lZokv hnÚmhpw tIcfhpw

tIcf¯nse lZokv hnÚm\s¯¡pdn¨pÅ ]T\w ]e ImcW§fmepw {iaIcambn¯oÀ¶n«p­v. ]qÀh tIcf¯nse apkvenwIfpsS Ncn{Xw an¡Xpw \ap¡v e`yaà F¶Xp Xs¶bmWv  Chbn {][m\w. tIcf apkvenwIfpsS BZyIme Ncn{Xw tXSn¸nSn¡p¶ ]TnXmhn\v Ncn{X¯n At\Iw hnShpIÄ A\p`hs¸Spw. lZokv hnÚm\ob§fn kvacn¡s¸tS­ At\Iw hyànIfpsSbpw kw`h§fpsSbpw Ncn{XhnhcW§Ä \jvSs¸«p InS¡p¶p. C¯cw hnShpIÄ icnbmb ]T\¯n\pÅ hnLv\§fmbn \ne\n¡p¶p. Ncn{X¯nsâ Cu A]cym]vXXsb AXnPohn¨v \S¯s¸Sp¶ Ncn{Xmt\zjW¯nsâ ]cnanXnIsf¡pdn¨v BZyta \mw t_m[hm·mcmbncn¡Ww.

Hcp {]tXyI {]tZi¯v \ne\n¡p¶ lZokpIÄ AhntS¡pÅ Ckvemansâ BKa\w, B {]tZi¯nsâ A´ÀtZiob _豈 F¶nhbm kzm[o\n¡s¸«ncn¡pw.1 CXn\m tIcf¯n Ckvemw {]thin¨Xnsâ Ime \nÀWbw \S¯Â AXymhiyamWv.  tIcfobcpw Ad_nIfpw X½nepÅ aXIob sImÅs¡mSp¡epIÄ¡v ]pdsa km¼¯nIhpw kmaqlnIhpamb hyhlmc§fpw tIcf¯nte¡pÅ lZoknsâ BKa\¯n\p ]p¯³ hgnIÄ krjvSn¨p. tIcfobÀ Ckvemapambn _Ôamcw`n¨sX¶msW¶ Imcy¯n Ncn{XImc·mÀ hyXykvX ho£W¡mcmsW¦nepw {]hmNIcpsS Ime¯pXs¶ CXmcw`n¨ncp¶psh¶mWv

`qcn]£ aXw.

lmInansâ apkvXZvdInepÅ C_v\p Aºmkv (d) D²cn¡p¶ lZokv CÆnjbIambn {]kn²amWv. tIcf¯nse Hcp cmPmhv ]mcntXmjnIhpambn Hcp ZuXykwLs¯ {]hmNI k¶n[nbnte¡p \ntbmKn¨ncp¶XmWv lZoknse {]Xn]mZyw. Xz_vcnbpsS AÂ^nÀZukp lnIvabn {]hmNIsc kµÀin¨v ]Xnt\gp Znhkw IqsS Xmakn¨ Hcp tNcam³ s]cpamsf¡pdn¨pÅ ]cmaÀiap­v.2 {]kvXpX tNcam³ s]cpamÄ tIcf¯n \n¶pw apkvenamb tijamWv  Atd_ybnte¡p bm{XXncn¨sX¶v ^cnjvX tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p.3 kpsseam³ \_n (A) sâ Ime¯pXs¶ tIcfhpambn Atd_y¡p hym]mc _豈 \ne\n¶ncp¶psh¶ Ncn{X {]kvXmh§fpw {]hmNIcpsS Ime¯p aXIob _Ôw D­mbncp¶psh¶Xn\v Dt]mÂ_eIamWv. H^odn (t_¸qÀ) \n¶mWv tkmfa³ cmPmhn\p kzÀWw, shÅn, B\s¡m¼v, acp¶pIÄ F¶nh e`n¨ncp¶sX¶p l­À FgpXnbn«p­v.4

C{Xbpw hniZoIcn¨Xv lZokpIÄ ssIamäw sN¿s¸Sm³ X¡ kmaqtlym]m[nbmb Dujvaf _豈 {]mà\ tIcfobÀ Ad_nIfpambn \ne\nÀ¯nbncp¶psh¶v kqNn¸n¡m\mWv. Cu A\ptbmPy kmlNcyw apXseSp¯v tIcf¯nse¯nb ]WvVnXcn \n¶mbncn¡Ww BZyambn tIcf¯n lZokv {]Ncn¨Xv. {]hmNIcpsSbpw kzlm_¯nsâbpw Ime¯pw tijhpw C¯cw ]WvVnX·mÀ tIcf¯n h¶v aXm[ym]\§fn GÀs¸«ncp¶psh¶v Ncn{X¯n kv]jvSamWv. JpÀB³ Ignªm Gähpw IqSpX AwKoIcn¡pIbpw Ahew_n¡pIbpw sN¿s¸Sp¶ C¯cw lZokpIfmWv {][m\ aXhn[nIÄ¡pw ^XvhIÄ¡pw am\ZÞsa¶Xn\m s]mXpP\§Ä¡nSbnepw Ch ]cnNnXambncn¡Ww.

kzlm_¯nsâ Ime¯p tIcf¯nse¯nb {][m\nIfnsemcmfmbncp¶p apKodXp_v\p ipAv_ (d). lnPvd Ccp]t¯gn Dkvam³ (d) apKodXp_v\p ipAv_ bpsS t\XrXz¯n Hcp kwLs¯ C´ybnte¡p \ntbmKn¨p. A§s\ AhÀ ae_mdn h¶nd§pIbpw kaqZ³ F¶ cmPmhv `cn¡p¶ Imen¡q¯v5 F¶ Øes¯¯pIbpw sNbvXpsh¶v Ncn{Xw ]dbp¶p. Cu apkvenw ZuXykwL¯n \n¶pw {]hmNIsc Ipdn¨pw N{µ³ ]nfÀ¶ þ dkqensâ apAvPnk¯vþ Xns\ Ipdn¨pw AhÀ Adnbm\nSbmbn. Imen¡q¯nse P\§fpw N{µ³ ]nfÀ¶ Cu kw`h¯n\p km£nIfmbncp¶p. CXdnª cmPmhv CtX¡pdn¨t\zjn¡pIbpw e`yamb hnhc§Ä¡pw X§Ä tcJs¸Sp¯nbncp¶h¡pw kmayaps­¶v a\Ênem¡nbt¸mÄ cmPmhpw tZi¡mcpw Ckvemw hcn¡pIbpw sNbvXpsh¶v ssiJv apl½Zv I_odp _mcn Zm\m^qcnbpsS "XZvInd¯p InÂdmw ^o XmcoJn Jpe^mC Ad_n h Ckvemw' F¶ {KÙ¯n I­Xmbn AlvaZv tImbÈmenbm¯n tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«p­v.6 Cu kwL¯nsâ Xeh\mbncp¶ apKodXp_v\p ipAv_ (d) tImgnt¡m«mbncp¶p Xmakn¨ncp¶sX¶pw B ØeamWv ]n¶oSv apKvZmÀ (apKodXp±mÀ) F¶p \maIcWw sN¿s¸«sX¶pw Ncn{XImc\mb sI sI apl½Zv A_vZp Icow ^Xvlp ap_osâ BapJ¯n ]dªn«p­v. Hcp kwLambn h¶ Ch À¡p ]pdsa _Zvco§fnÂs]« At©mfw t]À tIcf¯nse¯nbXmbpw hnhcW§fp­v7.hmsamgn cq]¯n ssIamddw sN¿s¸Smhp¶ a\:]mTam¡nb lZokpIfpsS hym]\¯n\p P\k¼À¡w Xs¶ hensbmcp \nan¯ambncp¶p.

lZokv tiJcW¯n\p th­n kmlknI bm{XIÄ kwLSn¸n¡pIbpw apl±nkpIfmbn Adnbs¸SpIbpw sNbvX BZyIme tIcf¯nse Nne ]WvVnXsc¡pdn¨pÅ hnhcW§Ä AÛpXIcamwhn[w bmYmÀYyamWv. tIcf¯n \n¶p hntZi¯p t]mbn lZokv ]WvVnXcpsS ASp¡Â ]T\w \S¯pIbpw lZokv dmhnIfn (D²mcIÀ) I®nIfmhpIbpw sNbvX ae_mdpImÀ ]pcmX\ tIcf¯n D­mbncp¶p. bmJqXp lahn Xsâ apAvPap _pÂZm³ F¶ {KÙ¯nse _m_p aoav F¶ A²ymb¯n FgpXp¶p: ""asse_mÀ: Np¡pw IpcpapfIpw ChnsS k¼¶ambn ImWs¸Sp¶p. ZnanivJnsâ Ncn{X¯n Rm\n§s\ I­n«p­v. ae_mdpImc³ A_vZpdlvamsâ ]p{X³ A_vZpÃmln asse_mcn F¶ hyàn ZnanivJn D­mbncp¶p. ISÂXoc¯pÅ sskzZmAv ]«W¯nse AZv\q\n sh¨v iodmkptZi¡mc\pw ac¡¨hS¡mc\pamb A_vZp hmlnZnsâ aI³ AlvaZn \n¶v At±lw lZokv ]T\w \S¯n. _kzd¡mc\mb A_q A_vZpÃmlnÊzqcn F¶ hyàn Ct±l¯n (A_vZpÃmln asse_mcn) \n¶v lZokv dnt¸mÀ«v sNbvXn«p­v.''

Adnbs¸SmsXt]mb At\Iw t]cn \n¶pÅ Hcmsf¡pdn¨pÅ hnhcWamWnXv. Hcp ae_mdpImc\mWv h³ Zqcw ]n¶n«v A\ytZi¯v \n¶p lZokv ]Tn¡p¶Xn hnPbn¨Xv. C¡me¯v temIXe¯n lZokv ]T\w kPohambncp¶ tZi§fn {][m\§fmbncp¶p ZnanivJv, _KvZmZv, _kzd XpS§nbh.  ZnanivJn t]mbn lZokv ]T\w \S¯nb A_vZpÃmln asse_mcnbpsS Ncn{Xw, F®aä lZokv ]WvVnXcnte¡pÅ Hcp kqNIamWv. A_vZpÃmln_v\p AlvaZp Imen¡q¯o F¶ lZokv ]WvVnXs\ Ipdn¨pÅ ]cmaÀi§fpw Ncn{X{KÙ§fn ImWmw. lnPvd 879þ Imen¡q¯n P\n¨ Ct±lw  Jmknw, A_q_¡À F¶o ktlmZc·mtcmSp IqsS a¡bnte¡v bm{X t]mIpIbpw AhnsS sh¨v AssÈJv A lm^nfpÊJmhn F¶ ]WvVnX\n \n¶p lZokv ]T\¯n injyXzw kzoIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. CXn\p ]pdsa lZokv D²cn¡m³ DkvXmZn \n¶p At±lw {]tXyI CPmk¯v t\SpIbpw sNbvXncp¶p.8 Xsâ {KÙ¯n kJmhnbpw A_vZpÃmln_v\p AlvaZv Imen¡q¯n F¶ ]WvVnXsâ Ncn{Xw tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«p­vv.

ap³sNm¶ c­p hnhcW§fnepw {it²bamb Nne Imcy§fp­v. hntZi¯psh¨mWv ae_mdpImcmb ChÀ lZokv hnZy A`ykn¨Xv. A¶p ae_mdnep­mbncp¶ ]WvVnXsc am{Xw B{ibn¡p¶Xn\p ]Icw A\y\mSpIfnse ]WvVnXscbpw AhÀ e£yw sh¨ncp¶psh¶v kmcw. A¶p ae_mdn C¯cw ]T\§Ä¡pÅ Xzc hym]Iamb tXmXn \ne\n¶ncp¶psh¶Xnsâ iàamb sXfnhmWnXv. ImcWw, lZokv hnÚm\s¯¡pdn¨v icnbmb Aht_m[hpw e£y§fpapÅ Hcp kaql¯n \nt¶ C¯cw ]T\bm{XIfpw addpw {]Xo£n¡s¸tS­XpÅq. KXmKXþhmÀ¯mhn\nab kuIcy§Ä XmcXtay\ ZpÀ_eambncp¶ A¡me¯v Xs¶ C¯cw sshÚm\nI {]hÀ¯\§Ä kwLSn¸n¡s¸«ncps¶¦n AXn\p t{]cIamb NmeI iàn F{Xam{Xw iàambncp¶p.

ap³Ime tIcf¯nse km[mcW P\§sf s]mXpshbpw lZokv ]TnXm¡sf {]tXyIn¨pw kzm[o\n¨ asämcp LSIw tIcf¯nse¯nb hntZi ]WvVnXcpw AhÀ Bcw`n¨ aX]T\ tI{µ§fpambncp¶p. Bßobhpw sshÚm\nIhpambn {]hmNIcpsS A\´cmhImiw e`n¨ C¯cw hntZi ]WvVnXÀ tIcf¯nse an¡bnS§fnepw ZÀkv \S¯nbncp¶p. B[p\nI bqWnthgvknddnIsft¸mse C¯cw ZÀkpIfn hntZi cmjv{S§fnsebpw hnZymÀYnIÄ kw_Ôn¡mdp­mbncp¶p. kndnb, _mKvZmZv, ba³, a¡, aZo\, atejy, kn¦¸qÀ, Ct´mt\jy XpS§nb cmjv{S§fn \n¶pt]mepw hnZymÀYnIÄ tIcf¯n ]T\¯ns\¯nbncp¶p.9  temI {]ikvX§fmb At\Iw CkvemanI kÀhIemimeIÄ \ne\nÂs¡bmbncp¶p tIcf¯nte¡pÅ ]T\ ]cyS\§Ä Ft¶mÀt¡­Xp­v. lZokv ]T\imJ AS¡apÅ hnÚm\ob§Ä¡v tIcf¯nep­mb e`yXbmbncp¶p CXnsâ ASnØm\ ImcWw. ae_mdnse C¯cw aX]T\ tI{µ§fn A[ym]\w \S¯nbncp¶hcn hntZinIfmb ]WvVnXcpw DÄs¸Sp¶p. ae_mdn aXm[ym]\§fn apgpInbncp¶ C¯cw ]WvVnXcpambn ]cnNbs¸Sm³ Ignªpsh¶v C_v\p _Xq¯ tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«p­v. At±lw FgpXp¶p: ""IS k©mcnIÄ h¼n¨ t\À¨IÄ t\cpIbpw lnµp¡fpw apkvenwIfpw Htct]mse BZcn¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶ PpapA¯v ]Ån ØnXn sN¿p¶ Ggnaebnte¡mWv ]ns¶ R§Ä t]mbXv. hensbmcp [\tiJcap­mbncp¶ ]Ånbn hgnbm{X¡mÀ¡pw AicWÀ¡pw th­nbpÅ `£Wimebpw hnZymÀYnIÄ¡v kvtImfÀjn¸pw D­mbncp¶p. anJvZniv (tkmamenb) kztZinbpw `à\pw kÂkz`mhnbpamb Hcp ]WvVnXs\ Rm\hnsS I­p. a¡bnepw aZo\bnepw ]Xn\mep sImÃw hoXw Xmakn¨Xn\p ]pdsa C´y, ssN\ F¶o cmPy§fpw kµÀin¨n«ps­¶v At±lw Ft¶mSp ]dªp.''10  Cu hnhcW¯n ImWp¶ ]WvVnXsâ lZokv ss\]pWyw sXfnbn¡m³ IqSpX tcJIÄ BhiyanÃ. ImcWw Ccp]s¯«p hÀjw lZoknsâ hfÀ¯p\mSpIfmb a¡bnepw aZo\bnepw sNehgn¨ ]WvVnX\mWnt±lw. Ct±l¯nsâ aX]T\ tI{µhpw lZokv hym]\¯n \à kzm[o\w sNep¯nbncp¶psh¶p thWw IcpXm³.

C§s\ A[ym]\w \S¯nbncp¶ Gtgmfw ]WvVnX·msc I­Xmbn C_v\p _¯q¯ km£ys¸Sp¯p¶p. Ham\n \n¶pÅ Hcp ]WvVnX³ ^´co\ (]´emb\n) bnepw Jkvho\n \n¶pÅ ]WvVnX³ sImïpw tkh\a\pjvTn¨ncp¶p. _lvssd\n \n¶pÅ C{_mlow imlv_µÀ F¶ t\Xmhns\ tImgnt¡m«p sh¨v C_v\p _¯q¯ ]cnNbs¸«ncp¶p.11

aXhnÚm\ cwK¯p tIcf¯n\p­mbncp¶ C¯cw A´ÀtZiob _Ô§fneqsSbmWv lZokv hnÚm\w {][m\ambpw DÛhn¨Xpw hfÀ¨ {]m]n¨Xpw. ]t£, ap³Ime tIcf Ncn{X¯nsâ ]IpXnt]mepw tcJs¸Sp¯s¸«n«nsöXn\m ]qÀh lZokv ]WvVnXcpsS IrXyamb Ncn{X\nÀ Wbw Akm[yamWv. Cusbmcp ]cnanXnbn Imeq¶n \n¡p¶ Hcp Ncn{Xmt\zjn¡v NnXdnb Nne hnhc§Ä am{Xta {]m]yamIq. CXn\p ]pdsa, tIcfw km£nbmb At\Iw hn¹h§fpw A[n\nthi§fpw hnizkvX§fmb Ncn{XtcJIfpsS D·qe \mi¯n\p tlXphmbn«p­v.

B[p\nI tIcf¯nse lZokv ]T\s¯¡pdn¨v Ipdt¨sd ]dbm\p­v. tIcf¯nse ]WvVnXcn `qcn`mKhpw lZoknse B[nImcnI {KÙ§Ä A[ym]\w \S¯p¶hcpw \n]pWcpamsW¶Xv s]mXphmb khntijXbmWv. Cu hnjb¯n {KÙcN\bnteÀs¸Sm³ AhÀ¡p ]t£, ]e {]XnIqe LSI§sfbpw AXnPbnt¡­nbncp¶p. kzmX{´y kachpw ae_mÀ Iem]hpw Chbn {][m\§fmbncp¶p. CtX {]Imcw, ]p¯³ {]Øm\§fpsS BhnÀ`mht¯msS Ahs¡Xnsc P\§sf t_m[hXvIcn¡m\pw bYmÀY CkvemanI Bibw DbÀ¯n¸nSn¡m\pw X§fpsS kab¯nsâ knwl`mKhpw ]WvVnXÀ¡p sNehgnt¡­nh¶p. AXn\m hym]Iamb lZokv {KÙcN\m {ia§Ä C¡me¯p hncfambncp¶p. F¦nepw C¯cw {]XnkÔnIsf adnIS¶v ]teS§fnepw {KÙcN\m {ia§Ä \S¶psh¶Xv kvacWobamWv.

auem\m hmf¡pfw A_vZpÂ_mcn apkvenbmÀ cNn¨ "kznlmlpssÈssJ\n' F¶ {KÙw lZokv hnÚm\¯n \o­ Imebfhn\p tijw ]pd¯ph¶ A]qÀh {KÙamWv. kakvXbpsS sshkv {]knU­mbpw, tijw hntbmKw hsc {]knU­mbpw At±lw tkh\a\pjvTn¨n«p­v. ]nXmhn \n¶pw {]mYanI ]T\w ]qÀ¯nbm¡nb Ct±lw D]cn]T\¯n\mbn \mZm]pcw PpapA¯v ]Ånbn t]mbn. hyXykvX Kpcp\mY·mcpsS injyXzw kzoIcn¨ tijw shÃqÀ _mJnbm¯n A©p hÀjamWv ]T\w \S¯nbXv. "kznlmlpssÈssJ\n' F¶ Xsâ {KÙ¯n 2648þHmfw {]_eamb lZokpIÄ At±lw DÄs¸Sp¯nbn«p­v. Bbnc¯nbªqdv tIm¸nIfp­mbncp¶ kznlmln \n¶pw Adp\qddn A¼Xp tIm¸nIÄ At±lw kuP\yambn ]eÀ¡pw \ÂIpIbmWp­mbXv. \à km¼¯nI tijnbp­mbncp¶ Ct±l¯nsâ kz´amb A¨pIqS¯n \n¶mWv {KÙw {]kn²oIcn¨Xv. CXn\p ]pdsa, kznlmln\v "JmZnapÊzlossl\n' F¶ idlpw "lminbXp knlmlpssÈssJ\n' F¶ hymJym\hpw At±lw Xs¶ FgpXn¯pS§nbncp¶p. a¡bnse apZcnkpw ap^vXnbpambncp¶ k¿nZv Aehn amen¡n kznlmln\v AhXmcnI FgpXmsa¶v k½Xn¨ncp¶phs{X!12 1965þPqsse 29 \mWv hmf¡pfw DkvXmZv h^m¯mbXv. At±lw \nÀan¨ hmf¡pfs¯ akvPnZv auehnbpsS ap³hi¯mWv J_dnSw.

B[p\nI tIcfobÀ¡v A`nam\n¡mhp¶ _rl¯mb lZokv hymJym\ {KÙamWv s\Ãn¡p¯v CkvamCu apkvenbmcpsS anÀB¯p anivIm¯v. Pohn¨ncn¡p¶ ]WvVnX\pw {KÙImc\pamb Ct±l¯nsâ Cu {KÙw anivIm¯nsâ hymJym\amWv. lZokv ]T\¯n \qdp]pdw t]mepw FgpXm³ hfsctbsd BfpIÄ CÃmXncp¶ Ime¯mWv DÅS¡¯n BVyXzw ]peÀ¯p¶ A¿mbnc¯n Ccp\qtdmfw t]PpIfpÅ anÀB¯nsâ {]kn²oIcWw F¶Xp Xs¶bmWo {KÙ¯nsâ Gddhpw henb khntijX. anivIm¯nse lZokv AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xn\nsS \ÂIs¸Sp¶ hniZoIcW§Ä¡p ]pdsa Hmtcm A²ymb¯n\pw tijw {]tXyIw X¿mdm¡s¸« ]T\§Ä Kl\§fmWv. Ch¡p ]pdta lZokpIfpambn _Ôs¸« hnjb§fpsS NmÀ«pIÄ, kqNnIIÄ, A]qÀh Nn{X§Ä, `q]S§Ä F¶nhbpw Hmtcm hmfy¯nepw \ÂInbn«p­v. IÀaimkv{X \nba§fpsS NÀ¨Ifn \mep aZvl_pIfpsSbpw hn[nIÄ DÄs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p. F«p hmfy§fmbn {]kn²oIcn¡s¸« anÀB¯n hnhmZ kw_Ônbmb lZokpIfpsS ]T\§Ä IqSpX ]WvVntXmNnX§fmWv. hyXykvX am\ZÞ§fpsS ASnØm\¯n thÀXncn¡s¸« lZokpIfpsS Ad_n A£camem {Ia¯nepÅ hnimeamb C³UIvkv F«mw hmfy¯n ImWmw. anivIm¯n DÄs¸« kzlm_nIÄ, Xm_nDIÄ, addp ]n³KmanIÄ F¶nhcpsS Ncn{Xhpw BapJambn tNÀ¯ncn¡p¶p. {][m\ {KÙ§Ä, ]WvVnXÀ, lZokv kwÚIÄ F¶nhbpsS hnhcW§Ä ]TnXm¡Ä¡p IqSpX D]Imc{]ZamWv. A_q_¡À kn±oJv (d) hnsâ ]c¼cbn 1939þemWv CkvamCu apkvenbmÀ P\n¨Xv. ]e Kpcp\mY·mcn \n¶pw ]T\w ]qÀ¯nbm¡nb Ct±lw 1984 apX Imc´qcnse aÀIkv icoA¯v tImfPn ssiJp lZokmbn tkh\a\pjvTn¡p¶p. 1964þ ]T\w ]qÀ¯nbm¡n ]pd¯nd§nb tijw Be¯qÀ]Sn (s]mSnbmSv), Imh\qÀ, ]pÃmc, s\Ãn¡p¯v, Acn{¼ XpS§nb Øe§fn ZÀkv \S¯nbncp¶p. "anÀB¯p anivIm¯v' t]msebpÅ Hcp _rl¯mb {KÙw temIXe¯n e`yam¡m\pÅ {ia§fp­mhWw.

History Source

1 Bitbm²mcWw: Hedith and Sunnah; Ideals and Realities

2 The Paradise of Wisdom

3 Tariki Ferishtha VolII  370, 491

4 t_¸qÀ

5 Hunter. Hostory of British India VolI Page: 25

6 Pmen_Xp ¯zd_v _n Pmen_Xn Ad_v: t]Pv 33

7 IBID

8 AÅuD ÃmanAv Vol 5 Page :11

9 ]WvVnX tIcfw t]Pv 165

10 cnlveXp C_v\p _¯q¯

11 kp¶o ssSwkv, ]pkvXIwþ2, e¡wþ18 (1965)

12 IBID