B\ {]ZÀi\w

Bsbs¶mc£cw t]mse, B\ \n¡p¶nX¼Sm F¶ IhnXmiIew aebmf¯nse BZym£c¯nsâ `oIcIuXpIw hc¨pImWn¡p¶Xn\p Ihn ]mSnbXmsW¦nepw AXn \n¶v B\bpsS BImcIuXpIhpw IqSn a\knem¡mhp¶XmWv. hen¸`mc§Ä sIm¬Sv Gähpw {it²bamb B\ Icbn Pohn¡p¶ Gähpw henb kkvX\nbmWv. 2 apX 4 hsc aoädpIÄ Dbchpw 1000 apX 7000 hsc Intem{Kmw Xq¡hpap¬Smbncn¡pw hfÀ¨sb¯nb Hcm\¡v. sXmen I«nbpÅXpw ITn\hpamsW¦nepw AXp hfsc kq£va{KmlIamWv. sNdp{]mWnIfpsS ISnIÄ t]mepw Ah a\knem¡pw. B\ Im«n Pohn¡p¶ h\yPohnsb¦nepw CW§nbm \m«pPohnbmIpw. h\¯n h\yPohnbmtbm \m«n cmPhml\amtbm Pohn¡pt¼mgmWv B\¡v tim` F¶v ]©X{´¯nepw Ieoe hZnw\bnepw ]dªXv ImcyapÅ XamibmWv.
hen¸w, s]m¡w, BIrXn, Xp¼nss¡, sNhn, \S¯w, iàn F¶nh sIm¬sSÃmw t{]£Isc lTmZmIÀjn¡p¶ PohnbmWv B\. Xp¼nss¡ D]mØn sIm¬Sp \nÀanXamWv. AXnsâ aq¡pw ssIbpamWXv. Blmc]m\ob§Ä B\ AXnsâ hmbntes¡Sp¡p¶Xv Xp¼nss¡ sIm¬SmWv. AXp]tbmKn¨v AXv t]mcm«w \S¯pIbpw hnkneSn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. h³hr£§sf IS]pg¡m³ AXn\pIgnbpw. ]m¸m³amcpsS in£W§Ä kzoIcn¡p¶Xn\pw IÂ]\IÄ A\pkcn¡p¶Xn\pw bp²¯nepw kam[m\¯nepw \nÀt±im\pkmcw \³abpw Xn³abpw {]hÀ¯n¡phm\pw klmbIamb _p²n B\¡p¬Sv. B\IÄ ]ckv]cw Gäpap«mdp¬Sv. ]cmPnX³ Ahkm\w tPXmhn\p IogS§p¶p. kvXpXyÀlamb ]e KpW§fpw B\¡p¬Sv. BImcIuXpIw, \o¬S Xp¼nss¡, hnkvXrXamb sNhnIÄ, icoc`mcw, eLphmb ImÂshbv¸v F¶nh AXnsâ khntijXIfmWv. a\pjysâ kao]w B\ \S¶pt]mbm Ah\dnsª¶p hcnÃ. A{X¡v im´hpw EPphpamWv AXnsâ ImÂshbv¸v (ssZd_n: lbm¯p lbhm³ 2/309).
B\ Hcp IuXpI ZriyambXpsIm¬Sv ImWm¯h³ ImWm\pw I¬ShÀ ho¬Spw ImWm\pw XmXv]cyw ImWn¡p¶p. B\ hcp¶p F¶p tI«m Xe s]m¡m¯hÀ hncfw. BtLmjthfIfn B\{]ZÀi\hpw Fgp¶Å¯pw \S¯mdp¬Sv. s\än¸«aWnbn¨pw kXy¡pSNqSnbpw \S¯p¶ B\sbgp¶Å¯pIÄ \½psS \m«n km[mcWamWv. B\sb {]ZÀin¸n¡p¶Xnt\m AXp ImWp¶Xnt\m hntcm[anÃ. Bdmw Jeo^bmb apBhnb (d) bpsS `cWIme¯v At±l¯nsâ BØm\ \Kcnbmb UakvIkn Hcn¡Â B\ h¶p. \m«pImÀ, X§Ä I¬Sn«nÃm¯ Cu A]qÀhZriyw ImWphm³ Cd§n¸pds¸«p. B\ZÀi\¯n\p Jeo^bpw Hcp§n. At±lw sIm«mc¯n\papIfn Ibdns¡m¬SmWv ZÀi\w \S¯nbXv (ssZd_o, lbmXp lbhm³ 2/312).
B\¡mcyw henb ImcyamsW¦nepw AXpw Ku\n¡m¯ Imcy¡mcp¬Sv. A_q Bkznw flvlmIv F¶ alm³ A¡q«¯n s]« HcmfmWv. _kzdbn C_v\pJpssdPv F¶ ]WvVnXsâ kZÊnencn¡pIbmbncp¶p At±lw. At¸mÄ AhnsS B\ h¶p. BfpIÄ B\sb¡mWm³ t]mbn. A_q Bkznw flvlmIv t]mbnÃ. \n§sf´m B\sb¡mWm³ t]mIm¯Xv? C_v\pJpssdPv F¶ Kpcphcy³ tNmZn¨p: \n§Ä¡p ]Icw asäm¶pw Rm³ ImWp¶nÃ. A_q Bkznansâ adp]Sn A§s\bmbncp¶p. Kpcphcy³ ]dªp: \obmWv hninjvS³. ]n¶oSv A_q Bkznw Ft¸mÄ h¶mepw \_o (hninjvS³) h¶p F¶v At±lw ]dbpambncp¶p. Cu sshinjvSyw A_q Bkznansâ PohnX¯nepS\ofw Zriyambncp¶p. Ko_¯v ldmamsW¶dnª tijw Rm³ Hcmsfbpw Ko_¯v ]dªn«nà F¶p ]dª almhyIvXnbmWt±lw (lbmXp lbhm³ 2/319).
B\ h¶mepw Imcyw hn«pIfn¡m¯ hninjvS hyànXz§fn s]« asämcmfmWv kvs]bn³Imc\mb blvb_v\p blvbmssekn. At±lw aZo\bn Camw amenIv (d) sâ Xncpkhn[¯nencn¡pIbmbncp¶p. AhnsS Hcp kwLw hnZymÀYnIÄ Caman \n¶v A[yb\w \S¯ns¡m¬Sncn¡pIbmWv. At¸mÄ B\ h¶n«p¬sS¶v HcmÄ ]dªp. Xmakwhn\m B\sb¡mWm³ FÃmhcpw ]pds¸«p. kZÊn blvbmssekn am{Xw Ahtijn¨p. Cu AXv`pXkrjvSnsb ImWm³ Xm¦Ä F´psIm¬Sv t]mbnÃ? CXv Xm¦fpsS \m«nenÃm¯ PohnbmWtÃm? Camw amenIv (d) tNmZn¨p. Rm³ Fsâ \m«n \n¶p h¶Xv \n§sf ImWm\pw \n§fpsS Ncybn \n¶pw hnZybn \n¶pw ]Tn¡m\pamWv; B\sb¡mWm\à F¶v At±lw adp]Sn ]dªp. Cu adp]Sn Caman\v hfsc CjvSs¸«p. kvs]bn³Imcnse _p²nam³ F¶v At±l¯n\v \maIcWw \ÂIpIbpw sNbvXp. ]n¶oSv ]T\w ]qÀ¯oIcn¨p. kzcmPyt¯¡v Xncn¨t¸mÄ ]WvVnXt\XrXzw AhnsS At±l¯nsâ ssIbneWªp. At±lw aptJ\bmWv amenIn aZvl_v kvs]bn\n {]kn²nbmÀÖn¨Xv. Camw amenIv (d) sâ aphXz F¶ lZokp{KÙ¯nsâ \nthZ\§fn Gähpw {]JymXambXv blvbmsseknbptSXmWv. apkvenw `cW\mbIcpsSbSp¯v BZcWobcmbncp¶ blvbmssekn {]mÀY\¡v D¯cw e`n¡p¶ Hcp alm\mbncp¶p. lnPvd 234embncp¶p acWw. JpÀXzp_ (sImÀtZmh) \Kc¯nsâ {]m´¯n aJv_d: C_v\pAºmkv F¶ Øe¯mWv A´yhn{iaw sImÅp¶Xv. A\mhrjvSn thfbn AhnsS sN¶p {]mÀYn¨m ag e`n¡p¶p (lbmXp lbhm³ 2/318).
B\sb¡mWp¶Xv sXämbXpsIm¬SÃ, A_qBkznapw blvbmsseknbpw t]mImXncp¶Xv. hnÚm\ kZÊn \ns¶gpt¶äv AXpImWm³ t]mIp¶Xv A`wKnbmbXpsIm¬Sv am{XamWv. ImWm¯, AsóIn km[mcW ImWm¯ HcXvv`pXw ImWm³ kZÊn \n¶v A\phmZw hm§n t]mIp¶Xv sXämb ImcyaÃ. AXpsIm¬SmWv aäpÅhÀ t]mbXv. AXpsIm¬Sp Xs¶bmWv Ahsc KpcphcyÀ Ipäs¸Sp¯mXncp¶Xpw. Npcp¡¯n B\{]ZÀi\hpw B\ZÀi\hpw A\phZ\obamWv. Hcp D]m[ntbmsS; B\t¡m P\§Ät¡m AXpsIm¬Sv D]{Zhap¬Smhm¯ hn[ambncn¡WaXv. CXv Xplv^ 9/398, iÀhm\n 10/221 F¶nhnS§fn \n¶v a\knem¡mhp¶XmWv. F¶mÂ, hmZytaf§tfmsS B\sb Nabns¨mcp¡n, Fgp¶Ån¡p¶ Bcm[\IÄ apkvenwIÄ¡v A\yamWv. AXp hn{Kl]qPIfpambpw t£t{XmÕh§fpambpw _Ôs¸« NS§pIfmWv. \à kzoIcW ]cn]mSnIfntem tLmjbm{XIfntem B\sb \bn¡p¶Xv sXämsW¶Ã C¸dªXnsâ Dt±iyw. {]XypX AÔamb A\pIcWw sIm¬Sv, taÂ]dªhn[w Bcm[\IfpsS apJw hnIrXam¡cpXv F¶mWv.
C\n \ap¡v B\tbm«aÕcs¯¡pdn¨v Nn´n¡mw. B\IfpsS aÕc Hm«amWv B\tbm«w. tIcf¯n KpcphmbqÀ t£{X¯n am{XamWnXv \S¡p¶Xv. DÕh§fpambn _Ôs¸« B\tbm«w apkvenwIÄ¡nÃ. hn{Klmcm[\bpw XZ\p_Ôamb DÕhhpw Ckvemw \ntcm[n¨n«p¬sS¶XmWv AXn\p ImcWw. F¶m B\tbm«w F¶ Ie A\phZ\obamtWm? \o Pbn¨m Rm³ k½m\w Xcpw, Rm³ Pbn¨m \obpw k½m\w XcWw F¶ D]m[ntbmsSbmsW¦n AXn NqXm«kz`mhapÅXpsIm¬Sv ]mSnÃ. adn¨p asämcmÄ tPXmhn\v k½m\w Hm^À sN¿p¶psh¦n A\phZ\obamWv. B\ bp²hml\amWv. AXpsIm¬Sv B\tbm« aÕcw k½m\klnXamsW¦nepw A\phZ\obamsW¶XmWv {]_em`n{]mbw (duf 1849).
F¶m apIfn ]dªt]mse B\ {]ZÀi\¯nepw B\tbm«¯nepw B\IÄt¡m BfpIÄt¡m an¡hmdpw A]IShpw D]{Zhap¬SmhpIbnsöp Dd¸phcp¯Ww. B\ Im«pPohnbmWv. kzX{´ambn Xn¶pw, CWtNÀ¶pw HmSn¨mSn \S¶pw Pohn¡p¶ Pohn. AXns\ a\pjy³ CW¡n XShnem¡pIbmWv. ]oV\hpw AhImi[zwk\hpw AklyamIpt¼mÄ AXnsâ ka\ne sXäpw. ka\ne sXänbm B\¡pw P\§Ä¡pw B]¯p]nWbpw. A§s\ ]et¸mgpw B]¯p ]nWbmdp¬Sv. ]nWª hmÀ¯IÄ [mcmfw hÀ¯am\]{X§fn hcmdpap¬Sv. AXpsIm¬Sv Xmsg ]dbp¶ Imcyw B\¡mÀ {i²nt¡­Xp¬Sv.
(1) B\sb IqSpX thZ\n¸n¡cpXv. thZ\n¸n¨m AXv ]Ish¨v D]{Zhn¡pw. kvt\ln¨\pkcn¨pt]mcp¶ ]m¸ms\ H¶mw i{Xphmbn¡mWpw. {]kn² Ad_n kmlnXyImc\mb Pmlnfv (775þ868) D²cn¨ Hcp kw`hw ImWpI: Hcp ]m¸m³ B\sb ASn¨p, s]mXnsc ASn¨p thZ\n¸n¨p. CXpI¬S Iq«pImÀ ]dªp: AcpXv B\sb kq£n¡Ww. B\¡v henb ]Ibpw {]XnImchmRvObpap¬Sv. BIbm B\¡v F¯n¸nSn¡m³ Ignbp¶nS¯v Dd§cpXv. ]m¸m³ AXv Ku\n¨nÃ. Ah³ B\sb Hcp hr£¯n sI«n _Ô\w \¶mbn Dd¸n¨p. F¶n«v Hcp apgw amdn AbmÄ InS¶pd§n. hn{iamÀYapÅ Znhm\n{Z. B\ kµÀ`w ]mgm¡nbnÃ. kao]w InS¶ncp¶ Hcp Is¼Sp¯v AXnsâ Xe¡v Nhn«n AXn imJIfp¬Sm¡n. Xp¼nss¡ sIm¬Sv atä A{Kw ]nSn¨v I¼v ]m¸msâ Xe¡p t\sc \o«n. NX¨p¬Sm¡nb imJIfn AbmfpsS \o¬S IpSpa ]nW¨p. F¶ns«mscmähen. At¸mtg¡pw B ]m¸m³ B\bpsS Im¡ogneaÀ¶p. Hä¨hn«n\v AbmfpsS IY Ign¡pIbpw sNbvXp (XlvZo_v lbhm\n Pmlnfv: A_vZpÊemw lmdq¬, t]Pv: 258).
(2)]«nWn¡nScpXv. hfsc¡qSpX Blmcw BhiyapÅ PohnbmWv B\. AXpsIm¬SmWv AXn\v Hcn¡epw HcnS¯pXs¶ X§m³ km[n¡m¯Xv (kÀÆhnÚm\tImiw 2/799). {]mb]qÀ¯nsb¯nb Hcm\¡v km[mcW KXnbn Znhtk\ Dt±iw 5000 Intem{Kmw ]¨ne¯oä BhiyamWv. ]pXnb ta¨n Øe§Ä tXSn Ch F¶pw k©cn¨psIm¬Sncn¡pw. Iq«§fmbmWv Pohn¡pI. Häbm³amsc A]qÀhambn I¬sS­¯mw. km[mcWbmbn ag¡me¯mWv ]pXnb ta¨nÂØe§fnte¡v \o§p¶Xv (XlvZo_v lbhm\n Pmlnfv: A_vZpÊemw lmdq¬ 2/796). A[nIw Blmcw BhiyapÅ Pohnsb A[nIw ]«nWn¡n«m AXp t£m`n¡psa¶v ]dtb¬SXnÃtÃm.
(3)IqSpX NqSpw ZmlhptaÂ]n¡cpXv. shbn sIm¬Sm B\bpsS sXmen shSn¨pIodpw. Im«m\IÄ IqsS¡qsS Ipfn¡pIbpw AXn\ptijw sNfnbn DcpfpIbpw sN¿p¶Xnsâ clkyw CXmWv. IqsS¡qsS sNhnbm«p¶Xpaqew icocw XWp¸n¨p kq£n¡m³ Ignbp¶p. th\en \n¶pw c£s¸Sm³ B\IÄ hr£¯WepIsf A`bw {]m]n¡p¶p (XlvZo_v lbhm\n Pmlnfv: A_vZpÊemw lmdq¬ 2/796). th\¡me¯v shÅw In«mXmhpt¼mÄ Ah Ip¶n³apIfn \n¶v Xmgvhmc§fnte¡v Cd§p¶p. Cu L«¯nemWv B\]nSp¯w Xcs¸Sp¶Xv (XlvZo_v lbhm\n Pmlnfv: A_vZpÊemw lmdq¬ 2/808).
(3)ssewKnImhiy \nÀhlW¯n\v Ahkcsamcp¡ns¡mSp¡Ww. 30þ50 hbkn\nS¡v ssewKnI Zmcn{Zyw \nan¯w aZanfImdp¬Sv. Cu kab¯v B\ an¡hmdpw {`m´mhØbnembncn¡pw. H¶c apX c¬Sp amk¡mew hsc Cu AhØ \o¬Sp \n¡pw (kÀÆ hnÚm\tImiw 2/793).
km[mcW \nebn a\pjys\¡¬Sm HmSnadbp¶ PohnbmWv B\. am{XaÃ, a\pjyKÔw A\p`hs¸«m Xs¶ AXv HmSnadbpas{X. A§s\bpÅ B\sb Im«pPohnbn \n¶v \m«pPohnbnte¡v sacp¡nsbSp¡phm\pÅ kmaÀYyw AÃmlp a\pjy\v \ÂInbncn¡p¶p. ]«nbpw IpXncbpw Ignªm sacp¡n hfÀ¯m³ Gähpw {]bmkw Ipdª PohnbmWs{X B\. Im«m\Isf ]nSnIqSn a\pjy tkh\¯n\p]tbmKn¡p¶ k{¼Zmb¯n\v a\pjyNcn{Xt¯mfw ]g¡ap¬Sv. `mcn¨ XSnIfpw ineIfpw aäp hkvXp¡fpw HcnS¯p\n¶v asämcnSt¯¡v \o¡ns¡m¬Spt]mIp¶Xn\v ]¬SpapXte B\Isf D]tbmKn¨phcp¶p. bp²tkh\¯n\pw B\Isf D]tbmKn¡p¶ k{¼Zmbap¬Smbncp¶p.
apl½Zv \_n (kz) bpsS XncpP\\¯n\v A¼Xv Znhkw ap¼v a¡bpsS kao]w \S¶ B\¡el kw`hw {]kn²amWv. IAv_ s]mfn¡m³ h¶ A_vdl¯nsâ ssk\yw ]ckyambn ssZhnI in£¡v hnt[bambn \miaSª almkw`hw hnip² JpÀB³ kqd¯p ^oen ]dªn«p¬Sv. B\ItfmSpIqSnbmbncp¶p B ssk\y¯nsâ hchv. AeIvkm¬SÀ ZznKznPbnbmbn ssN\bnse¯nbt¸mÄ At±ls¯ t\cn« No\m tk\bn B\Ifp¬Smbncp¶psh¶v ssZd_n lbm¯p lbhm\n (2/310þ311) ]dbp¶p. _n. kn. 4þmw iXI¯n N{µKp]vX³ {Ko¡v ta[mhnbmb skeyq¡kn\v kam[m\ DS¼SnbpsS `mKambn \ÂInb 500 B\Isf skeyq¡kv bp²mhiy§Ä¡mbn D]tbmKs¸Sp¯nbXmbn C´ymNcn{Xw tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p (kÀÆhnÚm\tImiw 2/808). DaÀ ^mdqJv (d) Xsâ `cWIme¯v t]Àjy¡mcpambn \S¯nb A Pnkvdv bp²¯nepw JmZnkn¿ bp²¯nepw apkvenw ssk\yw t]Àjy¡mcpsS B\Isf t\cntS¬Snh¶n«p¬Sv (Jnem^¯pÀdminZ 74þ80).
At¸mÄ B\ Hcp bp²hml\amsW¶v hyàambn. bp²hml\ap]tbmKn¨v {]Xn^ew Hm^À sNbvXpsIm¬Sv, \nÝnX D]m[nItfmsS aÕcw \S¯mhp¶XmWv. AXpsIm¬Sv B\tbm«aÕcw A\phZ\obamWv. bp²]cnioe\ e£yt¯msSbmsW¦n kp¶¯pIqSnbmWv (Xplv^ 9/397þ399). Camw \hhn (d) ]dbp¶p: hml\arK aÕc¯nepÅ ASnØm\hml\§Ä H«Ihpw IpXncbpamWv. ImcWw km[mcWbmbn bp²¯n\p]tbmKn¨ncp¶ hml\§Ä Ah c¬SpamWv. am{XaÃ, Hm«¯n\pw Nm«¯n\pw ]qÀWtbmKyambn«pÅXpw Ah Xs¶bmWv. F¶m Nnet¸msg¦nepw bp²¯n\p]tbmKn¡mhp¶XpsIm¬Sv B\, tImhÀIgpX F¶o hml\§fnepw k½m\aÕcw \S¯mhp¶XmWv (duf 1849). Camw amhÀZn ]dbp¶p: H«I¯n aÕcw Bhmsa¦nÂ, B\Ifnepamhmw. AXpt]mepÅ Im¡pf¼pIÄ B\IÄ¡pap¬Sv. am{XaÃ, i{Xp¡sf t\cnSp¶Xn H«I§tf¡mÄ ^e{]Z§fmWh (AÂlmhn 15/185).