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{]tXyI ^o

\_nZn\w

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apkvenw kzXz cq]oIcWw \_nhN\fpsS ]v

hnizmknbpsS hynksb cq]sSpp hyhlmc amXrIIfpsS (behavioral patterns) knX \n[nbmWv \_nNcy AYhm kpv. [njWsbbpw at\maesbpw am{Xa AXnkm[mcWamb icoctNjvSIsfbpw \nWbnpXn lZokn\v A\]amb ]pv. \nnX Ime]cn[nsbtbm ]cnanX {]h\ taJeIsftbm A AXpsmpXv. km heuInIhpw khmXnimbnbpamWv lZokns DSw. {]hmNI Xs injymtcmSv samgn hN\fpw AhcpsS kmn[yn AhnSpp {]hnXpw AhnSps kmn[yn Ah {]hnXpsamw lZokmbn \apv tcJsp Innbncnpp. Gddhpw \n WmbIamb Hcp Ncn{X k`n Gddhpw {InbmIambn Pohn Hcp kaqlns Pohkv]sfbmWv lZokv F kw bYmYn ASbmfsSppXv. hynbpw IpSpw_hpw kaqlhpw Hcpt]mse AXnse kaq ]mfnIfmIpp. hynbpsS AIhpw ]pdhpw IpSpw_ns LS\bpw kz`mhhpw kaqlns {Iahpw hyhbpw cN\mIambn {]Xn]mZnsSppv lZokpIfn. GSpItftbm NpacpItftbm Aecnm\p B]vXhmIyf Ah. \oXnkmc hmIyfpsS s]mXp BIjWobXbmb [z\\ IuXpIa lZokpIsf {itbampXv. adnv PohnXhpambp AhbpsS A\ntj[yamb _amWv. tIhe XXz FXn\p]cn IrXyhpw {]mtbmKnIhpamb amKZi\fmWv lZokpIfpsS {]tabw. XeapdIfneqsS Bhnv Ddns s]cpam amXrIIfmbmWv lZokpIsf ImtWXv. hnizmknIfpsS kz`mhcq]oIcWns ApIfmWv Ah FYw.

hnhn[ a\pjy kaqlfpsS BNmc acymZIsfbpw \S]Sn{Iasfbpw tKm{Xaqeysfbpw Ipek{Zmbsfbpw t]mse apkvenw P\XXnbpsS \ne]mSpIsfbpw kwkvImcsbpw t_m[Xenepw At_m[Xenepw kzm[o\npXv JpB Ignm lZokpIfmWv. apkvenw kwkvImcns angnhm Poh Nn{X e`npXv lZokpIfn \nmsWXv {]tXyIw {instSXpapv. apkvenw kwkvImcns {]mamWnIamb amXrIbmWv lZokpI \IpXv.

CkvemanI kwkvImcns Ncn{XkXamb tXmXv FXmWv, Cs\ t\mptm lZokpIfpsS {]kn. DZmlcWambn Abhmkn hnincnptm hbdp \ndpph \nsh\ F lZokv apkvenw Ab] _sf AKm[ambn kzm[o\nXmbn ImWmw. aX]camb aqibn hmsSps Hcp apkvenw IpSpw_n\pw Abmcs hdpXnbpsS t\sc ISm\mhn. ZbbpsSbpw ImcpWynsbpw ]mT \_nhN\fn \ndp \npp. apkvenw kzXz\nanXnbn CXv Fs\ kzm[o\w sNepn Fv \mKcnIXIsf XmcXay ]T\n\p hnt[bamnb hnUypdmns hmpIfn \np {Klnmw. IrkvXyapkvenw \mKcnIXIsf XmcXayw sNbvXp sImv Atlw \nconpp.

The Moslems seem to have been better gentlemen than their Christian peers, they kept their words more frequently, showed more mercy to the defeated, and were seldom guilty of defeated, and were seldom guilty of such brutality as marked the Christian capture of Jerusalem in 1099. Will Durant, the story of civilization, vol. IV, The Age of Faith, sismo & Schuster, New York 1950, P.141]

{InkvXy kaImenItcm am\ymcmbncpp apkvenwI. Ah {InkvXym\n tbm IqSXembn hmpI ]menp. ]cmPnXtcmSv Zbhp ImWnp. 1099  {InkvXym\nI Pdqkew ]nSnSnbtm ImWnXpt]msebp {IqcXI apkvenwIfn \nv Hcnepw Dmbnn.

Zbbpw DZmcXbpw klPohn kvt\lhpw apkvenw kwkvImcns Ahn`mPy LSIfmbnocpXv {]hmNI IWniambn Amcy ]TnnpIbpw {]hmNI hN\ apkvenw lrZbsf AKm[ambn kzm[o\npIbpw sNbvXXpsImmWv. ]ccmKX apkvenw kwkv Imcns \njvIfXbpw ]cnipnbpw AIr{XnaXzhpw DdhsbSpXv lZokpIfn \nmsWv Xncndnbm {]bmkan. lZokv {KfneqsS Aekambn ItmSnphp t]mepw CkvemanI kwkvImcns B[mc kvXq] Ah Fs\ cq]sSpn Fp ImWm km[npw.

hyn AIhpw ]pdhpw

apkvenw hynbpsS kz`mh cq]oIcWn hniZamb CSs]SemWv lZokpI \SpXv. {]hmNIXzns XpSw apX HSpw hsc ASphcpw AIhcpamb injykaqln Hmtcmcpscbpw t\cnv A`nkwt_m[\ sNpIbmbncpp {]hmNI. Xs kao]nv D]tZiamcm Hcp A\pNct\mSv \o tIm]ncpXv Fmbncpp \_nbpsS D]tZiw. B hynbpsS {]IrXadnp sImpXmbncpp {]kvXpX D]tZiw. Cs\ ]cXamfpIv ]e k`fnembn \Snb IuknenwKv BWv lZokpIfn \nv \apv e`npXv. hynsb kwkvIcnp sImmsX kaqls mbnbmbn amnWnbpI kpkm[ya Fv Xncp\_n Xncndnncpp. hynbpsS Dpw ]pdhpw Hcpt]mse kv]inphbmWv hyn PohnXhpambn _s \_n hN\.

a\pjy icocn Hchbhapv. AXp \mbm icocw apgph \mbn. AXp Nobmbm icocw apgph Nobmbn. AdnbpI, AXmWv lrZbw F BibaSp lZokv BcnI ipoIcWns {]m[m\yw ]Tnnpp. a\mnbmWv \ XnIfpsS hn[n Imhv Fp {]hmNI ]Tnnppv. AhnSpv ]dp. kkz`mhamWv \. sNptm a\xmnpv A\p`hsSpXpw BfpI AdnbpXv \n CjvSsSmXpamb {]hrnbmWv Xn. (XnapZn) a\xkmnbpsS hn[n AwKoIcnp {]hnm\p Blzm\amWv B hN\w DsmpXv. Amlp t\mpXv \nfpsS cq]ntetm kntetm A, \nfpsS lrZbfntepw IafntepamWv (apkvenw) F hN\hpw CtXmSp tNp hmbnpI.

BcnI hnipnv A\nhmcyamb kZvKpW lZokpI IrXyambn ASbmfsSpppv. hn\bw, kXykX, kl\w, hnizkvXX, kvt\lw, Zbmhmbv]v, ImcpWyw, e, kqvaX, hnphogvN, klIcW at\m`mhw, hnm\ XrjvW, IrXX, kwXr]vXn, Bm YX, Dtiyipn, \tbmSv B`napJyw, ssZh`bw XpSnb kmXznI `mh hyna\kn hfnsbSpp sImmWv lZokpI BcnI hnipnv ASnd ]mIpXv. Cd kmXznI KpW lZokpIfn Fs\ ]cmainsSpp Fv t\mmw.

1. NnebmfpIsf Im Amlphns\ Hma hcpw. AhcmWv \nfn \h (C_v\pamP)

2. kZznNmcw \ Bcm[\bmIpp (AlvaZv, A_qZmhqZv)

3. P\fn FtmSv Gddhpw ASph kqvaXbphcmWv. Ah Bcmbncpmepw FhnsS Bbncpmepw. (AlvaZv)

4. kXykX a\ximnbpw Iw ktlhpw BWpmpI. (XnapZn) kXykX \bn tepw \ kzKntepw \bnpp (_pJmcn, apkvenw).

5. \n Amlphn `cta]npI. Fn ]nIv Blmcw \IpXvt]mse Ah \nv Blmcw \Ipw. Ah cmhnse Hgn hbdpambn ]pdsSpIbpw kymt\cv \nd hbdpambn XncnphcnIbpw sNpp. (XnapZn).

6. \nfmcpw Ah\h\v CjvSsSpXv ktlmZc\pw CjvSsSpXphsc hnizmknIfmhpI bn (_pJmcn, apkvenw).

7.Ia Dtiya\pkcnmWv. Hmtcmcp\pw Ah DtinXv t\Spp.(_pJmcn, apkvenw)

8. cp apkamm hmsfSpv Awshnbm sImh\pw sIme sNsh\pw \cI nemWv. sImsh addhs\ sImm B{Klnncptm. (_pJmcn, apkvenw)

9. \n Amlphntev tJZnp aSpIbpw ]m]tamN\n\mbn {]mYnpIbpw sNpI. Rm Znhkw \qdpXhW ]m]nppv. (apkvenw)

10. Gddhpw t{ijvTamb Bcm[\ hnm\amWv. (Xz_vdm\n)

11. Zm\w [\s IpdpIbn. hnphogvN Av hnnpIbmsX sNn. Amlp hn\p thn hn\bw ImWnphs\ Amlp DbmXncnpIbn.

12. e \bmsX hcppIbn. (_pJmcn, apkvenw)

13. P\tfmSv IcpW ImWnmht\mSv Amlphpw IcpW ImWnpIbn. (_pJmcn, apkvenw)

14. Amlp kuay\mWv. Ah kuayX CjvSsSpp. kuayX Fmddns\bpw kpcampw. kuayXbpsS A`mhw hncq]hpampw. (apkvenw)

Cs\ iXWn\v hN\ Cu hnjbn am{Xw Dcnm km[npw. hynbpsS BcnI ksb AIjhpw sXfnapXpamphbmWv Cu hN\.

AIw ipamb hynbpsS _mlytNjvSIfpw AXn\\pkcnmhWw. a\kn kZznImcsf IcpnSnnpXns `mKw XsbmWv ZpnIsfbpw ZphnImcsfbpw ZqcoIcnpI FXv. Akqb, Im]Syw, ]nipv, {]IS\]cX, Almcw, ]cpjX, ncNnXbnmbva, IrXLv\X, tIm]w XpSnb \ntj[ at\mhrnIsf t_m[]qw Dt]nm lZokpI t{]cW \Ipp. amXrIv Nne hN\ {inpI.

(F) Akqbsb kqnpI. Xo hndIns\sbt]mse Akqb \asb XnpXopw (A_qZmhqZv). (_n) Hcp Zmk Ifhp ]dbptm AXpmp ZpKw ImcWw amemJam Hcp ssa amdn \npXmWv (XnanZn). (kn) Akqbbpw hntZzjhpw aXs ap\w sNpw (AlvaZv, XnanZn). (Un) ]nippw Zpxkz`mhhpw kXyhnizmknbn ktfnpIbn (AlvaZv). (C) tIm]w ss]imNnIamWv. ]nimNv Anbn \nmWv krjvSnsncnpXv. AXn\m tIm]w hm AwKkv\m\w sNpI (A_qZmhqZv). (F^v) \ns ktlmZc \ns hnizknp Imcyn \o Aht\mSv Ifhp ]dbpXv ISp h\bmIpp. (A_qZmhqZv). (Pn) a\kn AWpthmfw Almcaph kzKn {]thinpIbn (apkvenw). (Fv) \nfpsS Imcyn Rm Gddhpw `bpXv sNdnb inns\bmWv. {]IS\ ]cXbmWXv. (ss_lJn) {]IS\ ]cXbpsS eW aqmWv. P\tfmsSmamhptm Dtjw ImWnpI. X\nmhptm Aek\mhpI. kIe Imcyfnepw P\fpsS {]iwk B{KlnpI (C_v\p dmlsshln).

apIfnepcn cp KWn hcp \_nhN\fpw hynbpsS BcnI kzXzs \naeampXn\phbmWv. Cs\ kzbw kwkvIrX\mb hynbpsS Iafpw s]cpamhpw kaqlnse CS]mSpIfpw Fs\ BhWsapw lZokpIfn hnhcnpp. PohnXn ]ment sshbnI \njvTI hnhcnp FmSpw lZokpIfpv. t]cp apX hkv{X[mcWw, Blmcioe, \Sw, bm{X, kw`mjW acymZI, ]ckv]c_, AhImi, BtcmKy ]cn]me\w XpSn hnkP\ acymZI hsc hym]np InSpXmWv lZokpIfn ]cmainsSp PohnX NnI. hynbpsS _mlykzXzs cq]oIcnpXn kp{][m\ ]phlnphbmWv Cu lZokpI.

hkv{Xw \nengp \ScpXv, Hcp Imen am{Xambn sNcpv [cncpXv, anXamb thKXbnse \Smhq. hgnbn ImWp XS \opXv ]pWyIaamWv. acymZtbmsStb kwkmcnmhq, No hmpw Aoehpw ]dbcpXv, kpkvtachZ\\mbn thWw addphsc A`napJoIcnm, lkvXZm\tmsS A`nhmZyw sNWw, icocw ipNnbmn \ne\nWw, `wKnbmbn hkv{Xw [cnpIbpw apSn NoInsbmXppIbpw thWw, ]cnlmkhpw AcpXv XpSn PohnXns Hmtcm izmknepw {]kamb amK\ntZifmWv hniZmwitfmsS {]hmNI hN\ \IpXv.

hon Xo Ippsn AXWmsX \nfmcpw Ddm InScpXv (_pJmcn, apkvenw). ]m{X aqSnshpI, shsmnI ASphbvpI, hmXnepI ASpI, kym t\c v IpnIsf ]pdv hnScpXv (_pJmcn). ebpw anX`mjWhpw kXyhnizmkns cp imJIfmIpp. Zpjnp]dbepw s]cpnp ]dbepw Im]Syns imJIfpw (XnanZn). Cs\ \opt]mIp lZokpI ssZ\wZn\ PohnXns Fm taJeIsfbpw ApXIcamb sshhn[ytmsS kv]inpp. hynbpsS kz`mhsbpw s]cpamsbpw ioesfbpw NnsSppXv Chbpw Chv kam\amb CXc lZokpIfpamWv. Cs\ PohnX ns \nJne taJeIfpw hniZambn kv]inp XncphN\ lZokv {KfnsemSpw ImWmw.

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