lZokv kamlcWhpw kwc£Whpw

CkvemanI aX\nba§Ä \nÀ²mcWw sN¿m³  B{ibn¡s¸Sp¶ B[nImcnIhpw ZznXobhpamb Ahew_amWv lZokpIÄ. HcÀY¯n JpÀB³ kqà§Ä {Kln¡p¶Xn\v A ]_p²nbmb a\pjy\v e`n¨ ASn¡pdn¸pIfmWv Ch. kq£vaamb ]e aX\nba§fpw JpÀB\n \n¶p kzbw {Klns¨Sp¡m³ \mw AiàcmWv. Ckvemansâ ASnØm\ kvXq]§fnÂs]« \nkvImcw, kImXv F¶nh Xs¶ DZmlcWw. Chbn Hmtcm¶nsâbpw \nba§Ä hniZoIcn¡m³ {]tXyI {KÙ§Ä Xs¶ BhiyamsW¶ncns¡, Chsb kw_Ôn¨ {]Xy£ ]cmaÀi§Ä JpÀB\n ]cnanXhpamWv. C¯cw Ahkc§fn AhbpsS hniZmwi§Ä \ÂIs¸«Xv lZokpIfn \n¶mbncp¶p. Ckvemw Hcp PohnXhyhØbmsW¶Xn\m CXp t]mtem¯ At\Imbncw aX\nba§Ä Bhiyambn h¶p. Ch¡pÅ apkvenw kaql¯nsâ F¡met¯bpw Ahew_ambncp¶p lZokpIÄ.

lZokpIfpsS {]Nmchpw ssIamähpw {]hmNIcpsS Ime¯p Xs¶ A\nhmcyambn¯oÀ¶ncp¶p. apl½Zv \_n (kz) Xs¶ lZokpIÄ {]Ncn¸n¡m³ \nÀtZiw \ÂInbXmbn ImWmw. aZo\ bnse BZy \mfpIfn d_oAv tKm{X¯n \n¶v Hcp \nthZI kwLw {]hmNIsc kµÀ in¨t¸mÄ AhnSp¶v C§s\bmWv ]dªhkm\n¸n¨Xv: ""CtXmÀan¡pIbpw \n§Ä Dt]£n¨p t]m¶hÀ¡v F¯n¨p sImSp¡pIbpw sN¿pI'' (anivIm¯v, `mKw 1 A[ymbw 1). CXpt]mse Xs¶bmbncp¶p asddmcp kµÀ`¯nepw {]hmNIcpsS D]tZiw: ""\n§fpsS P\Xbnte¡p Xncn¨p t]mhpIbpw Ahsc C¡mcy§Ä ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw sN¿pI''(_pJmcn, `mKw 3 A[ymbw 25). lÖ¯p hnZmCsâbhkc¯nepÅ lZokpw {]kn²amWtÃm? (_pJmcn, `mKw 24 A[ymbw 39). Ch IqSmsX ]e kaql§fnte¡pw dkq Xs¶ {]Xn\n[nIsf \ntbmKn¡pIbpw AhÀ JpÀB\pw lZokpw ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. ba\nse KhÀWdmbn \nbanX\mbt¸mÄ apBZp_v\p P_epambn  {]hmNI³ \S¯nb kw`mjWhpw ChnsS {]kàamWv (A_qZmhpZv, `mKw 3 A[ymbw 11).

JpÀB\n \n¶p aXhn[n \nÀ²mcWw sN¿m³ Ignªnsæn {]hmNIcpsS lZokpIfn \n¶p hn[n {]Jym]n¡psa¶ apBZv_v\p P_ (d) hnsâ {]XnIcW¯n \n¶p hyàamIp¶Xv {]hmNIcpsS Ime¯p Xs¶ aXhn[nIfn lZokpIÄ¡v A\ntj[yamb kzoImcyXbp­mbncps¶¶mWv.

aXhn[nIÄ¡v lZokpIsf B{ibnt¡­n h¶Xpw lZokv tiJcWw Bcw`n¨Xpw dkqensâ  hntbmK tijamsW¶ ]mÝmXycpsS hmZ¯n\pÅ adp]SnIfmWv {]kvXpX hnhc§Ä. NneÀ FgpXnb t]mse lZokv kwc£nt¡­Xv A\nhmcyamsW¶Xv apkvenwIfn sshInbpZn¨ Hcp Nn´bmbncp¶nÃ. ImcWw, kzlm_m¡Ä BZyw apXte lZokpIÄ a\x]mTambpw enJnX cq]¯nepw tiJcn¡m\pw kwc£n¡m\pw ioen¨ncp¶p. ({]hmNI hntbmKamWv C¯cw {]hÀ¯\§fpsS ImcWsa¶ KntÃmansâbpw hneywaqdnsâbpw Btcm]W§Ä¡pÅ adp]Sn. (Life of mohamed  by muir, Traditions of Islam  by Guillaume). {]hmNIcpsS hm¡pIfpw {]hÀ¯\§fpw B[nImcnI§fmsW¶pw ]n¡met¯¡p th­n kwc£n¡s¸tS­XmsW¶pw {]hmNIcpsS Ime¯p Xs¶ kzlm_m¡Ä a\Ênem¡nbncp¶p. A_q lpssddx (d) D²cn¨ Hcp lZokn C§s\ ImWmw:""A³kzmdpIfnÂs¸« HcmÄ adhn ImcWw lZokpIÄ kq£n¨psh¡m\pÅ _p²nap«ns\¡pdn¨p {]hmNItcmSp ]cmXn ]dªt¸mÄ heXp ssI D]tbmKn¡m\mbncp¶p {]hmNIcpsS \nÀt±iw'' (XnÀanZn `mKw 39 A[ymbw 12). (t]\bpsS D]tbmK¯nte¡p kqNn¸n¨p sIm­v). A_vZpÃmln_v\p Awdn \n¶p asddmcp kw`hw ImWmw: lZokpIÄ FgpXnh¨ncp¶ A_vZpÃmln_v\p Awdv CtX¡pdn¨p dkqent\mSp ]dªt¸mÄ AhnSps¯ {]XnIcWw C{]Imcambncp¶p: ""FgpXpI, Rm³ kXyw am{Xta ]dbp¶pÅq” (A_qZmhqZv `mKw 24 A[ymbw 3). Cu lZokv {]ikvXhpw ap¸tXmfw hyXykvX DdhnS§fn \n¶pw e`yhpamWv. A_q lpssddx (d) ]dbp¶p : ""Fs¶t¸mse kzlm_nIfn Bcpw Xs¶ lZokpIÄ kwc£n¨ncp¶nÃ, A_vZpÃmln_v\p Awdv HgnsI, ImcWw At±lw FgpXn kq£n¨ncp¶p'' (_pJmcn `mKw 3 A[ymbw 39).  A_q_¡À (d), Aen (d) XpS§nbhÀ lZokpIÄ FgpXn h¨ncp¶Xmbn {KÙ§fn ImWmw. (_pJmcn `mKw 3 A[ymbw 39, `mKw24 A[ymbw 39).

a¡m ^Xvlnsâ hÀj¯n {]hmNIÀ Hcp {]kwKw \S¯nbt¸mÄ ba³ tZi¡mc\mb Hcp kzlm_n B \nÀtZi§Ä FgpXn¯cWsa¶ Bhiyhpambn apt¶m«p h¶p. At¸mÄ AXn\p th­ \nÀtZi§Ä \ÂIpIbmbncp¶ {]hmNI³ sNbvXXv (_pJmcn, `mKw 3 A[ymbw 39). kwc£W¯n\p th­n Fgp¯v Hcp]m[nbmbn kzoIcn¡Â {]hmNIcpsS Im e¯p Xs¶ Bcw`n¨ncp¶psh¶Xv kphyàamWv. F¦nepw lZokv tcJs¸Sp¯nhbv¡Â {]hmNIcpsS Ime¯v hym]Iambn {]Ncn¨ncp¶nÃ. lZokv FgpX {]hmNIÀ¡p A\njvSamsW¶p [z\n¸n¡p¶ Hcp lZokv A_q lpssddx (d) hn \n¶v D²cn¡s¸«n«p­v. CXnsâ ImcWw lZokpIÄ tcJs¸«m Ah JpÀB\pambn IqSn¡ecpsa¶ `bambncp¶p. tijw {]hmNIÀ Xs¶ lZokv tcJs¸Sp¯n sh¡m³ D¯chnSpIbpw sNbvXncp¶p.

lZokv kwc£W¯n\p {][m\ambpw a\x]mTam¡n hbv¡p¶ coXnbmWv B{ibn¡s¸«ncp¶Xv. a\x]mTam¡n hbv¡Â IqSpX hnizkvXhpw hym]Ihpambncp¶p. AÛpXIcamb tXmXn HmÀaiàn kz´ambpÅhcmbncp¶p Ad_nIÄ. Bbnc¡W¡n\p Atd_y³ IhnXIÄ ]ecpw a\x]mTam¡nbncp¶p. ]et¸mgpw Gddhpw B[nImcnIambn hÀ¯n¨ncp¶Xv a\x]mTam¡p¶ coXnbmbncp¶p. tcJs¸Sp¯s¸« {]XnIfnse sXäpIÄ Xncp¯p¶Xpw kwib \nhmcW¯n\p Ahew_am¡p¶Xpw hsc a\x]mTam¡nbncp¶ lZokpIÄ ASnØm\s¸Sp¯nbmbncp¶p. hyXykvX khntijXIfpsS ASnØm\¯n lZokv tiJcWw, kwc£Ww F¶nhbpsS LSI§sf A©mbn Xncn¡mw.

H¶mw L«w

lZokv tiJc¯nsâ H¶mw L«w {]hmNIÀ (kz) bpsS PohnX Imeambncp¶p. apgph³ kz lm_m¡fpw Xpey tXmXn lZokv tiJcW {]hÀ¯\§fn ]¦p sIm­nÃ. AXn\pÅ Ahkcw CÃmbncp¶psh¶p thWw ]dbm³. Hmtcmcp¯À¡pw AhcpsS PohntXm]m[nIÄ Is­¯m³ kabw sNehgnt¡­nbncp¶p. am{XaÃ, i{Xp¡fn \n¶p apkvenw kaqls¯ kwc£n¡pI F¶ ZuXyw IqSn ]eÀ¡pw GsäSpt¡­nbncp¶p. aX hnÚm\ e£yt¯msS ]Ånbn Ignªp IqSnbncp¶ Akzvlm_p kzp^v^x F¶ hn`mKambncp¶p s]mXpth C¯cw hnÚm\ imJIfn kZm hym]rXcmbncp¶Xv. Chcn \n¶pw NneÀ A§mSnIfnte¡p t]mhpIbpw `£W amÀKw tXSpIbpw sN¿pambncp¶p. Akzvlm_p kzp^v^x bn s]« {][m\ AwKambncp¶p A_qlpssddx (d). {]hmNIsâ hm¡pIfpw {]hr¯nIfpw AtX]Sn At²lw a\x]mTam¡n. BZyw apXte lZokv kwc£W¯n\p th­nbpÅ At²l¯nsâ {ia§Ä FSp¯p ]db¯¡XmWv. At²lw Xs¶ ]dbp¶p: ""\n§Ä ]dtª¡pw; A_qlpssddx [mcmfw lZokpIÄ  D²cn¨n«p­tÃm? aplmPndpIÄ¡pw, A³kzmdpIÄ¡pw Ignbm¯ hn[w F§s\bmWv A_qlpssdd Ch D²cn¨Xv F¶v? bYmÀYyw CXmbncp¶p. Ahcn ]eÀ¡pw PohnX amÀKw Is­t¯­Xp­mbncp¶p. ]t£, Rm³ kZm kabw {]hmNIcpsS IqsS Xmakn¨p. AXn\m Ahcn ]eÀ¡pw e`n¡m¯h F\n¡p e`n¡pIbpw  Rm³ a\x]mTam¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Akzvlm_p kzp^v^x bn s]« ]eÀ¡pw IrjnbnS§fn tPmen sNt¿­Xp­mbncp¶p. F¶m F\n¡sXm¶panÃm¯Xn\m apgp kabhpw {]hmNI kmao]yw e`n¨p. (_pJmcn `mKw 34 A[ymbw 1).

A_qlpssddx (d) hns\¡pdn¨p asddmcp kzlm_nbmb XzÂlXv_v\p Dss_Zpà (d) ]dbp¶p : ""R§Ä tIÄ¡m¯ lZokpIÄ A_qlpssddx tI«n«ps­¶Xn kwibanÃ. ImcWw, ]mhambncp¶ At±lw an¡t¸mgpw dkqensâ kao]¯mbncp¶p'' (^XvlpÂ_mcn `mKw 1 ]pdw 191). A_qlpssddx (d) hnsâ  HmÀa iàntbbpw lZokv hnÚm\s¯bpw {]iwkn¡p¶ apl½Zv_v\p A½mdbpsS hm¡pIfpw {]kn²amWv (ss_lJn).

{]hmNI ]Xv\nbmbncp¶ BCi (d) bpw Cu L«¯n XtâXmb ]¦p hln¨p. AÛpXIcamb HmÀa iàn¡pw hnthI¯n\pw DSabmbncp¶p BCi (d). BhÀ¯n¨v tNmZy§Ä tNmZn¡pI AhcpsS ]Xn hmbncp¶p. A_vZpÃmln_v\p DaÀ (d), A_vZpÃmln_v\p Aºmkv F¶nhcpw lZokv tiJcW¯n apJycmbncp¶p. lZokpIÄ tiJcn¡m³ Fgp¯v D]m[nbmbn kzoIcn¨hcn A_vZpÃmln_v\p Awdv (d) hpw DÄs¸Sp¶p. lZokv  tiJcn¡m³ H¶nShn« Znhk§fn {]hmNIsc ]n´pScm³ AbÂhmknIfpambn [mcWbp­m¡nb kw`hhpw {KÙ§fn ImWmw (_pJmcn `mKw 3 A[ymbw27). C§s\ {]hmNIcn \n¶p t\cn«v lZokv tiJcn¡p¶Xn\mbncp¶p H¶mw L«¯n {]m[m\yw.

c­mw L«w

{]hmNIcpsS hntbmK¯n\p tijamWv lZokv kwc£W¯nsâ c­mw L«w Bcw`n¡p¶Xv. {]hmNI Ime tijw ]WvVnXcpsS  ASpt¯¡p ]cnlmc¯n\p h¶ {]iv\§Ä¡v  JpÀB\ns\tbm lZokns\tbm Ahew_nt¡­n h¶p. ]e {]iv\§fnepw lZokpIÄ am\ZÞam¡n hn[n \S¯n. CXn\m Xs¶ lZokpIfpsS B[nImcnIX¡p sXfnhpIÄ kwLSn¸nt¡­Xpw A\nhmcyambn. C§s\ lZokv tiJcW¯n  c­p {]{InbIÄ DÛhn¨p. sXfnhpIÄ JWvVnXambn Øncs¸« lZokpIÄ am{Xw XpSÀ¶v kzoIcn¡s¸Sm³ XpS§n. Cu L«¯n lZokv hnÚm\ob¯nsâ hfÀ¨¡pÅ {][m\ LSIamWv Ckvemante¡pÅ  Aapkv enwfpsS Ips¯mgp¡v. dkqensâ hntbmK tijw Ckvemw kzoIcn¨hÀ¡v AhnSps¯ ImWm³ Ignªncp¶nÃ. ImWm³ Ignbm¯ X§fpsS t\Xmhns\¡pdn¨pÅ kÀh hnhc§fpw Adnbm\pÅ At\zjWXzc Iemin¨Xv lZokv tiJcW¯nembncp¶p. C§s\ ]ecpw kzlm_m¡sf B{ibn¡pIbpw Ahcn \n¶p kq£va hnhc§Ä IrXyXtbmsS tiJcn¡p¶Xn IWniX ]men¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Ckvemansâ {[pXKXnbnepÅ hfÀ¨bpw lZokpIfpsS IrXyX¡p ImcWamb LSIambncp¶p. {]hmNI hntbmK¯nsâ ASp¯ ]¯p hÀj¯n\pÅn Xs¶ {]hmNIÀ an¡bnS§fnepw  Adnbs¸«ncp¶Xn\m {]hmNI hntij§Ä h³tXmXn NÀ¨¡p  hnt[bam¡s¸«p. lZokpIÄ C¯cpW¯n AKm[amb ]T\§Ä¡p hnt[bam¡s¸«p.

kzlm_m¡fpsS Ckvemant\mSpÅ AIagnª {]Xn_²Xbpw Cu L«¯nse lZokv hnÚm\ ]ptcmKXnbpsS Hcp ImcWamWv. aX¯n\p th­n hoSpw IpSpw_hpw Dt]£n¡m³ XbmdmbhÀ lZokv hnÚm\hpw X§fpsS PohnX e£yamsbSp¯p. AhÀ Iq«w Iq«ambn ]mÝmXy ]uckvXy tZi§fnte¡p tNt¡dm³ XpS§n. ChcneqsSbpw lZokpIÄ temI¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK§fn {]Ncn¡s¸«p. CXn\p ]pdta lZokv ]WvVnXscbt\zjn¨v hnhn[ `mK§fn \n¶v BfpIÄ HgpIm³ XpS§n. A_q lpssddx (d) hn\p GItZiw 800 Hmfw  injy·mcp­mbncp¶p. ChcpsS Xmak Øe§Ä lZokv hnÚm\ ZmlnIsfs¡m­p \ndªp. lZokv tiJcW¯n\p th­n ZoÀLbm{XIfpw kwLSn¸n¡s¸«p. Hscmä lZokn\p th­n aZo\bn \n¶p kndnbbnte¡p bm{X sNbvX alm\mWv Pm_ndv_v\p A_vZpà (d). Cu bm{XbpsS Imemh[n Hcp amkambncp¶psh¶v {KÙ§fn ImWmw (_pJmcn `mKw 3 A[ymbw19). C¯cw kw`h§Ä ^Xvlp _mcnbn D²cn¨n«p­v.

aq¶mw L«w

{]hmNIsc t\cn«p ImWpIbpw tIÄ¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶hcpsS Xeapd Ahkm\n¨tXmsS lZokv tiJcWhpw AXnsâ aq¶mw L«¯nte¡p {]thin¡p¶p. hyXykvX tI{µ§fn A[ym]\w \S¯nbncp¶ ]WvVnXcmbncp¶p lZokpIÄ¡p th­n C¡me¯v B{ibn¡s¸«ncp¶Xv. ]t£, GsX¦nepw Hcp tI{µ¯n apgph³ lZokpIfpw e`yambncp¶nÃ. lZokv ]WvVnXÀ temI¯nsâ ]e `mK¯pw hym]n¨XmWnXn¶p ImcWw. Cu L«¯nemWv lZokv kwc£W¯n\v Fgp¯v Hcp s]mXp D]m[nbmbn kzoIcn¡s¸«Xv. Fgp¯n\pÅ kmt¦XnI kuIcy§fpw C¡me¯v hnIkn¨ncp¶p. am{XaÃ, kamlcn¡s¸«ncp¶ lZokpIÄ JpÀB\pambn IqSn¡ecpsa¶ `oXnbpw C¡me¯nÃmbncp¶p. HmÀan¨p hbv¡p¶ lZokpIÄ ¡pÅ Hcp klmtbm]m[nbmbmWv BZyw Fgp¯v D]tbmKn¡s¸«Xv. Is¿gp¯p {]XnIfn \nÝnX lZokpIÄ e`yambncps¶¶Xv Hcp lZoknsâ B[nImcnIX¡p am\ZÞambncp¶nÃ. adn¨v B[nImcnIX¡v kzoImcycmb D²mcIsc (dmhn) Ahew_nt¡­nbncp¶p. Da¿Zv cmPhwi¯nse `cWm[nImcnbmbncp¶ Dadv_v\p A_vZp Akokmbncp¶p, lZoknsâ enJnX kamlmc§Ä kwLSn¸n¡Wsa¶v BÚ ]pds¸Sphn¨ BZys¯ `cWm[nImcn. Ct±lw A_q_¡dp_v\p lkvav\v C{]ImcsagpXn: ""hnÚm\ \jvShpw ]WvVnXcpsS hntbmKhpw Rm³ `bs¸Sp¶p. AXn\m Xm¦Ä lZokpIÄ At\zjn¡pIbpw Ah tcJs¸Sp¯n hbvIpIbpw sN¿pI. bYmÀ° lZokpIÄ am{Xta kzoIcn¡mhq. P\§Ä hnÚm\w ]ckyam¡pIbpw Iq«ambn Ccn¡pIbpw thWw. ImcWw s]mXp P\§fn \n¶p XSbs¸Sp¶Xp hsc Hcp hnÚm\hpw A{]Xy£amIp¶nÃ'' (_pJmcn `mKw 3 A[ymbw34).

DaÀ_v\p A_vZp Akoknsâ aZo\bnse KhÀWdmbncp¶p A_q_IvÀ_v\p lkvav. C¯cw I¯pIÄ addp tI{µ§fnte¡pw Ab¨Xn\v sXfnhpIÄ ImWmw (AlvaZv_v\p Aen `mKw 1 ]pdw). ]t£, c­c hÀjs¯ `cW tijw DaÀ c­ma³ arXnbSbpIbpw ]n´pSÀ¨¡mcn C¯cw XmÂ]cy§Ä s]mXpsh CÃmXmhpIbpw sNbvXp. XpSÀ¶p h¶ \qäm­n lZokv tiJcW {]hÀ¯\§Ä `cW IqS¯n \n¶p kzX{´ambmWv \S¯s¸«Xv. A§s\ lZokv tiJcWw \memw L«¯nte¡p {]thin¡p¶p.

\memwL«w

c­mw \qäm­nsâ a²y¯n\p apt¼ lZokv hnÚm\¯n\v Hcp Øncamb s]mXpcq]w e`n¨ncp¶p. \qdpIW¡n\p hnZymÀYnIÄ hyXykvX tI{µ§fn \nc´c lZokv ]T\§fn GÀs]«ncp¶p. lZokpItfmSp IqsS D²mcIcpsS t]cpIfpw tiJcn¨v kwc£n¡Â Cu L«¯n A\nhmcyambn¯oÀ¶p. CXn\p th­n lZokv FgpXnsh¡epw AXy´mt]£nXambn. C§s\ Adnbs¸« {KÙamWv Camw A_vZp amenIv_v\p A_vZn Akokv_v\p PpssdPnsâ (C_v\p Ppss\Zv) kamlmcw. C_v\p PpssdPv a¡bnepw addp {KÙIÀ¯m¡fmb amenIv_v\p A\kv (d), kp^vbm\p_v\p Dssb\x (d) F¶nhÀ aZo\bnepw A_vZpÃmln_v\p hlv_v (d) CuPn]vXnepw kp^vbm\p_v\p kucn (d), apl½Zv_v\p ^pssf (d) F¶nhÀ Iq^bnepw aAvaÀ, A_vZp dkmJv F¶nhÀ ba\nepambncp¶p Pohn¨ncp¶Xv. l½mZv_v\p kÂax, duAv_v\p D_mZx F¶nhÀ _kzdxbnepw lpssiw hmknXznepw A_vZpÃmln_v\p ap_mdIv Jpdmkm\nepw Pohn¨p. ChcpsS {KÙ§fn amenIv (d) hnsâ "aphXzm' hfscb[nIw {]ikvXnbmÀPn¨p. apkvenwIfpsS ssZ\wZn\ PohnX {]hÀ¯\§fpambn _Ôs¸«  lZokv kamlmcw F¶ \nebnembncp¶p Chbn an¡Xpw cNn¡s¸«Xv. apgph³ lZokpIfpsSbpw kamlmcsa¶ \ne¡v Hcp {KÙ cN\ Akm[yambncp¶p. lZokpIÄ hnimeambn hym]n¨ncp¶psh¶XmWv CXnsâ {][m\ ImcWw.

A©mw L«w

lZokpIfpsS tiJcWw apkv\Zv, PmanAv F¶o c­p Xc¯n Bcw`n¨p. "k\Zv' F¶ ]Z¯n \n¶mWv "Ckv\mZn'sâ DÛhw. Hcp lZoknsâ hyXykvX D²mcIcneqsS AXns\ {]hmNIcn \n¶p tI« kzlm_nbnte¡pÅ ]c¼c Øm]n¡p¶Xns\bmWv Ckv\msZ¶p ]dbp¶Xv. apkv\Zv C\¯nse lZokpIÄ, Ahbnse hnjb hnhc {Ia{]Imcw X¿mdm¡s¸«hbÃ. adn¨v kzlm_m¡fpsS {]tXyI {Ia{]Imcw X¿mdm¡s¸«hbmWv. Camw AlvaZv_v\p l¼Â (d) sâ ap¸Xn\mbnct¯mfw lZokpIÄ DÄsImÅp¶ apkv\ZmWv Chbn {][m\s¸«Xv. FÃmXc¯nepÅ lZokpIfpw PmanC kamlcn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶p. Bdv lZokv kamlmc§Ä s]mXpsh AlvepÊp¶ ]WvVnXcm AwKoIcn¡s¸«XmWv. _pJmcn (a: 256 lnPvd), apkvenw (a: 261), XnÀapZn (a: 279), C_v\pamPx (a: 473), \kmCu (a: 303) F¶nhbmWh.

lZokpIfpw IYIfpw

PqXÀ, ss{IkvXhÀ, t]ÀjyÀ F¶nhcn \n¶v D²cn¡s¸Sp¶ IYIfpw Ahbnse hnhcW§fpw {]hmNIcpsS lZokmbn sXddn²cn¡s¸ScpXv. C¯cw kw`h hnhcW§Ä kamlcn¨hsc apl±nko§fn \n¶p thÀ Xncn¨p a\Ênem¡m³ ]e am\ZÞ§fpap­v. `mjm ssien Xs¶ HcpZmlcWw. F¶mÂ, hneyw aqdns\t¸mepÅ ]e HmdnbâenÌpIfpw ]et¸mgpw ChsbÃmw lZokpIfmsW¶ cq]¯nemWv ssIImcyw sNbvXn«pÅXv.

lZoknsâ bqtdm]y³ hnaÀiw

]e bqtdm]y³ Fgp¯pImcpw lZokpIsfbpw D²mcItcbpw AS¨mt£]n¨n«p­v. ]e kzlm_m¡fpw lZokpIÄ  Ir{Xnaambn \nÀan¡m³ t]mepw aSn¡m¯hcmbncp¶psh¶v kaÀYn¡m³ ]ecpw hn^e {iaw \S¯nbncn¡p¶p. A_q lpssddx(d) C¯c¯n Ir{Xna lZokpIÄ \nÀan¡p¶bmfmbncp¶psh¶v Criticism of Hadith by Muslims' F¶ {KÙ¯n Guillaume tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p. C¯cw hmZ§Ä ASnØm\ clnX§fpw AÂ]Úm\¯nsâ ASbmf§fpamWv. kzlm_m¡Ä apgph³ hnizkvXcmsW¶mWv AlvepÊp¶bpsS sFIy I¬tT\bpÅ A`n{]mbw' F¶mWv C_v\p lPdp sslXan (d) tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«pÅXv. Ckvemansâ `{Zamb N«¡q«n hnÅepIÄ hogv¯p¶XnemWv C¯cw Btcm]W§Ä e£yw h¨ncn¡p¶Xv. apkvenw Ncn{XImc·msc¶dnbs¸Sp¶ ]ecpw C¯cw ASnØm\ clnX§fmb Btcm]W§Ä D¶bn¨n«­v.

Ncn{X¯nsâ icnbmb Aht_m[w C¯cw Btcm]W§Ä¡pÅ D¯c§fmbn amdp¶Xv ImWmw. hyhØm]nXhpw AXn kq£vahpamb am\Zާġp hnt[bambmWv lZokv hnÚm\w DÛhn¨Xpw hfÀ¨ {]m]n¨Xpw. lZoknsâbpw kamlÀ¯m¡fpsSbpw hnizkvXXbpw \njvIÀjXbpw kwi bteiat\y Øncs¸«m am{Xta Ah lZokv ]WvVnXÀ¡nSbn kzoImcyambncp¶pÅq. C¯cw lZokpIÄ am{XamWv C¶s¯ B[nImcnI {KÙ§fnepÅXpw {]amW§fmbn kzoIcn¡s¸Sp¶Xpw.