sNÊpIfn

Hcp {]mNo\ aÕc¡fnbmWv NXpcwKw. bp²¯n\p D]tbmKn¨ncp¶ tk\mhn`mK§sf B[mcam¡nbpÅXmWv Cu Ifn. cmPm¡³amcpsSbpw {]`p¡³amcpsSbpw hnt\mZambncp¶p CXv. ]n¶oSv kmÀÆP\o\ hnt\mZambn amdn. c¬Spt]À X½nemWv NXpcwK¡fn \S¡pI. NXpcwK¯nsâ P³a`qan GXv F¶ Imcy¯n A`n{]mbm´cap¬sS¦nepw `mcX¯nemWv CXnsâ BhnÀ`mhw F¶ A`n{]mbamWv {]_ew. {_n«ojv Ncn{XImc\mb tUm. tXmakv sslUv D¶bn¡pIbpw ]n¶oSv kwkvIrX ]WvVnX\mb hneyw tPm¬kv ]n´m§pIbpw sNbvX Cu A`n{]mbs¯ 1913 F¨v. sP. BÀ. apsd, At±l¯nsâ lnÌdn Hm^v sNÊv F¶ {KÙ¯n ØncoIcn¨n«p¬sS¶v AJnehnÚm\tImiw 3/250þ251 ]dbp¶p. Cu A`n{]mbw Xs¶ \½psS ]qÀh]WvVnXamÀ¡papÅXv. t]Àjy³ N{IhÀ¯nbmbncp¶ AÀZioÀ ]InSIfn GÀs¸Sp¯nbt¸mÄ AXn\p]Icambn Hcn´y³ cmPmhv BhnjvIcn¨ hnt\mZamWv NXpcwKw F¶mWv AhcpsS ]£w (I^v^v: C_v\plPÀ 65 t\m¡pI).

C´ybn BhnÀ`hn¨ NXpcwKw, t]Àjy, Atd_y F¶o cmPy§fnte¡mWv BZyw IpSntbdnbXv. t]Àjybn NXvþcwKv F¶ t]cnepw Atd_ybn iXzvd³Pv F¶ t]cnepamWv CXv Adnbs¸«Xv. {ItaW CXv {it²bamb Hcp hnt\mZaÕcambn H«pan¡ cmPy§fnepw {]Ncn¨p. AXn\nsS `mcX¯nse NXpcwK hnt\mZw \nch[n ]cnjvImc§Ä¡p hnt[bambn sNÊv F¶ ]pXnb cq]w ssIhcn¨p. Icp¡fpsS t]cpIfnepw Nne Icp¡fpsS A[nImc§fnepw Nne hyXymk§fp¬Smbn. NXpcwK¯nse a{´n sNÊn Izo³ Bbn; B\ _nj¸pw, tZh³ In§pw, tXcv AYhm cYw dq¡pambn. A{]Imcw Xs¶ NXpcwK¯nse IpXncbv¡p ]Icambn sNÊn ss\äv \nehn h¶p. Npcp¡¯n NXpcwK¯nsâ ]cnjvImc cq]amWv sNÊv. Ipim{K_p²nbpw GIm{KXbpw HmÀaiànbpw Bhiys¸Sp¶ sNÊv Kuchtadnb IfnIfn H¶mWv. _p²nimenIfpsS hnt\mZw F¶ _lpaXn sNÊn\p¬Sv (kÀÆhnÚm\tImiw 11/183).

NXpc¯nepÅ sNkv t_mÀUn 8 If§Ä hoXapÅ 8 \ncIfnembn BsI 64 If§fp¬Smbncn¡pw. H¶nShn«pÅ If§Ä Idp¸pw shfp¸pw \nd¯nemWv. 16 shÅ, 16 Idp¸v F¶n§s\ Ifn XpS§pt¼mÄ 32 Icp¡fmWv D]tbmKn¡p¶Xv. Hcp Ifn¡mc\v Htc \nd¯nepÅ Icp¡fmWv \ÂIpI. Hmtcm skänepw Hcp In§v, Hcp Izo³, c¬Sv dq¡v, c¬Sv ss\äv, c¬Sv _nj¸v, F«v ]m¬ F¶o Icp¡fmWpÅXv. sNÊnse Gähpw {][m\s¸« Icp In§v BWv. FXncmfnbpsS In§ns\ GsX¦nepw Icp sIm¬Sv, sh«nem¡pIsb¶ e£yt¯msSbmWv Ifn¡mÀ Icp\o¡§Ä \S¯p¶Xv. In§ns\ sh«nem¡p¶Xn\mWv sN¡v F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. sN¡v \o¡m\mhmsX hcnItbm FXncmfn kzbw cmPnsh¡pItbm sN¿pt¼mÄ Ifn Ahkm\n¡p¶p (kÀÆhnÚm\tImiw 11/184, 185).

`mKnIambn hyànItfm, ¢ºpItfm \S¯nbncp¶ sNÊv C¶v Hcp BtKmf hnt\mZambn amdnbncn¡pIbmWv. djybpsS tZiob hnt\mZamWv sNÊv. tamkvtImbnse tI{µ ImbnI C³Ìnäyq«n 1950 Xpd¶ sNÊv Un¸mÀ«psaân sNÊv ]T\¯n\pw sNÊv Ifnbn _ncpZw t\Sp¶Xn\pw kuIcy§fp¬Sv. 1886 apX temI sNÊv Nm¼y³jn¸v aÕc§Ä XpS§n. 1924 temI sNÊv kwLS\bmb ^nsU cq]w sIm¬Sp. 1927 sNÊv Hfn¼ymUv XpS§n. CXymZn Imcy§Ä sNÊnsâ temIw hn]peam¡pIbpw sNÊns\ Hcp hnizhnt\mZam¡pIbpw sNbvXp. XpSÀ¶v B[p\nI sSIvt\mfPn I¼yq«dneqsS Cu hnt\mZ¯n\p IqSpX kuIcyw \ÂIn. 1974 tÌmIvtlman BZys¯ I¼yq«À sNÊv aÕcw \S¶p. temI sNÊv Nm¼y³jn¸v Cu cwKs¯ ]ctam¶X _lpaXnbmbn KWn¡p¶p.

kaql¯n C{Xbpw kzm[o\hpw {]Nmchpw t\Snb Hcp hnt\mZ¯nsâ hn[n hyàambpw a\knem¡nbncnt¡¬SXv Hmtcm apkvenansâbpw _m[yXbmWv. icnsb icnsh¡m\pw sXäns\ \ntj[n¡m\pw Adnhv thWatÃm. NXpcwK¯nsâ ]cnjvIrX cq]amWv sNÊv F¶phcpt¼mÄ, aäp ldmapIsfm¶pw AXn tNcmXncn¡pt¼mÄ H¶mat¯Xnsâ hn[n Xs¶bmWv c¬Smat¯Xn\psa¶v a\knem¡mhp¶XmWv.
NXpcwKw Ifn ldmamsW¶mWv aZvl_nsâ CamapIfn Camw im^nCu (d) Hgn¨pÅ aäp aqhcpw ]dªn«pÅXv. A\phZ\obamsW¶mWv Camw im^nCu (d) bpsS ]£w. ImcWw, IpäIcamsW¶Xn\p D²cn¡s¸«n«pÅ lZokpIÄ ZpÀ_e§tfm, AtbmKy§tfm, A\yYmhymJym\¯n\v hnt[btam BWv. A\phZ\obamsW¦nepw A\`nImayamb ImcyamWv sNÊv Ifn. AYhm Idml¯mWv, Dt]£n¡p¶XmWv D¯aw. aX¯n AXpsIm¬sSmcp KpWhpanÃ; PohnX¯n AXnsâ icnbmsbmcmhiyhpanÃ. am{XaÃ, AÃmlpsh¡pdn¨pw ]ctemIs¯¡pdn¨papÅ kvacWbn \n¶pw t{ijvTkab§fn \nkvImcw \nÀhln¡p¶Xn \n¶pw AXv Ifn¡mcs\ A{i²\m¡pw. AXpsIm¬SmWv A\phZ\obsa¦nepw A\`nImayamsW¶p ]dªn«pÅXv.

F¶m A\`nImayamb C¡mcyw A\phZ\obamIp¶Xn\v A©p D]m[nIfp¬Sv. H¶v: NXpcwK¡cp¡Ä Pohncq]apÅhtbm PohnIfpsS Nn{X§Ä ap{ZWw sN¿s¸«htbm BhcpXv. Ahbn Hs¶¦nepw AÆn[ambm Ah sIm¬SpÅ Ifn \njn²amIpw. ImcyKucht¯msS sNÊv t_mÀUn Ifn¡p¶ Icp¡Ä¡v hµ\w hcp¶XpsIm¬Sv, Nhn¨«nbnepw, hncn¸nepw X¯peyamb hµ\kz`mhanÃm¯ Nn{X§tfmSv Ahsb kmZriyam¡n A\phZ\obamsW¶v hbv¡mhXÃ. c¬Sv: IfntbmS\p_Ôn¨v Ak`ytam, iWvTþiImc§tfm D¬SmhcpXv. A§s\ hÃXpap¬Smbm NXpcwKw ldmamIpw. aq¶v: Ifn ]Ww h¨psIm¬SmIcpXv. Ccp I£nIfpw ]Ww h¨p ]´bkz`mh¯n Ifn¡p¶psh¦n AXp ldmamb NqXm«amWv. Hcp `mK¯p\n¶pw am{XamWv ]Ww hbv]v F¦nepw ldmw Xs¶. ImcWw, AhnsS NqXm«w hcp¶nsænepw \nbahncp²amb HcnS]mSpw AhnlnXamb [\k¼mZ\hpw hcp¶p¬Sv. \mev: \nkvImcw XpS§nb \nÀ_Ô _m[yXIÄ AXpaqew apS§mXncn¡Ww. AXn\nSh¶mepw Ifn ldmamIpw. At¸mÄ \nkvImcw \jvSs¸Spsat¶m kabw hn«p ]n´nt¸mIpsat¶m t_m[ys¸«m sNÊnteÀs¸Sp¶Xv \njn²amhpw. A©v: CXp ldmamsW¶p hnizkn¡p¶hsâ IqsSbmhcpXv Ifn. ImcWw im^nCu aZvl_n CXv A\phZ\obamsW¦nepw aäp aq¶v aZvl_nse ]WvVnX³amcpw ldmamsW¶ ]£¡mcmWv. At¸mÄ ldmamsW¶v hnizkn¡p¶ aZvl_pImcsâ IqsS Ifn¡pt¼mÄ Ahs\ Ahsâ hnizmk{]Imchpw Adnhp{]ImchpapÅ Hcp sXän\p klmbn¡pIbmWv. At¸mÄ Cu A©p D]m[nIfpw ]men¡pt¼mÄ am{XamWv NXpcwK¡fn IpäIcaÃm¯ Idml¯pam{Xamhp¶Xv.

ChnsS kzm`mhnIambpw Nne tNmZy§fpZn¡p¶p¬Sv. AhbpsS adp]SnIÄ a\knem¡nbncnt¡¬SXmWv. H¶v: NXpcwKw ldmamsW¶mWtÃm _lp`qcn]£w ]WvVnX³amcpw ]dªn«pÅXv. AhÀ¡\pIqeamb lZokpIÄ hÃXpap¬tSm? lZokpIÄ ]eXpap¬Sv.:

AÃmlphn\v Hmtcm Zn\cm{X§fnepw ap¶qän Adp]Xv A\p{Kl t\m«ap¬Sv. Ahbnsem¶pt]mepw NXpcwK Ifn¡mc\p t\scbp¬SmhnÃ, NXpcwK¡fn¡mc³ im]hnt[b\mWv, NXpcwKw Ifn¡p¶h³ ]¶namwkamWv Xn¶p¶Xv, hÃh\pw NXpcwKw Ifn¨m AÃmlpthmSpw Ahsâ {]hmNIt\mSpw Ah³ A\pkcWt¡Sv ImWn¨p, NXpcwKw Ifn \_n (kz) \ntcm[n¨n«p¬S;v Cu lZokpIsfÃmw Camw ssZehn D²cn¨n«pÅhbmWv. ]qÀhnI ]WvVnX³amcpsS Nne {]kvXmh\Ifpw AhÀ¡p sXfnhmbn hÀ¯n¡p¶p.

GXm\pw DZmlcW§Ä: t]Àjy¡mcpsS NqXpIfnbmWv NXpcwKsa¶v Aen (d) {]kvXmhn¨n«p¬Sv. Aen (d) Hcn¡Â NXpcwKw Ifn¨psIm¬Sncn¡p¶ Hcp hn`mKamfpIfpsS kao]w \S¡m\nSbmbn. At±lw XZhkcw tNmZn¨p: \n§Ä `P\ancn¡p¶ Cu hn{Kl§sf´mWv? Ch ssIsIm¬Sv kv]Àin¡p¶Xnt\¡mÄ t`Zw Xo¡\epIÄ, Ah sI«Wbpw hsc ssIIÄ sIm¬Sp kv]Àin¡p¶XmWv. AÃmlphmWv kXyw, CXn\à \n§Ä krjvSn¡s¸«n«pÅXv. Camw amenIv (d) ]dbpIbp¬Smbn: alm\mb C_v\pAºmkv (d) Xsâ c£m[o\¯nepÅ Hcp A\mY _me\p Xsâ ]nXmhn \n¶p e`n¨ k¼¯n sNÊp]IcW§Ä ImWm\nSbmbn. DSs\ Ah Np«pIcn¨p IfbpIbmWv At±lw sNbvXXv. AhsIm¬SpÅ hnt\mZw A\phZ\obambncp¶psh¦n Ah Nps«cn¡p¶Xv At±lw A\phZ\obambn ImWpambncp¶nÃ. ImcWw, A\mYsâ [\¯n s]«Xmbncp¶p Ah. Ahbp]tbmKn¨pÅ Ifn ldmambXpsIm¬Sp Xs¶bmWv At±lw Icn¨p \in¸n¨Xv. At¸mÄ sNÊv t_mÀUpw Icp¡fpw aZy¯n\p kam\amsW¶p h¶p. Hcp A\mYsâ [\¯n aZyap¬sS¦n AXp adn¨pIfb c£nXmhn\p \nÀ_ÔamWtÃm.
alm\mb apPmlnZv (d) ]dbpIbp¬Smbn: GsXmcp hyànbpw acWmk¶\mIpt¼mÄ Ahsâ km[mcWamb kZkycmcmtWm Ahs\, Ahsâ I¬ap¼n ImWpw. sNÊpIfn km[mcWam¡nb HcmÄ acWmk¶\mbt¸mÄ emCeml CÃÃmlv F¶p sNmÃm³ HcmÄ D]tZin¨p. XZhkcw jmlIv F¶mbncp¶p AbmÄ Dcphn«Xv. CXp NXpcwK¡mÀ Ifn¡nsS ]dbmdpÅ Hcp hm¡mWv. AtXmsS AbmÄ acWs¸«p. Cu No¯hm¡mbncp¶p ]cnip² hmIy¯n\p]Icw AbmfpsS A´nahmIyw. hnPbnItfmsSm¸w, \cIkpc£nXcmbn, kzÀK¯n {]thin¡p¶Xn\p ImcWambn \_n (kz) ]dªn«pÅ A´nahmIyw emCeml CÃÃmlv F¶XmWv.

C{Xbpw sXfnhpIÄ sNÊv ldmamsW¶ hmZ¯n\\pIqeambn \nesImÅpt¼mÄ AXv A\phZ\obamsW¶v F§s\bmWv ]dbpI? CXmWv c¬Smw tNmZyw. AXn\p hnJymX im^nCu ]WvVnX\mb Camw C_v\plPÀ sslXan (d) Xsâ I^v^pdBC (t]Pv 57) ]dª adp]Sn C§s\ kw{Kln¡mw: CÆnjbIambn h¶n«pÅ lZokpIÄ sam¯saSp¯p ]cntim[n¨m Ahbn sXfnhn\p tbmKyamb (kzlotlm lkt\m Bb) Hcp lZokpt]mepw ImWnÃ. t`Zs¸«Xmbn ]dbmhp¶XpXs¶ ZpÀ_eamb (fCu^mb) AÂ]w Nne lZokpIfmWv. Ahbne[nIhpw sXfnhn\v AtbmKyamWv F¶v alm³amcmb lZokv ]WvVnX³amÀ ]dªn«p¬Sv. ]t¯mfw kzlm_namÀ Cu hnt\mZs¯ A[nt£]n¨n«p¬StÃm F¶mWv ]dbp¶sX¦n Ahbn `qcn`mKhpw icnbmb ]c¼ctbmsS hnizmktbmKyambn e`n¨n«nsöpw Ahtijn¡p¶h A\yYmhymJym\¯n\p hnt[bamsW¶XpamWv Xncn¨p ]dbm\pÅXv.
At_m[mhØbnepÅh\pw adhn kw`hn¨h\pw hnhcanÃm¯h\psams¡ hn[n hne¡pIÄ¡p hnt[bcÃm¯XpsIm¬Sv (XIveo^v CÃm¯ AhØbnembXpsIm¬Sv) IpäapàcmWtÃm. ]ns¶§s\bmWv A\phZ\obamb sNÊpIfnbn apgpIn A{i²bneIs¸«p \nkvImcw \jvSs¸«pt]mb hyàn Ipä¡mc\mhpI? AYhm Cu kmlNcy¯nÂ, apIfn ]dªt]mse Ahsâ Ifn ldmambn¯ocpI? CXmWv aq¶mas¯ tNmZyw. adp]Sn C_v\plPÀ Xs¶ ]dbs« (I^v^v 58):

tNmZy¯n ]dª aq¶p hn`mK¡mÀ \nba¯n \n¶p apàcmIp¶Xv AhcpsS At_m[w, adhn, AÚX F¶nh AhcpsS hogvNbn \n¶pÛhn¡mXncn¡pt¼mgmWv. hogvN aqeamsW¦n AhÀ imk\mhnt[bcpw XXv^eambn Ipä¡mcpamIp¶XmWv. HcmÄ NXpcwK Ifnbn ebn¨p, Ah\dnbmsX \nkvImckabw IS¶pt]mhpIbpw A§s\ Ah\p \nkvImcw XÕab¯v \jvSs¸SpIbpw sNbvXm Ah³ Ipä¯n \n¶v HgnhmIp¶Xn\v bmsXmcp \ymbhpansöv ]WvVnX³amÀ hyàambn¸dªn«p¬Sv. F´psIm¬sS¶m Cu At_m[mhØ Ahsâ hogvN sIm¬SmWv kw`hn¨n«pÅXv. \nÀ_Ô_m[yX \jvSs¸Spthmfw A\`nImayamb Hcp hnt\mZ¯n Ah³ IqSpXembn sNÊpIfn¡p¶hs\ hym]rX\m¡n¡fbpw. am{XaÃ, Ah³ Ifnbn ebn¨v \nkvImc kabw Xs¶ \jvSs¸«pt]mIm\nShcpw. A§s\ hcpt¼mÄ Ipä¡mc\pw, adhn¡p bmsXmcp hn«phogvNbpw \ÂIs¸Sm¯h\pamIpw þ

IÀaimkv{X ]WvVnX³amÀ A§s\ ]dªn«pÅXpsIm¬Sv. NXpcwKw Ifn¡p¶Xv apIfn ]dª A©v D]m[ntbmsS, A\`nImaysa¦nepw A\phZ\obamsW¶p shbv¡pt¼mÄ ]Xnhmbn sNÊv Ifn¡p¶XpsIm¬Sv Ahsâ [Àa\njvT¡v (AZme¯n\p) `wKw kw`hn¡pItbm km£n¡v AtbmKy\mhpItbm sN¿ptam? CXmWv asämcp kwibw. D¯cw Hähm¡n ]dbmhXÃ. Aev]w hniZoIcWw BhiyamWv. ^nJvlv {KÙ§fn \ÂInbn«pÅ hniZoIcW§fpsS Hcp kw{Klw iÀlp apl±_v XIvane km\nb 20/228 \n¶p²cn¡mw. ]Ww shbv¡msX, sNÊpIfnbn HcmÄ GÀs¸«p. AXpaqew Hcp \nÀ_Ô IÀatam A`nam\tam \jvSs¸«nÃ. F¶m AbmÄ km£n¡p AtbmKy\mhnÃ. ]Ww sh¨mWv Ifn¨sX¦ntem, F¦n Ccp`mK¯p\n¶pw ]´bkz`mh¯n ]Wwsh¨n«p¬tSm F¶p t\m¡Ww. A§s\bmsW¦n AXp NqXm«amWv. AXpaqew Ahsâ [Àa\njvTbv¡p `wKta¡p¶Xpw Ahsâ km£yw XÅs¸Sp¶XpamWv. Ifnbn ]s¦Sp¡p¶ CcpI£nIfn Hcp I£nam{XamWv ]Ww Hm^À sN¿p¶sX¦n (Fs¶ tXmÂ]n¨m Cu kwJy \n\¡p Xcpsa¶p ]dbp¶psh¦nÂ) B Hm^À CS]mSv Akm[phmWv. bp²]cnioe\¯n\p klmbIamb aÕc¯n am{Xta ]Ww Hm^À km[phmIpIbpÅq. ]t£, AXp NqXm«aÃ. AXpsIm¬SpXs¶ Ah³ km£n¡p AtbmKy\mhpIbpanÃ.

Ccp I£nIfn Hmtcm I£n¡pw Htc kabw em`¯n\pw \jvS¯n\pw km[yXbp¬SmIp¶hn[w Ccp]£¯p\n¶pw ]´bkz`mh¯n {]Xn^ew \nÝbn¡pt¼mÄ am{Xta NqXm«w hcnIbpÅq. ChnsS tPXmhn\p t\«ap¬SmImsa¦nepw \jvSkm[yXbnÃ. NXpcwK¯n hym]rX\mbXp \nan¯w AdnªpsIm¬Sv \nkvImcw \jvSs¸Sp¯pIsb¶Xv BhÀ¯n¨p¬SmIp¶psh¦n Ah³ km£n¡p AtbmKy\mIpw. {]XypX AXv BhÀ¯n¡p¶nsæn sNbvXXv sXämsW¦nepw Ahsâ tbmKyX \jvSs¸Sp¶nÃ. A`nam\¯n\p £Xta¡¯¡hn[w Ifn¡p¶psh¦n km£n¡p AtbmKy\mIpw. hgnbn Ifn¡pI, Ifn¡nSbn Ak`yw ]dbpI, cmhpw ]Iepw Ifnbn hym]rX\mhpI F¶o Imcy§Ä sIm¬Sv A`nam\w \jvSs¸Spw.