D]IcW kwKoXw

KmbIcpsS Bem]\t¯msSm¸w {]tXyIXcw D]IcW§fpsS \mZw IqSn tNÀ¯mWv kwKoXw AhXcn¸n¡mdpÅXv. D]IcW§fn \n¶pÅ \mZ¯nsâ AI¼Sn cmKmem]\¯n\p IqSpX Kmw`ocyhpw am[pcyhpw \ÂIpIbpw AXnsâ XmfLS\sb kphyIvXam¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. CXn\mbn \nÀan¡s¸Sp¶ D]IcW§sf hmtZym]IcW§Ä F¶p ]dbp¶p (AJne hnÚm\tImiw 4/490). kwKoXw `mcXobtam ]mÝmXytam Bbns¡mÅs«, AXn\p sImgpt¸Im³ D]IcW§Ä A\nhmcyas{X. Xmsg ]dbp¶ ]Xns\«phmZy§Ä kwKotXm]IcW§fn {]kn²§fmWv. sN­, arZwKw, angmhv, a±fw, s]cp¼d, CSbv¡, IpgÂ, ISp´pSn, Ce¯mfw, Ipgn¯mfw, DSp¡v, Xt¼dv, ho¡³sN¬S, Xnane, N¦nSn¡pgÂ, NÃcn, A¦pw, Dbsc sh¨psIm«p¶ hmZyw (i_vZXmcmhen 1160) \mKkzcw, hoW, X¼pcp, hben³, XInÂ, LSw, K©nd F¶nhbpw Adnbs¸« kwKotXm]IcW§fmWv (amXr`qan kwKoXw kvs]jy 22þ9þ2003).
CeIv{SnIv HmÀK\pw kn´sskkdpw tNÀ¯v Hcp Km\tafbn \m\mXc¯nepÅ i_vZ§Ä D¬Sm¡p¶Xv CubnsS [mcmfambn A\p`hs¸Sp¶p. Ac§¯v hfsc Ipd¨v kwKotXm]IcW§Ä am{Xta \ap¡v ZÀin¡m³ Ignbq. hfscb[nIw D]IcW§fpsS i_vZw taÂ]dª D]IcWw Xs¶ ]pds¸Sphn¡p¶p. I¼yq«dnsâ IS¶m{IaWw aäp taJeIfnse¶t]mse kwKoX¯nepw D¬Smbn¡gnªp. CeIv{SnIv HmÀK³, kn´sskkÀ F¶nhsb I¼yq«dpambn LSn¸n¨v \m\mXc¯nepÅ kzc§Ä D¬Sm¡phm\pw ]m«pIÄ¡v kwKoXw \ÂIphm\pw BteJ\w sN¿phm\pw A\mbmtk\ Ct¸mÄ km[n¡p¶p¬Sv (kzc§fpsS imkv{Xw, t]Pv: 74). am{Xaà Km\taf¡v KmbIÀ am{Xw aXn F¶ \ne h¶ncn¡p¶p. thZnbn \nc¶ kwKotXm]IcW§fpambn \S¡p¶ Km\tafIfpsS apJOmb amdp¶p. thZnbn KmbIsctb ImWq. D]IcWkwKoXw Imkän \ns¶mgpIpw. C¯cw Itcms¡ Km\tafIÄ kwKoXtemI¯v kPohambncn¡pIbmWv. \Kc§fnse hncp¶pIÄsXm«v {Kma§fnse IeymW hncp¶pIÄ¡phsc apg§p¶Xv Imkäv kwKoXamWv. HmUntbm Imkän \n¶v kwKoXw \ÂIp¶ coXnbmWv Itcms¡. Km\taf kwLSn¸n¡p¶Xnsâ aq¶nsemt¶ CXn\v sNehphcq (amXr`qan).
{]mNo\hpw A{]mNo\hpamb \nch[n kwKotXm]IcW§Ä C¶v \nehnep¬Sv. D]IcW§Ä F¶Xnep]cn Bcm[yhkvXp¡Ä F¶t]mse Ah _lpam\]qÀhw tiJcn¨v kq£n¡p¶hcp¬Sv. ayqkn¡v ayqknb§Ä Xs¶ ]ebnS§fnepap¬Sv. hmjnwKvSWnse ayqknIv ayqknbw {]kn²amWv. kwKoXkw_Ônbmb At\Iw IuXpI§fpÅ Cu ayqknb¯nemWv temI¯v BZyambn KnämÀacw DbÀ¶Xv. Aªqtdmfw KnämdpIÄ sIm¬SmWv Cu acw \nÀan¨ncn¡p¶Xv. temI¯nsâ hnhn[ `mK§fn \n¶p tiJcn¡s¸« AXn]pcmX\ KnämdpIÄ apX Gähpw B[p\nI KnämÀ hsc Cu KnämÀ ac¯nep¬Sv (aebmf at\mca 9þ3þ2000). kwKoX kzm[o\¯nsâ Bghpw ]c¸pamWv CsXÃmw ImWn¡p¶Xv. Bcm[\, Bibhn\nabw, hnt\mZw, Ne\§fpsS GtIm]\w apXemb Imcy§Ä¡v kwKoXw D]tbmKn¡p¶p. kao]Ime¯v kwKoXkn²m´w kvs]jssetkj\pÅ Hcp hnjbambn amdnbncn¡p¶p (aebmfw F³sskt¢m]oUnb 3/2167). am{XaÃ, Hcp NnIntÕm]m[nsb¶ \nebn ayqknIvsXdm¸n C¶v sshZyimkv{Xw AwKoIcn¨n«p¬Sv. P³a\m aqIbmb kwKoX F¶ _menI ISp§ÃqÀ lcnlc³\mbcpsS ayqknIvsXdm¸nbneqsS Ct¸mÄ kwkmcn¡pIbpw a[pcambn ]mSpIbpw sN¿p¶p. At±lw C´y³ saUn¡Â Atkmkntbj\n ayqknIvsXdm¸nsb¡pdn¨v {]_Ôw AhXcn¸n¨v {]ikvXcmb tUmIvSÀamcpsS apIvXIWvTamb {]iwk t\SpIbp¬Smbn (amXr`qan hmcm´¸Xn¸v 22þ9þ2002).
Ckveman\pw apkvenwIÄ¡pw XnI¨pw A\yamWv D]IcW kwKoXw. Ad_nIfn efnXamb kwKotXm]IcW§fmbncp¶p D¬Smbncp¶Xv. AhÀ aZy]n¨pw e`yamb hmtZym]IcW§Ä D]tbmKn¨pw IhnXIfme]n¨pw Ae£yambn PohnXw \bn¨psIm¬Sncn¡pt¼mgmWv Ckvemw AhcpsS c£s¡¯nbXv. PohnX¯nsâ atlm¶Xamb e£yw hc¨pImWn¡pIbpw AXnte¡p Znimt_m[w krjvSn¡pIbpw sNbvXpsIm¬Sv Ahsc ka{K]cnhÀ¯\¯n\p hnt[bam¡pIbmbncp¶p Ckvemw. aZy]m\t¯bpw aZy]m\nIfpsS khntij NnÓ§fmb hmtZym]IcW§sfbpw Ckvemw kaql¯n \n¶v \njvImk\w sNbvXp. Cu almhn¹hw km[n¨ {]hmNIÀ (kz) {]Jym]n¨p: AÃmlp Fs¶ kIe temI¯n\pw A\p{Klhpw amÀKZÀiI\pambn \ntbmKn¨ncn¡p¶p. IpgepIÄ, hoWIÄ, aZy§Ä, AÚm\Ime¯v Bcm[n¡s¸«ncp¶ hn{Kl§Ä F¶nh XpS¨p\o¡m³ Ah³ Ft¶mSv BÚm]n¨ncn¡p¶p (AlvaZv. I^v^v 41, C_v\pA_n±p³bm 31).
aZy]m\nItfm, kvss{XW kz`mh¡mtcm D]tbmKn¡p¶Xpw AXymËmZap¬Sm¡p¶Xpamb FÃm hmtZym]IcW§fpw Ckvemw \ntcm[n¨n«p¬Sv. Cubn\¯n ]qÀhIme¯v \nehnep¬Smbncp¶ D]IcW§Ä \ntcm[n¨Xn \n¶p ]n¡me¯v \nehn h¶ X¯peyamb FÃm kwKotXm]IcW§fpw \njn²amsW¶p a\Ênem¡mhp¶XmWv. CkvemanI IÀaimkv{X{KÙ§Ä AXXpIme¯v \nehnep¬Smbncp¶ \ntcm[nX D]IcW§sf {]tXyIw FSp¯p]dªn«p¬Sv. DZmlcW¯n\p Nne D²cWnIÄ \ap¡nhnsS hmbn¡mw. X¼pcp, kmcwKn, aäp hmtZym]IcW§Ä, hoW¡¼nIÄ, hoW¡pgÂ, ]pÃm¦pg BZnbmb AXymËmZap¬Sm¡p¶ hmtZym]IcW§Ä D]tbmKn¨psIm¬Sv ]m«p]mSp¶Xpw Ah hmZ\w \S¯p¶Xpw Ah \nÀan¡p¶Xpw ldmamWv (Akv\ÂaXzmen_v, ssiJv kIcn¿Â A³kzmcn 4/344).
aZy]m\nIfpsS NnÓambn Adnbs¸«ncp¶ X¼pcp, kmcwKn, ap¡¼n, ssI¯mfw, hÃIn, \mepI¼n, ssIaWn, Ce¯mfw, hoW¡pg BZnbmbh \nÀan¡p¶Xpw, Ah hmZ\w \S¯p¶Xpw AhbpsS hmZ\w tI«mkzZn¡p¶Xpw ldmamWv. kwKotXm]IcW§fmb asäÃm hoWIfpw Du¯pIpgepIfpw C{]Imcw Xs¶ \njn²amWv. ImcWw AhbpsS BkzmZ\w aZy]m\¯n\p t{]cIamWv, am{Xaà Ah ZpÀ\S¸pImcpsS NnÓ§fmWv. ZpÀ\S¸pImtcmSv kmZriyw ]peÀ¯Â ldmamWv (Xplv^, iÀhm\n 10/219, \nlmb 8/296, iÀlpÂa³lPv, Pa 5/381, duf 8/205).
kwKotXm]IcW§Ä \ntcm[n¨psIm­pÅ \nch[n lZokpIÄ h¶n«p¬Sv. DZmlcW¯n\p NneXp am{Xw ChnsS D²cn¡mw: c¬Sp i_vZw Cl¯nepw ]c¯nepw i]n¡s¸«XmIp¶p. A\p{Kl kab¯pÅ hoWhmb\, hn]ÂL«¯nepÅ Zo\tcmZ\w (apkv\Zp _kvkmÀ). aZyw, NqXm«w, hmZys¨¬S F¶nh AÃmlp ldmam¡nbn«p¬Sv. FÃm elcn]ZmÀYhpw ldmwXs¶ (A_qZmhqZv 3696, ss_lJo 10/221, AlvaZv 1/274, A_qbAvem 2729, C_v\plnºm³ 5341). hy`nNmcw, ]«v, aZyw, kwKotXm]IcW§Ä F¶nh A\phZ\obam¡p¶ Nne P\§Ä Fsâ kapZmb¯nep¬SmIpw (_pJmcn 5590). Fsâ kapZmb¯n inemhÀjhpw cq]wamäepw `qanbnte¡pÅ Bgepw (`uXnIin£bmbn) D¬SmIpw F¶v dkqepÃmln (kz) ]dªt¸mÄ AÃmlphnsâ XncpZqXtc AsXt¸mgmWv D¬SmhpI? F¶v tNmZn¡s¸«p. AhnSp¶v {]XnhNn¨p: (apkvenw kapZmb¯nÂ) hmtZym]IcW§Ä {]Xy£s¸SpIbpw ]m«p]mSp¶ KmbnIkv{XoIÄ hÀ²n¡pIbpw aZy§Ä ]m\w sN¿s¸SpIbpw sN¿pt¼mÄ (XpÀapZn 2213). Fsâ kapZmbw ]Xn\©v Imcy§Ä sNbvXpIgnªm Ahcn `uXnIin£ h¶nd§pw F¶p ]dªpsIm¬Sv ]Xn\©v Imcy§Ä F®nbt¸mÄ \_n (kz) aZy§Ä ]m\w sN¿s¸SpI, ]«p [cn¡s¸SpI, ]m«pImcnIfmb KmbnIamtcbpw kwKotXm]IcW§tfbpw D¬Sm¡pI F¶o Imcy§sfbpw A¡q«¯n F®pIbp¬Smbn (XpÀapZn 2211, anivIm¯v 5451).
ayqkn¡v D]IcW§fpsSbpw AhbpsS hmZ\§fpsSbpw AtXmsSm¸apÅ sImgp¸mÀ¶ kwKoXmem]\§fpsSbpw kzm[o\hpw hym]\hpamWv XpS¡¯n Xs¶ \mw I¬SXv. F¶m Hcp Imcy¯n\p P\kmam\y¯nepÅ kzm[o\tam hym]\tam AXnsâ km[pX¡pw AwKoImc¯n\pw sXfnhmbn Ckvemw ImWp¶nÃ. _lpssZhXzhpw XÖ\yamb hn{Klmcm[\bpw temI¯v H«pan¡ cmPy§fnepw D¬sS¶p ]dbmw. AXpsIm¬Sv AXp icnbmsWt¶m AwKoIrXamsWt¶m ]dbmtam? AXp {kjvSmhnt\mSv krjvSn sN¿p¶ henb A\oXnbmWtÃm. AXpsIm¬SmWtÃm epJvam³ F¶ alm³ Xsâ ]p{Xt\mSv C{]Imcw ]dªXv:
Fsâ IpªpaIt\, \o AÃmlphnt\mSv H¶ns\bpw ]¦ptNÀ¡cpXv. A§s\ ]¦ptNÀ¡p¶Xv henb A{Iaw Xs¶, \nÝbw (hnip² JpÀB³ 31: 13). AXp _lp`qcn]£¯nsâ amÀK¸ng¡p ImcWhpamWtÃm. AXpsIm¬SmWtÃm C_vdmlow \_n (A) C{]Imcw {]mÀYn¨Xv.
Fs¶bpw Fsâ k´m\§sfbpw hn{Klmcm[\bn \n¶Iän \nÀt¯Wta. Fsâ c£nXmth, B hn{Kl§Ä a\pjycn \n¶v \nch[n t]sc hgn]ng¸n¨pIgnªncn¡p¶p (hnip² JpÀB³ 14: 35þ36).
sNdp¸w apX I¬Spw tI«pw ioen¨Xpw kmÀh{XnIhpamb Imcy§Ä AcpsX¶v ]dbpt¼mÄ NneÀ¡v ZpÀhlambn tXm¶pI kzm`mhnIamWv. \ncmIcn¨p XÅp¶hcpw Ipdhmbncn¡nÃ. P\§Ä aq¶v hn`mKap¬Sv. tkzÑsb X§fpsS ssZham¡nbhcmWv H¶mw hn`mKw. X§fpsS CÑ¡pw XmXv]cy¯n\pw A\pkrXambsXms¡ AhÀ AwKoIcn¡pIbpw aäpÅsXÃmw \ncmIcn¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p. kXy¯n\pw [Àa¯n\pw \oXn¡papÅ AhcpsS am\ZWvVw kz´w CÑbpw CwKnXhpw Xs¶.
X¶njvSs¯ ssZham¡nbhs\ \o I¬Spthm? Ahsâ ta ImcyZÀinbmIphm³ Xm¦Ä¡v Ignbptam? (hnip² JpÀB³ 25: 43). X¶njvS¡msc amXrIbm¡phmt\m hà Imcy¯nepw Ahsc A\pKan¡phmt\m ]änÃ. AhnthIw Ae£yPohnX¯nte¡mWv Ahsc \bn¡p¶Xv.
\½psS kvacWbn \n¶v GsXmcmfpsS lrZbs¯ \mw A{i²am¡pIbpw X¶njvSs¯ Ah³ ]n´pScpIbpw Ahsâ Imcyw {IamXoXamhpIbpw sNbvXn«pt¬Sm Ahs\ \o A\pkcn¨pt]mIcpXv (hnip² JpÀB³ 18: 28). c¬Smas¯ hn`mKw AÃmlphmWv X§fpsS Bcm[ys\¶v ]dbp¶p. F¶m AhcpsS A\pkcW¯n\v Nne D]m[nIfp¬Sv. AÃmlphnsâ hn[nhne¡pIÄ X§fpsS CÑ¡pw CjvS¯n\pw H¯ph¶m kt´mj]qÀhw AhÀ A\pkcn¡p¶p. CÑ¡pw CwKnX¯n\pw hncp²sa¦n XÅn¡fbpIbpw sN¿p¶p. ChÀ `mKnIambn am{XamWv aXs¯ AwKoIcn¡p¶Xv. bYmÀY¯n ChÀ aXs¯ kÀhmXva\m AwKoIcn¡pIbÃ, aXw X§fpsS \ne]mSpIsf AwKoIcn¡Wsa¶v hmin]nSn¡pIbmWv.
Hcp h¡n \n¶psIm¬Sv AÃmlpsh Bcm[n¨psIm¬Sncn¡p¶h\pw P\§fpsS Iq«¯nep¬Sv. Ah\p hà KpWhpw hs¶¯p¶]£w AXneh³ kam[m\w sImÅpw. hà ]co£Whpw Ahs\ _m[n¡p¶psh¦n Ah³ Xsâ ]m«n\p Xncn¨pt]mIpIbpw sN¿pw. Clhpw ]chpw Ah\p \jvSs¸«p. AXpXs¶bmWv hyàamb \jvSw (hnip² JpÀB³ 22: 11).
AÃmlpsh Xsâ Bcm[y\mbn {]Jym]n¡pIbpw \ncp]m[nIw Ahs\ A\pkcn¡phm³ k¶²cmhpIbpw sNbvXn«pÅhcmWv aq¶mas¯ hn`mKw. Cu hn`mKw X§fpsS CwKnX§sf AÃmlphnsâ CwKnX¯n\v A[o\s¸Sp¯n ]camh[n Ahs\ a\kmþhmNmþIÀaWm A\pkcn¨v Pohn¡m³ {ian¡p¶hcmWv. \m«pImtcm ho«pImtcm Iq«pImtcm AXn\pap¼n AhÀ¡p {]iv\aÃ. F¶m AÃmlpsh A\pkcn¡m\pÅ amÀKsa´v? AXv AÃmlphnsâ dkqens\ A\pkcn¡pI Xs¶, \ncp]m[nIamb A\pkcWw.
AÃmlphnsâ dkqens\ Bcv A\pkcn¡p¶pthm Ah³ AÃmlphns\ A\pkcn¨p. Bcv ]n´ncnªpIfbp¶pthm AhcpsS ta Imh¡mc\mbn Xm¦sf \mw \ntbmKn¨b¨n«nà (hnip² JpÀB³ 4/80).
\n§Ä {]hmNIs\ A\pkcn¡p¶psh¦n \n§Ä¡p k³amÀKw {]m]n¡mw. dkqensâ _m[yX hyàamb {]t_m[\w am{XamIp¶p (hnip² JpÀB³ 24/54). dkqens\ A\pkcn¡m\pÅ amÀKsa´v? AXv AhnSps¯ hn[nhne¡pIsf \ncp]m[nIw A\pkcn¡pI Xs¶.
AÃmlphnsâ ZqX³ \n§Ä¡p \ÂInbXv \n§Ä kzoIcn¡pI. \ntcm[n¨Xv shSnbpIbpw sN¿pI (hnip² JpÀB³ 59/7).
aq¶mw hn`mK¯nsâ \ne]mSmWv icnsb¶ Imcy¯n ]£m´canÃ. AhÀ Hcp]t£ \yq\]£ambncn¡mw. Nnet¸mÄ \yq\]£¯n \yq\]£amtb¡mw. F¶mepw AhcpsS \ne]mSmWv IcWobw. _lp`qcn]£s¯ AÔambn A\pIcn¡m³ ]mSnÃ. arKob `qcn]£w Hcn¡epw t\cnsâ am\ZWvVaÃ.
`qanbnepÅhcn _lp`qcn]£s¯ Xm¦Ä A\pkcn¡p¶]£w AÃmlphnsâ amÀK¯n \n¶v Xm¦sf AhÀ hgn]ng¸n¨pIfbpw. Duls¯ am{XamWv AhÀ ]n´pScp¶Xv. shdpw A\pam\w am{XamWv AhÀ sh¨p]peÀ¯p¶Xv (hnip² JpÀB³ 6/116).
hmtZym]IcW§Ä D]tbmKn¨psIm¬SpÅ ayqkn¡v AÃmlphpw Ahsâ dkqepw \ntcm[n¨n«pÅ hnt\mZamsW¶v \mw I¬Sp. C\n AhnsS \½psStbm asämcmfpsStbm CjvS¯nt\m A`n{]mb¯nt\m bmsXmcp Øm\hpanÃ. C¡mcy¯n {]hmNIcpw A\pNc³amcpw IqSpX ImÀ¡iyw ]men¨Xmbn \ap¡v ImWmw. {]apJ Xm_nC¿pw kzlm_o{]apJ\mb A_vZpÃmln_v\pDaÀ (d) hnsâ injy\pamb \m^nAv (d) ]dbp¶p: Rm³ Hcp hgnbneqsS A_vZpÃmln_v\pDadnt\msSm¸w bm{X sN¿pIbmbncp¶p. At¸mÄ At±lw Hcp hoW¡pgensâ i_vZw tI«p. XZhkcw CcphncepIÄ sNhnbn sh¨psIm¬Sv At±lw hgnbn \n¶v asämcp hgnbnte¡v amdn. Ipd¨p Zqcs¯¯nbt¸mÄ At±lw tNmZn¨p: Hm \m^nAv, Ct¸mÄ Xm¦Ä hÃXpw tIÄ¡p¶pt­m? Cà F¶p Rm³ ]dªt¸mÄ At±lw sNhnIfn \n¶v hncepIÄ s]m¡n. F¶n«p ]dªp: Rms\mcn¡Â AÃmlphnsâ XncpZqXtcmsSm¸w \S¡pIbmbncp¶p. At¸mÄ AhnSp¶v Hcp ]pÃm¦pgensâ hmb\ tI«p. XZhkcw AhnSp¶v Rm³ {]hÀ¯n¨t]mse {]hÀ¯n¡pIbp¬Smbn. \m^nAv ]dbp¶p, Rm\t¸mÄ Hcp Ip«nbmbncp¶p (AlvaZv, A_qZmhqZv, anivIm¯v 4811). ayqknIv {i²n¨p tI«mkzZn¡p¶XmWv IpäIcw. AhnNmcnXambn tIÄ¡m\nShcp¶Xn\p hntcm[anÃ. F¶n«pw \_n (kz) Xncpta\nsb A\pIcn¨v C_v\pDadpw sNhns]m¯nbXv {]kvXpX i_vZt¯mSpÅ AhcpsS shdp¸pw AÃmlphnsâ hne¡ns\ A\pkcn¡p¶XnepÅ kq£vaXbpw {]ISn¸n¡phm³ th¬Snbmbncp¶p. Hcp tcmK¯n\v asämcp NnInÕm amÀKhpansöv hnizmktbmKycmb H¶ne[nIw NnInÕmcnIÄ ]dªm ayqknIv sXdm¸n kzoIcn¡mhp¶XmWv. AXv \PkpsIm¬SpÅ NnInÕ A\phZn¡s¸Sp¶Xpt]mse \nÀ_ÔnXmhØbnepÅ A\phmZw am{XamWv (Xplv^ 10/219þ220 t\m¡pI).