 1980 Pqembv 31\v apl½Zv d^n kmln_v \ncymX\mb hmÀ¯ tdUntbmhneqsS Adnªv ¢_n kwKoX¢mskSp¡m³ h¶ncp¶ \mtSmSnbmb DkvXmZv A³hÀJm³ Hcp sIm¨pIpªns\t¸mse s]m«n¡cªp. Pe]m\anÃmsX cm{Xn sshIpthmfw InS¶p. injy³amÀ¡pw DkvXmZns\ kam[m\n¸n¡m\mbnÃ. HSphn DkvXmZns\mcp Iq«n\mbn c¬Spaq¶pt]À cm{Xn ¢_n Ign¨pIq«n. ]mXncm{Xn¡v Btcm ]mSp¶XptI«v AhcpWÀ¶t¸mÄ DkvXmZv A³hÀJm³ lmÀtamWnbw hmbn¨v ]mSpIbmbncp¶p. d^n kmln_nsâ A\izcKm\w, Hm Zp\nbm tI cJvhmte... (amXr`qan hmcm´¸Xn¸v 21þ5þ2005). kwKoXhpw KmbIcpw kwKoX{]tWXm¡fn sNep¯p¶ kzm[o\¯nsâ Bghpw ]c¸pw sXfn¨pImWn¡p¶ HcpZmlcWamWv Cu hmÀ¯bn \mw ImWp¶Xv. kwKoXw F¡me¯pw a\pjykaql¯n AXy[nIamb kzm[o\w sNep¯nbn«p¬Sv. IÀWIhmS¯neqsS BXvamhnsâ BØm\amb lrZb¯nte¡v {]thin¨p AhnsS Ne\w krjvSn¡p¶p. Cu Ne\¯nsâ AebSn at\mhm¡Àa§fnepw hnNmc hnImc ho£W§fnepw {]ISamIp¶p.
Cu Ne\¯nsâ kz`mhw an¡t¸mgpw Km\¯nsâ kz`mhs¯ B{ibn¨ncn¡pw. Km\¯nse {]Xn]mZyw \sÃsX¦n Ne\hpw \¶mhpw. No¯sb¦n Ne\w No¯bmIpw. Nnet¸mÄ AXp Km\¯nsâ AhXcW coXnsb B{ibn¨ncn¡pw. \r¯¯nsâtbm hmtZym]IcW§fpsStbm AI¼SntbmsSbmWv Bem]\sa¦n AXp No¯^ew Dfhm¡pw. KmbIcpsS \nebpw Km\¯nsâ NmeIkz`mh¯n kzm[o\w sNep¯pw. bphXnIÄ bphm¡fpsS ap¼nepw bphm¡Ä bphXnIfpsS ap¼nepw kwKoXame]n¡pt¼mÄ kv{Xo kv{XobpsS ap¼ntem ]pcpj³ ]pcpjsâ ap¼ntem AhXcn¸n¡p¶ {]XoXnbà D¬SmhpI. t{imXm¡fpsS am\knImhØbpw Cu Ne\¯nsâ kz`mh¯n kzm[o\w sNep¯pw. kZpt±iyt¯msS HcmÄ ]mSnb ]m«n \n¶v Hcp ZpÝn´I³ No¯ Bibw a\Ênem¡ntb¡mw. Zpcpt±iyt¯msS HcmÄ Be]n¨ ]m«n \n¶v Hcp klrZb³ \à Bibw {Klns¨¶pw hcpw. ssiJv C_v\pAºmZv ]dª c¬Sp kw`h§Ä DZmlcW¯n\p ChnsS Ipdn¡s«. ]{´¬Sp hnÚm\imJIfn hnhcw t\Snb AÂPukn F¶ ]WvVnX³ Hcp Zn\w _KvZmZnse Xsâ hnZymeb¯nte¡p t]mhpIbmWv. At¸mÄ C§s\ HcmÄ ]mSp¶Xp tI«p.
Cu IhnXsb \ap¡v C§s\ hnhÀ¯\w sN¿mw: iAv_m³ Ccp]Xv Ignªm cmhpw ]Iepw IpSn¡pI. dafm\mbm ]I IpSn¡m³ IgnbnÃ. AXpsIm¬Sv dafm\Sp¯m cmhpw ]Iepw IpSn¡Ww. sIm¨pNjI§Ä sIm¬Sv IpSn¡cpXv. ImcWw kabw sIm¨pNjI§Ä¡p k¦pNnXambncn¡p¶p. Cu ]m«p tI«t¸mÄ ]cn{`m´\mb Pukn _KvZmZv hn«p a¡bnte¡p bm{Xbmbn. acWw hsc AhnsS¯s¶ Xmakn¨p (iÀlpÂlnIw 2/20). Ihn ]dªXà AKm[Nn´I\mb Znhy]WvVnX³ {Kln¨Xv. acWm\´c PohnXamIp¶ dafm³ kamKXambm ]ns¶ IÀa§Ä sN¿m³ IgnbnÃ. AXpsIm¬Sv acWw ASp¯m cmhpw ]Iepw kXvIÀa§fn apgpIn Bcm[\m\ncX\mIWw. AXn\p _KvZmZnse IrXym´c _lpeX Xs¶ A\phZn¡nÃ. IAv_bpsS Nmc¯v A`bw tXSpIbmWv D¯aw. Cu coXnbnembncn¡Ww At±lw Nn´n¨Xv.
ssiJv aIo\p±o³ AkvaÀ F¶ almsâ IYbmWv c¬Smat¯Xv. At±ls¯ hninjvS hen¿pamcmb A_vZmepIfpsS Iq«¯nemWv ssiJv imZpen (d) F®nbn«pÅXv. AXn \n¶pXs¶ At±l¯nsâ Øm\hen¸w a\knem¡mw. At±l¯nsâ kao]¯psh¨v Hcp IhnXbpsS aq¶v hcnIÄ HcmÄ Be]n¡pIbp¬Smbn.
aZyw sIm¬Sv F\n¡v ku`mKyw \ÂIp¶ hà hyànbpw D¬SmIp¶psh¦n aZy]m\¯n\p Rm³ t\m¼p apdn¡p¶ kabw {]Xo£n¨p \n¡pIbnÃ.
\o IpSn¡p¶ t{ijvTamb ]m\obamWv aZyw. AXpsIm¬Sv \o IpSn¡pI. aZyw \n\¡v Ipä§Ä Gänsh¨mepw, sXfnª aZyw IpSn¡p¶Xnsâ t]cn Fs¶ A[nt£]n¡p¶ a\pjym, kzÀK§sfÃmw \o FSpt¯mfq. Fs¶ \cI¯n \nhkn¡phm\mbn hnt«¡pI.
CXptI«t¸mÄ kZkycnsemcmÄ Cu hcnIÄ ]mSm³ ]mSnsöp ]dªp. XZhkcw ssiJv aIo\p±o³ AkvaÀ AXp]mSnb hyàntbmSp ]dªp. \o ]mSpI, Ct±lw (ZnhyZÀi\¯n \n¶pw Znhym\pcmK¯n \n¶pw) ad¡s¸«h\mIp¶p (iÀlpÂlnIw 2/20). Znhy]WvVnX³amÀ AÃmlp AhÀ¡v Xpd¶psImSp¡p¶ BXvaobm\p`qXnIsf aZywsIm¬Sv Dt±in¡mdp¬Sv. XZSnØm\¯n aZyhÀW\ \S¯mdpap¬Sv. At¸mÄ AhÀ¡p AXp \njn²amhpIbnà (I^v^pdBAv, t]Pv: 57). Cu ho£W¯n {]kvXpX hcnIÄ¡v C§s\ AÀYIÂ]\ \S¯mw. Znhyshfn]mSnsâ a[pcaZyw e`n¡m\pÅ ku`mKyap¬SmIp¶psh¦n AXp ]m\w sN¿p¶Xn\v Rm³ asämchkcw Im¯ncn¡pIbnÃ. F´p {]Xn_Ôap¬sS¦nepw Xmakwhn\m Rm\Xp IpSn¡pw. AXp t{ijvTamb ]m\obamWv. AXp Ign¨p a¯p]nSn¨Xnsâ t]cn {]ISamIp¶ khntijmhØIfpsS t]cn Bt£]§Ä klnt¡¬Sn h¶mepw. B hnip² aZyw ]m\w sN¿p¶Xnsâ t]cn A[nt£]n¡p¶htcmSv F\n¡v ]dbm\pÅXv, Cu aZyw Ign¨hÀ \cI¯nepw Ign¡m¯hÀ am{Xw kzÀK¯nepamsW¦n B anYymkzÀKw \o FSpt¯mfq. F\n¡v Cu \cIw aXn F¶mWv.
Npcp¡¯nÂ, {]Xn]mZyhnjbw, KmbI³, Bem]\coXn, t{imXmhnsâ at\mKXn F¶nh¡\pkrXambn kwKoX¯nsâ hn[n hyXymks¸Spw. kp¶¯v, ldmw, IdmlXv, ap_mlv F¶n§s\ \men\amWv kwKoXsa¶v ^nJvlv ]WvVnX³amcpsS hniIe\§fn \n¶p {Kln¡mhp¶XmWv. AÃmlphnt\mSpw dkqent\mSpapÅ kvt\l{]IS\w, kXvIÀa¯n\pÅ t{]cW, alm³amsc¡pdn¨pÅ {]IoÀ¯\w, kZp]tZiw BZnbmb \à Imcy§Ä DÄs¡mÅp¶ ]m«pIfpw kwKoX§fpw kp¶¯mWv. Xmsg sImSp¯ D²cWnIÄ {i²n¡pI.
kwKoXw a\kn Im]Syw \«phfÀ¯psa¶v XncphN\¯n ]dªn«pÅXv kv{XohÀW\t]msebpÅ hnjb§Ä kv]Àin¡p¶ IhnXIÄ Be]n¡p¶Xns\¡pdn¨p am{XamWv. AÃmlphns\tbm Ahsâ {]hmNIs\tbm hÀWn¡p¶Xpw AhtcmSv kvt\lw {]ISn¸n¡p¶Xpw BZnbmb aäp \ÃImcy§Ä DÄs¡mÅp¶Xpamb kwKoXw AXnÂs]SnÃ. AXp Bcm[\¡p t{]cIamIp¶p F¶XpsIm¬Sv Camw KÊmen (d) bpw Camw AZvdC (d) bpw ]dªXpt]mse kXvIÀaambn¯ocp¶p. kwKoXw sIm¬Sp a\kn\p kXvIÀa¯nte¡v Bthiw \ÂIpIbmWv e£ysa¦n AXp kXvIÀaamWv. sXän\p t{]cW \ÂIpIbmWv e£ysa¦n AXp IpäIcamIp¶p. \abpw Xn³abpw Dt±in¨nsæn AXp in£mÀlamb ]m]aà F¶mWv Camw KÊmen (d) ]dªn«pÅXv (iÀhm\n 10/218). AZvdC (d) bpsS {]kvXmh\ C{]ImcamWv. `mcn¨ tPmenbn GÀs¸SpItbm `mcw Npa¡pItbm sN¿pt¼mÄ ]Xnhmbn \S¯mdpÅ ]m«pIÄ A\phZ\obamsW¶ Imcy¯n kwibanÃ. Ad_n {KmaoWcpsS H«IKm\hpw kv{XoIÄ Ip«nIsf kamizkn¸n¡m³ \S¯p¶ Xmcm«pw Cu C\¯n s]«XmWv. CXymZn Km\§Ä A\phZ\obamsW¶p am{Xaà AXp bm{X¡p D³tajw ]IcpItbm \³a¡p {]tNmZ\w \ÂIpItbm sN¿p¶psh¦n kp¶¯pIqSnbmWv. lÖv bm{Xbnepw bp²bm{Xbnepw \S¯p¶ ]m«pIÄ Cu hIp¸nÂs]Sp¶p. kzlm_namcn NneÀ Be]n¨Xmbn h¶n«pÅ ]m«pIÄ Cu cq]¯nepÅXmsW¶p a\Ênemt¡¬SXmWv (Xplv^ 10/219). Camw JpÀXzp_n (d) ]dbp¶p: tPmenbn GÀs¸Spt¼mgpw `mcw Npa¡pt¼mgpw acp`qanIÄ Xm¬Sn¡S¡pt¼mgpw a\pjya\ÊpIÄ¡p B\µhpw Bthihpw ]Icphm³ th¬Sn ]m«pIÄ ]mSp¶Xv, AÇoetam \njn² hÀW\tbm CsænÂ, A\phZ\obamsW¶ Imcy¯n kwib¯nt\m A`n{]mbm´c¯nt\m hIbnÃ. lÖvþbp²bm{XIfnse ]m«pt]mse kÂ{]hÀ¯\¯n\p Bthiw ]Icpt¼mÄ AXp kp¶¯pIqSnbmbn¯ocp¶p. AXpsIm¬SmWv \_n (kz) bpw kzlm_namcpw aZo\m ]ÅnbpsS \nÀamWthfbnepw J³ZJv InS§v Ipgn¡pt¼mgpw ]m«p]mSnbXv. AXp {]kn²amWv. Hcp hnhmlmtLmj¯n kv{XoItfmSv ]m«p]mSm³ AhnSp¶v IÂ]n¡pIbp¬Smbn. Zp³bmhn hncIvXnbpw BJnd¯n XmXv]cyhpw P\n¸n¡p¶ ]Zy§fpw kp¶¯mWv. AXp Gähpw D]Imc{]Zamb D]tZiamWv. AXpsIm¬SpXs¶ AXn\p e`n¡p¶ {]Xn^ehpw Gähpw hepXmWv (I^v^pdBAv, t]Pv: 60).
Xmsg ]dbp¶ ImcW§fn hÃXpap¬Smbm kwKoXw ldmamIpw. DÅS¡¯nse ZqjyamWv H¶mas¯ ImcWw. Nne DZmlcW§Ä ]dbmw. km[mcWKXnbn sXän\p t{]cIamb {]Xn]mZ\w \S¯pI. CXmWv H¶mas¯ DZmlcWw. aZyw XpS§nb \njn²Imcys¯ hÀWn¡p¶Xpw Iuamc{]mb¯nepÅ kpµcs\tbm A\ykv{Xosbtbm kuµcyhÀW\ \S¯p¶Xpw Cu C\¯n s]Sp¶p (Xplv^ 10/219). kv{XohÀW\ \njn²amIp¶Xv Hcp \nÝnX kv{Xosb¡pdn¨mIpItbm AÇoecq]¯nemhpItbm ]ÅnbnÂsh¨mhpItbm sN¿pt¼mÄ am{XamWv. Asæn ldmanÃ. ]t£, tIÄ¡p¶h³ XZhkcw Xsâ ImapInbmb A\ykv{Xosb A\pkvacn¨bhnd¡nbm Ah³ Ipä¡mc\mIpw. A¯c¡mÀ kv{XohÀW\ Xosc tIÄ¡mXncn¡pIbmWv th¬SXv. sshbIvXnIambn Adnbm¯ kv{Xo\ma§sf B[mcam¡n kuµcyhÀW\ \S¯p¶ ]Xnhv IhnIÄ¡p¬Sv. AXv AhcpsS kmlnXyIe¡p anIhpIq«p¶Xn\pth¬SnbmWv. AXpsIm¬Sv Ipg¸ap¬Smhnsæn ]mSp¶tXm tIÄ¡p¶tXm ldmanÃ. F¶m aZyhÀW\ \ncp]m[nIw \njn²amWv. ]Ån¡I¯pw ]pd¯pw ]mSnÃ. ImcWw s]®v km[mcWambn \nÝnX D]m[nItfmsS A\phZ\obamIpw. aZyw A§s\bÃ. AXp \ncp]m[nIw ldmamWv. ]t£, Hcp aZys¯ hÀWn¡mw. AXy[nIw cpNnbpÅXpw F¶m elcnbnÃm¯Xpamb aZyw. AXp kzÀKob aZyamWv.
AÂapl±_v F¶ hn{ipX ^nJvlv {KÙ¯nsâ IÀ¯mhmb A_qCkvlmJv iodmko (d) AhÀIÄ Hcp ]uc{][m\n¡p aZykv]Àinbmb c¬SphcnIÄ sNmÃnt¡Ä¸n¡pIbp¬Smbn. At¸mÄ AbmÄ ]dªp. ssiJv \oWmÄ hmgs«. A§v aZyw A\phZ\obam¡nbtÃm. Rm³ kzÀK¯nse aZyw am{XamWv Dt±in¨Xv F¶mbncp¶p XZhkcw iodmknbpsS adp]Sn (I^v^pdBAv 55þ57).
AÇoew, hymPw, D]{ZhIcamb Bt£]w, ]cnlmkw, ]dbm³ h¿m¯ Imcy§fpsS A\mhcWw BZnbmbhbmWv DÅS¡Zqjy¯nsâ aäpZmlcW§Ä (I^v^pdBAv 50þ60). C{]Imcw DÅS¡ZqjyapÅ Km\§Ä cNn¡p¶Xpw ]mSp¶Xpw tIÄ¡p¶Xpw \njn²amWv. C¯cw Km\§sf Bt£]n¨psIm¬Sv \nch[n lZokpIÄ h¶n«p¬Sv. \_n (kz) ]dbp¶p: kwKoXhpw hnt\mZhpw lrZb¯n Im]Syw hfÀ¯pw. shÅw sNSnIsf hfÀ¯p¶Xpt]mse. JpÀB\pw ZnIvdpw lrZb¯n hnizmkw hfÀ¯pw. shÅw kky§sf hfÀ¯p¶Xpt]mse (ssZean). kwKoXw lrZb¯n Im]Syw hfÀ¯psa¶v \_n (kz) ]dªXmbn A_qlpssdd (d), C_v\pakvDuZv (d), Pm_nÀ (d) F¶o lZokp]WvVnX³amÀ X§fpsS lZokp{KÙ§fn D²cn¨n«p¬Sv (I^v^pdBAv 44þ47).
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