hyXnbm\ Nn´IÄ hnhn[ `mh§fnÂ

Imem´c¯n hyXnbm\ Nn´IÄ hnhn[ ZniIfpw `mh§fpw kzoIcn¨p sIm­v hy XykvX kwLS\Ifmbn {]hÀ¯n¨p XpS§n. C¯cw kwLS\Ifn ]eXpw kaql¯n _mly Xe¯n ]e \·Ifpw sNbvXp sIm­v apt¶dn. X_veoKv PamA¯v C¯c¯n s]« Hcp {]Øm\amWv. Ckvemansâ ktµiw _lpP\§fn F¯n ¡pI, apkvenwIsf Bcm[\m IÀa§fn \njvTbpÅhcm¡pI XpS§nb e£y§tfm sS BtKmfmSnØm\¯n {]hÀ¯n¡p¶ Hcp kwLS\bmWnXv. ChcpsS {]t_m[\w A[nIhpw apkvenwIÄ¡nSbn Xs¶bmWv. ]ÅnIÄ tI{µoIcn¨mWv ChÀ km[mcW {]hÀ¯n¨p hcp¶Xv. ]ebnS§fnepw ChcpsS {]hÀ¯\w kPohamWv.

C¶s¯ X_veoKpImÀ {]Xy£¯n hyXnbm\ Nn´Ifntes¡m¶pw IS¡mdnÃ. amk §tfmfw \o­p \n¡p¶ AhcpsS {]t_m[\ kvIzmUv {]{hÀ¯\w k\ymk kz`m hw {]ISam¡p¶psh¶XmWv AhÀs¡Xnsc s]s«¶v Btcm]n¡s¸Smhp¶ Ipäw. F¶m KpcpXcamb Bib hyXnbm\§Ä Cu {]Øm\¯n Is­¯mhp¶XmWv. Cu {]Øm\¯nsâ D]ÚmXm¡Ä C_v\p A_vZp hlvlm_nsâ ISp¯ Bib ¡mcmbncp¶p. apl½Zv CÂbmkmWv Cu kwLS\bpsS Øm]I t\Xmhv. At±l¯n â Kpcphmbncp¶ djoZv AlvaZv KmwtKmlnbpsS BioÀhmZt¯msSbmWv kwLS\ Øm]n¨Xv. KmwtKmlnbpw ta hyànbpsS Bib¡mc\mbncp¶p. X_veoKv PamA ¯nsâ _mlyamb `àn{]IS\§fn BIrjvScmbn AXn kPohambn ]s¦Sp¡p ¶ km[mcW¡mÀ Cu kwLS\bpsS DÂ`hs¯¡pdn¨pw Bib hyXnbm\§sf ¡pdn¨pw A[nIw Nn´n¡mdnÃ. AÃmlp FÃmhÀ¡pw kXyw ImWn¨p sImSp¡s«.

Alvep JpÀB³

XnI¨pw CkvemanI hr¯¯n \n¶pw ]pd¯v t]mb hyXnbm\ Nn´Ifpw hncfaÃ. lZokv \ntj[nIÄ Ckvemansâ t]cn kwLSnXambn¯s¶ {]hÀ¯n¨p hcp¶p. ChÀ hntijn¸n¡s¸SmdpÅXv Alvep JpÀB³ F¶ t]cnemWv. AJnetemIm SnØm\¯n ChcpsS F®w hfsc ]cnanXamsW¦nepw Ht«sd i_vZ tImemle§Ä krjvSn¡m³ ChÀ¡v Ignªn«p­v. tIcf¯n JpÀB³ kp¶¯v skmsskän F¶ t]cnemWv ChÀ {]hÀ¯n¨p hcp¶Xv. JpÀB³ am{Xw Bkv]Zam¡nbmWv Pohnt¡ ­sX¶mWv ChcpsS hmZw. ]©m_n Pohn¨ncp¶ Kpemw AlvaZv ]Àthjv Cu Nn´m KXnbpsS {][m\ BNmcy\mWv. tIcf¯n auehn apl½Zv A_p lk³ F¶ tN I\qÀ auehn Cu Nn´sb hfÀ¯m³ Gsd ]cn{ian¡pIbp­mbn. BZyIme¯v apPm lnZv hàmhmbncp¶ At±lw {ItaW Alvep JpÀB\nbmbn ]cnWan¡pIbm bncp¶p. A©p t\c§fnse \nkvImcw aq¶v kab§fn \nÀhln¨m aXnsb¶Xv AlvepÂJpÀB\nIfpsS {][m\ hmZ§fnsem¶mWv. A_qlpssdd(d) XpS§nb kz lm_n {]apJ·mscbpw  Camw _pJmcn(d)sb t]mepÅ Xm_nDIsfbpw AhÀ IÅ·m cmbn ap{Z Ip¯n. Cu {]Øm\¯n\v ]t£, apkvenw temI¯v kzm[o\sam¶pw krjvSn ¡m³ km[n¨n«nÃ.

AlvepÂlJv

aXhr¯¯n \n¶v CXv t]mse ]pd¯p NmSnb asämcp Nn´mKXn¡mcmWv Alvep lJv. CXv inbm hn`mK¯nse Gsd ]ng¨ Hcp Xo{hhmZnkwLamWv. AenCemln F¶ ioCu hyXnbm\ Nn´mKXn¡mcpsS Hcp hnaX hn`mKamWv ChÀ. Cdm\nepw CdmJnepw I­phcp¶ Hcp \yq\]£amWv ChÀ. AÃmlphn\v Ggv AhXmc§fps­¶v ChÀ {]Ncn¸n¡p¶p. Chsc k_vCIÄ F¶pw hnfn¡mdp­v. Chcn \n¶v thÀs]«pt]mb asämcp hn`mKamWv C_mlnIÄ. kÀÆX{´kzX{´cmbn Pohn¡pI F¶XmWv ChcpsS ASnØm\ X¯zw. PohnX¯n H¶pw \ntj[n¡s¸«n«nÃ. FÃmw A\phZ\obamWv F¶v ChÀ {]Ncn¸n¡p¶p. a[y]uckvXy \mSpIfn aXapà PohnXw \bn¡p¶hsc C_mln¿ F¶mWv sam¯¯n hnfn¨p hcp¶Xv.

Zo³ Cemln

apKÄ N{IhÀ¯nbmbncp¶ AIv_dnsâ sIm«mc ]WvVnX\mbncp¶ A_pÂ^fvÂ, N{IhÀ¯nbpsS \nÀt±i{]Imcw D­m¡nb ]pXnb aXamWv Zo³ Cemln. C´ybnse hnhn[ aX§fnse BNmc§Ä kmwioIcn¨p­m¡nbXmWnXv. ]t£, AIv_dnsâ acWt¯msS Zo³Cemlnbpw acn¨p. ]¯n Xmsg  A\pbmbnIsf Cu aX¯n\v D­m bpÅq.

JmZnbm\nkw

Ckvemw aX¯nsâ cq]hpw `mhhpapÅ Hcp ]pXnb aXamWv AlvaZn¿ PamA¯v A Yhm JmZnbm\nkw. aoÀkm Kpemw AlvaZv JmZnbm\n Øm]n¨ aXamWnXv. 19mw \qäm­nsâ Ahkm\ Ime¯mWv aoÀkm Cu aX¯n\v cq]w \ÂInbXv. apkvenwIsf C ´y³ kzX{´y kac¯n \n¶v {i² Xncn¨phnSm³ {_n«ojpImÀ Hcp¡nb sIWnbmbncp¶p Cu ]pXnb aXw. Xm³ {InkvXphnsâ AhXmcamsW¶pw A´y\mfn {]Xy£s¸Spsa¶v apkvenwIÄ hnizkn¡p¶ alvZnbmsW¶pw A´y{]hmNIsâ icoA¯v IenbpK¯n hymJym\n¡m³ ssZh¯m \ntbmKn¡s¸« ]pXnb icoA¯nÃm¯ \_nbmsW¶psams¡ aoÀkm hmZn¨p. Xs¶ fnÃp\_o AYhm {]hmNIsâ \ng F s¶ms¡ At±lw hntijn¸n¨p. Po_vcoÂ(A) aptJ\ X\n¡v hlvbv e`n¡p¶ps­ ¶pw At±lw AhImis¸«p. 19mw \qäm­nemWv aoÀkm \_nbmsW¶v AhImis¸«Xv. CkvemanI icoA¯n Gsd hyXnbm\§sfm¶pw hcp¯m³ aoÀkmKpemw AlvaZv JmZnbm\n {ian¨n«nÃ. ]e Imcy§fnepw Alvte lZoknsâ hmZKXnIfmWv Bt±lw kzoIcn¨pt]m¶Xv. F¶m ZÖm Xoh­nbmsW¶pw bAvPqPv, aAvPqPv djybpw Atacn¡bpamsW¶psams¡ At±lw hyJym\n¨p. C¶v temI¯v c­p tImSntbmfw JmZnbm\nIfp­v. ]n¡me¯v ChÀ emtlmcnIsf¶pw JmZnbm\nIsf¶pw c­mbn ]n cnªp. emtlmcnIÄ At±ls¯ Ccp]Xmw \qäm­nse apkvenw ]cnjvIÀ¯mhmbn AwKoIcn¡p¶p.

_lmCkw

ssZhw GI\pw Aen(d) ssZh¯nsâ I®mSnbpamsW¶v {]Ncn¸n¨psIm­v Cdm\nse ioCIfnse Hcp Ahm´c hn`mK¯nÂs¸« Aenapl½Zv iodmkn Xm³ ssZh¯nte¡pÅ hmXmb\amsW¶v hmZn¨p sIm­v _m_v aXw Øm]n¨p. _m_v F¶ ]Z¯n\v hmXmb\w F¶v AÀYw. Ct±l¯n\v kaÀYcmb c­v A\pbmbnIfp­mbncp¶p. aoÀ kmblvbm \qcnbpw aoÀkmlpssk³ Aen \qcnbpambncp¶p AhÀ. Chcn lpssk³ Aen \qcn Xsâ 33mas¯ hbÊnemWv _m_v aX¯n tNÀ¶Xv.]n¡me¯v At±lw _lmDÃm Bbn {]Jy]n¨p. Ct±lw 1892 tabv 29\v sImÃs¸«p. Ct±l¯nsâ  A\pbmbnIfmWv _lmCIÄ F¶ t]cn Adnbs¸Sp¶Xv. Ckveman \n¶pw, CXc aX§fn \n¶pw ]e XXz§fpw ka\zbn¸n¨psIm­v {]t{XI Bcm[\m apdIÄ an\sªSp¯psIm­pÅ aXamWv _lmCkw.

FenPmCIÄ

Atacn¡bnse Idp¯ hÀK¡mcpsS tamN\¯n\v th­n {ian¨ FenPm]qse Ckvemans\ Hcp hntamN\ {]Øm\ambn¡­v AXn hnizkn¨v {]hÀ¯n¡m³ XpS§n. t»¡v apkvenwkv Fs¶mcp {]Øm\¯n\v Xs¶ At±lw cq]w \ÂIn. ]t£, At± lw hnizmk§fnepw IÀ½§fnepw Ckveman \n¶pw Gsd hyXnNen¨ncp¶p. aoÀkm Kpemans\t¸mse At±lhpw \p_pƯv hmZn¨p. am¡w FIvkv Ct±l¯nsâ {][m\ A\pbmbnbmbncp¶p. 1946 PbneneS¡s¸« am¡w FIvkv, FenPmapl½Znsâ \m j³ Hm^v Ckvemapambn _Ôs¸«p \ot{Km apkvenwIfpsS kap¶X t\Xmhmbn amdn. ]n¶oSv FenPmbpambn sXän. {ItaW At±lw icnbmb Ckvemansâ {]tbmàmhmbn amdn. AÂlmPv amen¡v AÈlv_mkv F¶ ]pXnb t]À kzoIcn¨p.

C§s\ Ckvemans\ Iq«p]nSn¨p sIm­v Ignª c­v aq¶v \qäm­pIfnembn Hcp]mSv \qX\ Nn´mKXnIfpw Ckveman\v \nc¡m¯ ]pXnb hnNmc [mcIfpw cwK¯v h¶p. Jp ÀB\pw Xncpkp¶¯pw AC½¯pIfpsS amÀK§fpw Ahew_n¨p sIm­v am{Xsa C ¯cw kmlNcy§fn bYmÀY Ckvemans\ DÄs¡mffm³ \ap¡v km[n¡pIbpÅq. \_n(kz) bpw klm_¯pw Pohn¨ ]mX AXv am{XamWv kXyZo³.