sImcn´yÀ 14mw A²ymb¯nse 34,35 hN\§fpw
11mw A²ymb¯nse 3þ10 hN\§fpw ]t{Xmkv 3mw A²ymb¯nse 1þ6 hN\§fpw ]Tn¸n¡p¶pv.
CXn\v hncp²ambn«mWv ss{IkvXhX kv{XoIsf \bn¨p sImncn¡p¶Xv. X§fpsS
\n£n]vX XmÂ]cy§Ä ¡mbn Ahsc D]tbmKn¡pIbmWv ssZhnIaXsa¶hImis¸Sp¶ {InkvXpaX¯nsâ
hàm¡Ä F¶mWv a\ÊnemIp¶Xv. kv{XobpsS am\yX¡pw am\¯n\pw hneIÂ]n ¡p¶
hkv{X[mcW coXnbmWhÀ¡pw \nÀtZin¡s¸«n«pÅXv. AXpsImmbncn¡W atÃm NÀ¨nÂ
{]mÀY\mthfbn Xeadbv¡p¶Xv.
Ad_nIfnÂ
kIe \mi§fpsSbpw tlXp F¶ \nebnemWv
Ad_nIfnsemcp hn`mKw kv{XoIsf Incp¶Xv. AhÀ¡pkz´ambn AhImitam
kzmX{´ytam \ÂIp¶XnehÀ¡v Xm ]cyapmbncp¶nÃ. ss]XrIkz¯n t]mepw
AhImiw \ntj[n¡s¸«p. `À¯mhnsâ acWtam hnhmltamN\tam \S¶m thsd HcmÄ¡v
AhÄ hmgm³ ]mSnÃmbncp¶p. Ahfpw Hcp A\´c kz¯v F¶ \nebnemWv ]cnKWn¡s¸«ncp¶Xv.
A\´cmhIm inIfmb a¡fn BÀ¡pw Ahsf kz´am¡mw. XmÂ]cyapÅhÀ AhfpsS icoc ¯nÂ
Hcp hkv{Xan«v hnhmlaqeyw \ÂInbm aXnbmbncp¶p. AtXmsS AhÄ A hsâ `mcysbt]msebmbn.
AXp hgn AhfpsS kz¯v A\ym[o\s¸SmsX kz´am¡m sa¶mWhÀ IcpXnbncp¶Xv.
I¨hS¡mcpw kv{XoIsf NqjWw sNbvXp. AhÄ¡p hn¡p¶Xnepw Ahfn \n¶p hm§p¶Xnepw
AhÀ Ir{Xnaw ImWn¨p.
NneÀ alvÀ \ÂInb kz¯v
Xncn¨phm§n ]n¶oSv \ÂImsXbncp¶p. Zm¼Xy¯nse A kpJIcamb AhØ ]cnlcn¡m\pw
XpSÀ PohnX¯n\v A\pIqeamb kmlNcyapm¡m\pw AhÀ X¿mdmbncp¶nÃ, ]pcpj³
thsd hnhmlw Ign¨v ]cnlmcw ImWpt¼mÄ kv{XoPohnXkuJyw \ntj[n¡s¸«hfmbn¡gnbpIbmbncp¶p.
NneXcw _en ayK§ fpsS amwkhpw aäpw AhÄ¡v \ntj[n¨p sImhÀ hnthN\w
ImWn¨p.
kv{Xo hÀKt¯mSpÅ shdp¸v
ImcWw s]¬Ipªp§sf AhÀ Poht\msS Ipgn¨p aq Snbncp¶p. {][m\ambpw d_oA¯v,
In³Z¯v, Xz¿nAv, Xaow, IÂ_v XpS§nb tKm{X §fnemWv Cu {IqcIrXyw IqSpXÂ
\S¶ncp¶Xv. s]¬]ndhnsb Ahe£Wambn¡ ncp¶Xn\memW§s\ sNbvXncp¶Xv. aäp
NneÀ hncq]nIfpw hnIemwKcpambn ]nd¡p¶ s]¬Ip«nIsf B ImcW¯m sIm¶pIfªp.
Zmcn{Zyw `b¶pw NnebmfpIÄ k´m\h[w \S¯nbncp¶p. B¬Ip«nIÄ IpSpXepmhp¶Xv
A`nam\ambn ¡cpXnb AhÀ AXn\p thn t\À¨IÄ t\cmdpmbncp¶p. Cu
Ncn{XbmYmÀYy§Ä¡v _ew \ÂIp¶ hN\§Ä hnip² JpÀB\n [mcmfw ImWm
hp¶XmWv.
CjvSapÅ {Xkv{XoIsf `mcyamcpw
sh¸m«nIfpambn \ne\nÀ¯m\pÅ kuIcyapm bn«pw Ad_nIÄ¡nSbn hy`nNmc¯n\v
Ipdshm¶papmbncp¶nÃ. AXn\v am{Xambn ASnakv{XoIsfh¨v ]Wapm¡p¶hcpapmbncp¶p.
Ad_n¡Ä¡nSbnse Cu kv{Xo \nµbpw shdp¸pw Cu hn[w hym]Iambncps¶¦nepw
Ahsf am\ybmbn¡mWpIbpw s]¬Ip«nIsf hfÀ¯pIbpw ]cn]men¡pIbpw sN¿p¶hcpw
AhÀ¡nSbnepmbn cp¶p F¶Xpw {it²bamWv.
A¨S¡hpw BZÀit_m[hpapÅ Hcp
kaql¯nsâ ]ndhn¡p NmeI LSIamb hnip ² Ckvemansâ Ahkm\s¯ {]hmNIcpsS \ntbmK
Imes¯ AhØ AÂ]sa ¦nepw [cn¨Xn\p tijw {]hmNI Ncn{Xs¯ kao]n¡p¶XmWv
Gähpw \ÃXv F¶ \nebnemWv Cu hnhcWw \ÂInbXv. hyXykvX aX hn`mK§fpsSbpw
kaql§fpsS bpw \mKcnIXIfpsSbpw Bdmw \qämnse AhØ AÔImcmhrXambncp¶p.
a\p jys\ IÀt½mÂkpI\m¡mt\m Ah\v Znimt_m[w \ÂImt\m Bßhnizmkw ]Icm t\m
H¶panÃm¯ Imew. \nehnepÅ aXþthZþZÀi\§sfÃmw aXtaemf³amcpsSbpw ]ptcmlnX
]qPmcnIfpsSbpw I¿nse Ifn¸mhIfmbnamdnb Imew. X§fpsS kpJku Icy§Ä¡pthn
Ahsb AhÀ D]tbmKs¸Sp¯n Zpjn¸n¨ncp¶p. `cW hÀKt¯m sSm¸w \n¶v kmam\y P\§sf
NqjWw sN¿p¶Xn\v D]bpàamb aX NS§pIfpw \nba§fpw BhnjvIcn¨p. `ànbpw
BßobXbpw ]dªv Ahsb km[mcW¡msc s¡mwKoIcn¸n¨p .Cu kmlNcy¯n Hcp
hntamNIsâbpw kap²mcIsâbpw BK a\hpw ktµihpw a\pjy{]IyXn
tXSns¡mncn¡pIbmbncp¶p. s{]m^kÀ Un³k³ \mKcnIXsfbpw ZÀi\§sfbpw
hnebncp¯nb tijw ]dªp.
A©pw Bdpw \pämpIfn temIw
\mi¯nsâ h¡nse¯nbncp¶p. ImcWw \mKcn IXsb ]Sp¯pbÀt¯ aX§fpw BZÀi§fpw
A´Êmc iq\yambn¯oÀ¶ncp¶p. ]Icwsh¡m³ asäm¶v Dmbncp¶nÃXm\pw. \nbahpw \nb{´WhpanÃmsX
Ip¯gn ª PohnXw \bn¡p¶ P\§Ä. a\pjys\ kwLSn¸n¡pIbpw {IaoIcn¡pIbpw sN
t¿ ss{IkvXhXt]msebpÅ ZÀi\§Ä AXn\v kÖambncp¶nÃ. am{Xaà AhÀ `n¶n¨pw
AI¶pw Ignbp¶ hntcm[m`mkhpambncp¶p A¶p ImWm³ IgnªXv. Cu ZpÀLSkÔnbnÂ
\n¶v am\hX¡v tamN\amhiyambncp¶p. AXmWv apl½Zv \_n(kz) X§fpsS \ntbmK¯neqsS
km²yambXv (D²cWw: aukzpAXp¶fvanhÂlfmd¯n Ckveman¿: `mKw3 t]Pv
23þ34).
Ckvemansâ hnPbw hnebncp¯n
s\lvdp hnhcn¡p¶Xv {it²bamWv: Ckvemansâbpw Ad_nIfpsSbpw ZznKvhnPbs¯ ]cmaÀin¡p¶Xn\v
ap¼mbn \ap¡v Npäp]mSpsam¶v It®mSn¡qI. tdmw XIcp¶Xv \mw Ip. ]gb {Ko¡v
tdma³ \mKcnIX Ahkm\n¡pIbpw AXv sI«ns¸m¡nbncp¶ kapZmb LS\ apgph³
IS]pgIn hogpIbpw sNbvXp. ]Snªmdv bqtdm¸pw Ing¡v t]Àjybpw ZpchØbnÂ
s]«pebpIbmbncp¶p. {InkvXy ³ hn`mK§Ä X½nepÅ Iel¯n\msW¦n AäanÃ. ]Snªmdpw
B{^n¡bnepw Zq jnXhpw IelmßIhpamsbmcp {InkvXpaXamWv \nehnepmbncp¶Xv.t]ÀjybnÂ
kucmjv{SaXw `cWIqS¯nsâ `mKambncp¶Xn\m P\§fpsS ta \nÀ_Ô ]qÀhw
ASnt¨Â¸n¡s¸«p. AXn\m bqtdm¸nepw B{^n¡bnepw t]ÀjybnepapÅ km[mcW¡mÀ¡v
\nehnepÅ aX§Ä Xs¶ kmam\yw aSp¯p Ignªncp¶p (hnizNcn{XmhtemIw t]Pv:
237). |