 a\pjy\v ImWm\pw ]Tn¡m\pw BkzZn¡m\pw klmbIamb F®aä AÛpXZriy§Ä `qapJ¯p¬Sv. t]msc¦n I®pXpd¶v hn®nte¡v t\m¡nbm Nn´¡pw BkzmZ\¯n\pw tbmKyamb ]eXpw ImWmw. Icbnepw ISenepw A´co£¯nepw \b\]cyS\w \S¯nbm P\§fpsS kulrZ{]IS\§fpsSbpw CW¡]nW¡§fpsSbpw kwL«\§fpsSbpw BkzmZyIcamb kzm`mhnI Zriy§Ä kpe`ambn ImWmw. F¶m CXnsem¶pw kwXr]vXcmIm¯ Nne ZpjvSa\kvIÀ I¬Sp]nSn¨n«pÅ {Iqchnt\mZ§fnsem¶mWv tImgnt¸mcv.
C´ybneS¡w ]¬SpapXte {]Nmcw t\Snb Hcp hnt\mZamWnXv. tImgnIfpsS ]qÀÆoIscÃmw Im«ptImgnIfmbncp¶psh¶pw, tImgnt¸mcv F¶ hnt\mZamIWw Im«ptImgnIsf CW¡nhfÀ¯m³ a\pjys\ t{]cn¸n¨sX¶papÅ P´pimkv{XÚcpsS \nKa\w Cu hnt\mZ¯nsâ ]ucmWnIXbnte¡pw {]mNo\Xbnte¡pamWv hnc Nq¬Sp¶Xv. a[yIme tIcf¯n `S³amÀ A¦w sh«p¶Xn\p ap¼v tImgnb¦w \S¯pambncp¶phs{X. tImgnb¦¯nse Pbw A¦hnPbkqNIambn IcpXnt¸m¶ncp¶p.
C´ybpÄs¸sS temIs¯§pw C¶v tImgnt¸mcv \ntcm[n¨n«p¬Sv. aÕc¯n Bthiw AXncpIS¡pt¼mÄ AXp \mSnsâ {]iv\amIp¶p. {Iakam[m\ {]iv\ambn hfÀ¶ph¶ Ncn{Xhpw tImgnt¸mcp aÕc§Ä¡p¬Sv. A§s\ A¦¡enbpw hmXpsh¸psams¡ apdpIn a\pjyÀ Xs¶ A¦wsh«m³ XpS§nbt¸mgmWv kÀ¡mcn\p tImgnb¦w \nbawaqew \ntcm[nt¡¬Sn h¶Xv. C´ybnse in£m\nbaw 428, 429 hIp¸pIfnepw arK]oV\ \nbaw 11þmw hIp¸nepw tImgnt¸mcp \S¯p¶hsc AdÌpsN¿m³ \nbaap¬Sv. F¶n«pw Hdok, B{Ôm{]tZiv, _olmÀ, Xangv\mSv, ]me¡mSv F¶nhnS§fnse {Kma§fn tImgnt¸mcv \S¡p¶p¬Sv. HIvtSm_À apX Unkw_À hscbmWv Xangv{Kma§fn tImgnb¦w \S¡p¶Xv. Xncp¨n, X©mhqÀ, a[pssc, ]pXpt¡m« PnÃIfnemWv tImgnt¸mcv aÕc§Ä GdnbIqdpw \S¡p¶Xv. s]mÅm¨n, ao\m£n]pcw XpS§nb Øe§fnepw ]me¡mSv PnÃbnse Xangv\mSnt\mSv tNÀ¶p InS¡p¶ Nne {Kma§fnepw tImgnt¸mcv aÕc§Ä \S¡mdp¬Sv.
XncsªSp¯v ]cnioe\w \ÂInb ]qh³tImgnIsfs¡m¬Sv, hmintbmsS At\ym\yw s]mcpXn¡p¶ Hcp hnt\mZamWv tImgnt¸mcv. {]mIrXcmb {KmaoWÀ Hcp t\ct¼m¡n\mbn XpS§nb Cu hnt\mZw C¶v NqXpIfn hyhkmbambn amdnbn«p¬Sv. BZysaÃmw hfÀ¯ptImgnIsfbmWv t]mcn\pth¬Sn t]mÀ¡f¯nend¡nbncp¶Xv. kwLSnXamb Hcp hnt\mZw F¶ \nebn tImgnt¸mcn\v {]Nmcw e`n¨tXmsS sas¿mXp¡hpw kacmkànbpapÅ t]mcptImgnIsf {]tXyIw hfÀ¯nsbSp¡p¶ k{¼Zmbw Bcw`n¨p. {]IrXnZ¯amb Np¬Spw Imense \J§fpw apÅpw D]tbmKn¨v, P³ahmk\ {]Imcw s]mcpXnh¶ncp¶ ]qh³tImgnIsf ]pXnb ]bäpIÄ ]cnioen¸n¡pI, AhbpsS \J§fnepw, apÅnepw AÅpIÄ F¶ t]cn IqÀ¯paqÀ¯ teml\nÀanXamb \J§fpw apÅpIfpw sh¨p]nSn¸n¡pI XpS§nb k{¼Zmb§Ä¡p {]Nmcw e`n¨p.
sNdp¸¯nte tImgnIsf ]nSnIqSn, sNdnb IqSpIfneS¡pIbpw \¶mbn Xoäbpw acp¶pIfpw \ÂIpIbpw sN¿p¶p. t]inIÄ s]s«¶p hnIkn¸n¡m³ a\pjyÀ sÌtdmbnUpIÄ Ign¡p¶Xpt]mse Chbv¡v Dt¯PI acp¶pIÄ \ÂIp¶p. acp¶pIfpsS iànbn Ch s]s«¶v hepXmhpIbpw B{IaWImcnIfmbn amdpIbpw sN¿p¶p. ]ns¶ ImepIfnse ]n³\Jw sh«n¡fªv apdnhpW§pt¼mÄ XÂØm\¯v aq¶n©phsc hen¸apÅ I¯nItfm A{Kw hfª sImfp¯pItfm LSn¸n¡pw. CS¡nsS Chsb {]tIm]n¨psIm¬Sncn¡pIbpw sN¿pw. A©pIntem apX ]¯pIntem hsc `mcapÅ tImgnIfmWv km[mcWbmbn A¦¯ns\¯mdpÅXv. tNmfhpw tImdbpw \ÂIn, c¬Sp hÀjt¯mfw ]cnioe\w \ÂInb A¦t¡mgnIÄ¡v Bbnc¯nbªqdp apX F®mbncw cq] hscbmWv hne.
A¦¯«v t]mse At©m Btdm aoäÀ hymk¯nÂ, hr¯mIrXnbn kÖam¡nb t]mÀ¡f¯nemWv aÕcw \S¡pI. km[mcW tNm¡psIm¬Sv hc¨tXm IbdpsIm¬Sp¬Sm¡nb hr¯¯ntem BWv tImgnt¸mcv \S¡pI. A«lkn¡p¶ P\w hr¯¯n\p Npäpap¬Smbncn¡pw. s]mSn\ndª hr¯¯n\pÅnte¡v t]mcpXpS§m\mbn tImgnIsf sIm¬Sphcp¶p. Aev]w aZyhpw Chbv¡p \ÂIpw. XpSÀ¶v aeZzmc§fn apfIp]pc«p¶tXmsS thZ\tbmsS Ch BÀ¯pIcbpw. H¶nsâ Igp¯n apdp¡n¸nSn¨p, c¬Smat¯Xns\s¡m¬Sp sIm¯n¨v tZjyw ]nSn¸n¡p¶p. ]ns¶ c¬Sns\bpw ASp¸n¨p sIm¬Sphcpw. AtXmsS Ccphcpw i{Xp¡sf Xncn¨dnbpw. ZpcnX§sfÃmw A\p`hn¨ ChbpsS sNdnb Nph¶ I®pIÄ tZjywsIm¬Sp Xnf§pw. thZ\bpw {`m´pw \ndª AhØbn Hcp hnNmcta Ahbv¡p¬SmhqþsImÃpI. ]ns¶ Chsb \ne¯phn«tijw BfpIÄ Npäpw \n¡p¶p.
s]mcpXm³ {]tXyIw ]cnioen¸n¨ tImgnIÄ {]tIm]\w IqSmsX Xs¶ ]ckv]cw s]mcpXpw. NndIphncnt¨m NndISnt¨m AÂ]t\cw ]ckv]cw Xpdn¨pt\m¡ns¡m¬Sv A\§msX \n¶tijw HmSnbSp¯p sIm¯pI, Hgnªpamdn XebpsS ]e`mK¯pw ]qhnepw apXpInepw Igp¯nepw sIm¯pI, sIm¯p¶tXmsSm¸w NndISn¡pI, NmSnbpw ]d¶pw sIm¯pI, Hä¡men \n¶psIm¬Spw apIfnte¡p NmSns¡m¬Spw ImepIÄ sIm¬Sv \J§fpw apÅpIfpw sImÅpamdv Xebnepw aäp`mK§fnepw BªSn¡pI, apÅpsIm¬Sv AÅpI XpS§nbhbmWv ]bäpapdIÄ. NpgänsbSp¯v A{Iaw \S¯p¶ tImgnIÄ X§fpsS Ir{Xnambp[w D]tbmKn¨v, {]XntbmKnsb {]lcn¡pt¼mÄ NndIpIfpw ImepIfpw apdnbp¶p. tNmc]pc¬S XqhepIÄ \ne¯p]Scpw. Hmtcm XhWbpw ]n³hm§n ho¬Spw ASp¡p¶ ChbpsS e£yw X§fpsS Ir{XnaapÅpsIm¬Sv FXncmfnbpsS {][m\ cà[a\ntbm It®m XIÀ¡pI F¶Xmbncn¡pw. InX¨pw £oWn¨pw ]nS¨pw sIm¡neqsS càsamgp¡n Ahkm\w H¶v acn¨phogp¶p. c¬Smat¯Xn\p amcIambn apdnthän«p¬SmIpw. C\nbpw t]mcm«¯n\p tijnbp¬sS¦n AXns\ XncnsI Iq«nem¡pw. F¶m ImsemSnbpItbm I®v XIcpItbm sNbvXn«p¬sS¦n DSa AXnsâ Igp¯p sRcn¡pw.
t]mcn\nd§p¶ tImgnIfn 70 iXam\hpw I®v shfnbn NmSnbpw izmktImiw apdnªpw NndIpIodnbpw BZy A©pan\p«n\pÅn Xs¶ NmIpw. A©pan\p«pt\cs¯ hnt\mZ¯n\pth¬sSnbmWv Cu {IqcXsbÃmw. tImgnb¦w Pbn¡pI ]W¯nsâ am{Xw {]iv\aÃ, aÕc¡mcpsS A`nam\¯nsâ IqSn {]iv\amWv. t]mcm«w XpS§n an\p«pIÄ¡Itam, \nanj§Ä¡Itam GsX¦nepsamcp tImgn N¯phogp¶tXmsS hmXpsh¨ ]Whpw N¯phogp¶ tImgnbpw Pbn¨ tImgnbpsS DSaØ\p e`n¡p¶p. A¦w Pbn¨ tImgnbpw Nnet¸mÄ N¯phogmdp¬Sv. AhbpsS Cd¨nbmWv tPXmhn\pw A\pbmbnIÄ¡pw A¶s¯ kZy (Ahew_w: amXr`qan hmcm´¸Xn¸v 27þ10þ2002, amXr`qan Zn\]{Xw 6þ9þ2004, kndmPv Zn\]{Xw 6þ10þ2005, kÀÆhnÚm\tImiw 9/242, 9/260, AJnehnÚm\tImiw 3/42).
tImgnt¸mcp aÕcw CkvemanI ZrjvSym \njn²amWv; ITn\ ldmamWv. \nch[n ldmapIfpsS kwKahpw IqSnbmWv. Pohnsb A\mhiyambn thZ\n¸n¡pI, AXns\ hnt\mtZm]IcWam¡n D]{Zhn¡pI, Poht\msS Xs¶ sshIrXw hcp¯pI, A\mhiyambn sImÃpI, ldmamb aÕcw \S¯pI, AXn\p hmXpsh¡pI, AXp I¬SmkzZn¡pI, N¯tImgnbpsS amwkw Ign¡pI, aZy]n¡pI, hnPb]cmPb§sf XpSÀ¶v It¿ä§fpw Ipg¸§fpw krjvSn¡pI C§s\ t]mIp¶p ldmapIfpsS ]c¼c.
tImgnt¸mcpw AXnt\mS\p_Ôn¨ {Iqc{]hÀ¯\§fpw \njn²amsW¶p sXfn¨pImWn¡p¶ Nne tcJIÄ ImWpI: 1. BhiyanÃmsX Hcp Pohnsb thZ\n¸n¡p¶Xv h³ IpäamWv (khmPnÀ 2/86).
2. PohnIÄ¡nSbn {]tIm]\ap¬Sm¡n At\ym\yw s]mcpXn¡p¶Xp h³ IpäamWv (khmPnÀ 2/84). 3. tImgnIsf ]ckv]cw sIm¯n¨p aÕcw \S¯m³ ]mSnÃ. AXp hnUvVn¯hpw eqXzv \_n (A) sâ A`ni]vXcmb P\§fpsS ZpjvIrXyhpamWv. ]Ww sh¡msXbmsW¦nepw Cu aÕcw A\phZ\obaà (Xplv^ 9/399, \nlmb 8/166). 4. ]ckv]cw sIm¯nt¡¬S Bhiy¯n\v tImgnIsfbpw Ip¯nt¡¬S Bhiy¯n\v BSpIsfbpw hn¡p¶Xv ldmamWv (^Xvlp apCu³ 237). 5. PohnIÄ¡nSbn {]tIm]\ap¬Sm¡n At\ym\yw s]mcpXn¡p¶Xv \_n (kz) \ntcm[n¨n«p¬Sv (A_qZmhqZv 2559). A\mhiyambn PohnIsf thZ\n¸n¡pIbpw IjvSs¸Sp¯pIbpw sN¿p¶psh¶XmWv AXv \ntcm[n¡phm\pÅ ImcWw (Hu\p aAv_qZv 7/165). 6. BSpIsfbpw ImfIsfbpw ]ckv]cw Ip¯n¡pI, tImgnb¦w \S¯pI, BZnbmb Pothm]{Zh hnt\mZ§Ä ITn\ \njn²§fmWv (I^v^pÀdBAv 333).
7. PohnIsf AwKtÑZw hcp¯n hnIrXam¡p¶hs\ \_n (kz) i]n¨n«p¬Sv (_pJmcn 5515). 8. hà hyànbpw hà Pohnsbbpw AwKtÑZw \S¯n hnIrXam¡nbm A´yZn\¯n AÃmlp Ah\pw sshIrXw hcp¯pwþAh³ ]Ým¯]n¨p aS§nbnsæn F¶v \_n (kz) {]kvXmhn¨n«p¬Sv (AlvaZv, khmPnÀ 1/208). 9. Hcp Pohnsbbpw Bbp[{]tbmK¯n\p D¶am¡m³ ]mSnÃ. Poh\pÅ hkvXphns\ D¶am¡p¶hs\ \_n (kz) i]n¨n«p¬Sv (apkvenw 1958). 10. Pohnsb A\mhiyambn ASn¨pthZ\n¸n¡pItbm XShnenSpItbm A\nhmcy Poh\{Zhyw \ÂImXncn¡pItbm Ignhnep]cnbmb `mcw hln¸n¡pItbm sN¿p¶Xv ldmamWv (khmPnÀ 2/87). 11. Hcp Pohnsbbpw A\mhiyambn h[n¡m³ ]mSnÃ. AsXmcp sIm¨pIpcphnbmbncp¶m t]mepw. \_n (kz) ]dbp¶p: Hcp Ipcphnsb Bsc¦nepw h[n¨m A´yZn\w AXv AÃmlpthmSv ]cmXns¸Spw. Fsâ \mYm, C¶bmÄ Fs¶ A\mhiyambn sIm¶pIfªp. Hcp {]tbmP\¯n\à Ahs\s¶ h[n¨Xv (\kmCu, C_v\plnºm³, khmPnÀ 1/209). |
