A_p AAvembpsS kn²m´§Ä

ke^n Bib§Ä Xs¶bmWv A_p AAvembpsS Nn´ IÄ¡pw Bthiw ]IÀ¶Xv. F¶m Nne Imcy§fn A t±lw ]c¼cmKX hnizmk§Ä¡v ap³Xq¡w \ÂInbn«p­v. B[p\nI atXXc Nn´mKXnbpambn tbmPn¨pt]mIp¶ coXn bnembncp¶p ke^n ]WvVnX·mÀ CkvemanI Imcy§sf hymJym\n¨Xv. AhÀ Ckvemans\ hnizmk Imcy§fnepw Nne BNmcm\pjvTm\§fnepw HXp¡n, XuloZv Øm]n¡pI F¶Xn am{Xw  Du¶Â \ÂIn. aZvl_v ]n´pScp¶ apkv enwIsfÃmw XuloZn\v ]pd¯msW¶ [mcWbmWv AhÀ ]c¯nbXv. \_n¡v tijw apkvenw temIw BIam\w hgn]ng¨psh¶pw Ahscms¡ `mKn Iamtbm Nnet¸mÄ ]qÀWamtbm inÀ¡v {]hÀ¯n¡p¶hcmsW¶pw ke^n {]Øm\ §Ä {]NmcWw XpS§n. `cWw, kmaqly Imcy§Ä XpS§nb taJeIsfm¶pw Ckv eman\v {]tXyIambn {i²nt¡­ taJeIfsöpw AXv aäp aX¡mtcm aX\ntj[nI tfm \S¯pwt]mse \S¯pItbm Asæn AhcpsS {]hÀ¯\§fn apkvenwIÄ klIcn¡pItbm sNbvXm aXn F¶pw AhÀ A`n{]mbs¸«p. ke^nbm bncps¶ ¦nepw Cu ho£WKXnsb A_p AAvem FXnÀ¯p. PohnX¯nsâ AJne taJe Ifnepw CkvemaÃm¯ asäm¶pw Hcp apkvenw kwXr]vXntbmsS kzoIcn¡m³ ]mSnà F¶ \ne]mSmbncp¶p At±l¯ntâXv. CtXmsS ke^nIÄ `n¶ {[ph§fnembn. ke ^n kzm[o\apÅ \mSpIfn C¶v A_p AAvem auZqZnbpsS Bib¯n\mWv {]Nm capÅXv. Ccp]Xmw \qäm­nse CkvemanI \thm°m\ \mbIcn Hcmfmbn auZqZnsb  Nne ke^o \mSpIfn  F®s¸Sp¶p­v.

auZqZnbpsS A_²§Ä

ke^nIsft]mse A_p AAvem¡pw C_mZ¯ns\ a\Ênem¡p¶Xn sXäp ]nW ªn«p­v. Ccp hn`mKhpw C_mZ¯nsâ hn]coXw inÀ¡pw, Ip^vdpamsW¶v [cn¨p. Cu sXän²mcW aqeamWv A_p AAvembpsS cmjv{Sob kahmIy§Ä sXänt¸mbXv. A Ãmlphnsâ `qanbn AÃmlphnsâ `cWw F¶ ap{ZmhmIyw Dds¡ hnfn¨ BfmWv A t±lw. taml\ kpµcamb Hcp ap{ZmhmIyamWnXv. Hmtcm apkvenapw lpIqas¯ Cem ln¡v th­n bXv\n¡Wsa¶v At±lw A`yÀYn¨p. CtXmsSm¶n¨v At±lw Nne \nÀh N\§fpw \nÀt±i§fpw A`n{]mb§fpw apt¶m«ph¨p. Zo³ F¶Xns\ At±lw tÌäv F¶pw icoA¯v F¶Xns\ cmjv{Sob \nba§sf¶pw hymJym\n¨p. `cWanÃm¯ Zo³ `qanbn ]WnXn«nÃm¯ hoSpt]msebmsW¶pw A`n{]mbs¸«p. Hcp apkvenw AÃmlp hnsâ \nbaaÃmsX asämcp \nbahpw A\pkcn¨p IqsS¶pw C´y³ `cWLS\sb \ncp ]m[nIw kÀÆmß\m AwKoIcn¨p Pohn¡p¶Xv JpÀBsâ \ntj[¯n\v XpeyamsW ¶pw At±lw kn²m´n¨p. lpIqas¯ Cemln¡v th­nbpÅ Xsâ {ia¯nsâ `mK ambmWv C_mZ¯v AS¡apÅ kmt¦XnI kwÚIÄ¡v At±lw \nÀhN\§fpambn apt¶m«ph¶Xv. C_mZ¯n\v A\pkcW, ASna¯w Fs¶ms¡ AÀYw sImSp¡pt¼m Ä CkvemaÃm¯ \nba§Ä¡v hnt[bXzw ImWn¨v Ah A\pkcn¨v Pohn¨m apkvenw Im^ndmbn¯ocpsa¶ AXnitbmàn]camb {]kvXmh\IfmWv At±l¯nsâ JpXzp _m¯nepw aäpw ImWp¶Xv.

A_p AAvem auZqZn

1903 k]vXw_À 25\v HudwKm_mZnemWv A_p AAvem P\n¨Xv. ssl{Zm_mZnse Zm dp Deqw tImtfPn  auehn Benw  tImgvkn\v tNÀs¶¦nepw ]nXmhnsâ tcmKw Im cWw ]T\w XpSÀ¶nÃ. 1919 Jnem^¯v {]Øm\¯n ]s¦Sp ¯p. 1921 PwC¿¯p  Deamsb lnµv apkvenw {]kn²o IcWamcw`n¨t¸mÄ AXnsâ \S¯n¸pImc\mbn. 1925 apX 28 Ahkm\w hsc AÂPwC¿¯nsâ apJy]{Xm[n]cpw \S ¯n¸pImc\pambn. 1932 auehn A_qapl½Zv apkvenan \n ¶v XÀPpam\p JpÀB³ GsäSp¯v  t_m[h¡cn¡m\pw AapkvenwIÄ¡v Ckvemansâ ktµi§sf¯n¡m\pw AXnsâ XmfpIfp]tbmKn¨p. 936 almIhn CJv_m Xs¶ ]©m_nte¡v £Wn¨p. ASp¯hÀjw, 1937 AhÀ I­pap«nbt¸mÄ auZqZn ]©m_nse KpÀZmkv]qÀ PnÃbnse ]¯m³ tIm«n\Sp¯ Pam Â]qcnse Zmdp Ckvemante¡v Xmakw amäm³ Xocpam\n¨p. hÀjwtXmdpw CJv_m AhnsS sN¶v Xmakn¡m\pw \nÝbn¨p. AX\pkcn¨v 1938 amÀ¨v 18\v auZqZn Zmdp Ckvemanse¯n. ]t£, G{] 21\v CJv_m \ncymX\mbn. auZqZn AhnsS \S¯nb PpapA {]kwK§fmW JpXzv_m¯v. Zmdp Ckvemw hJv^v sNbvX, Nu[cn \nbmken Jm\pambp­mb XÀ¡s¯ XpSÀ¶v A\pbmbnItfmsSm¶n¨v emtlmdnte¡v t]mbn. AhnsS Ckveman¿m tImtfPn s{]m^kdmbn.

1941 BKÌv 25\v emtlmdnse XÀPpam\pÂJpÀB³ Hm^okn auZqZnbpsS £Wa\p kcn¨v C´ybpsS \m\m`mK§fn \n¶mbn F¯nt¨À¶ 75 t]cpsS tbmK¯n h¨v PamAs¯ Ckveman F¶ ]pXnb kwLS\ cq]oIcn¨p. auZqZn Xs¶ BZy Aaodmbn. C´ym hn`P\t¯msS ]mInØm\nse¯n. ]n¶oSv \mSnsâ CkvemanIh¡cW¯n¶m bn {]hÀ¯\w. 1948 cmPyt{Zml Ipä¯n\v ]m¡v `cWIqSw At±ls¯ AdÌv sN bvXp. 20 amk¯n\p tijw hn«b¡s¸«p. 1953 JmZnbm\o {]t£m`s¯ XpSÀ¶v Jm Znbm\n akvAe F¶ t]cnsemcp eLpIrXn ]pd¯nd¡n. AXnsâ t]cn 1953 tabv 11\v ]«mf tImSXn auZqZn¡v h[in£ hn[n¨p. apkvenw t\Xm¡fpsS {]Xntj[¯m h[in£ Poh]cy´w XShm¡n. 1955 G{]n 28\v sslt¡mSXn hn[n {]Imcw Pbn ap à\mbn.

CkvemanItkh\¯n\pÅ InwKv ss^k CâÀ\mj\ AhmÀUv BZyw In«nbXv au ZqZn¡mWv. 1979 sk]vXw_À 22\v Atacn¡bn A´cn¨p. 76 hbÊmbncp¶p (Ckvemw hnÚm\tImi¯n \n¶v). k¼qÀ® PohnX hyhØnXn F¶v Ckvemans\ B[p\nI temI¯n\v ]cnNbs¸Sp¯m³ {ian¨bmfmWv auZqZn. ]t£, ke^n Bib§tfmSpÅ Bt±l¯nsâ B`napJyw lpIqasX Cemln F¶ Xsâ Bibw {i²n¡p¶Xn \n¶v apkvenw kwLS\Isf hnapJcm¡n. t]mcm¯Xn\v CkvemanI kwÚIÄ¡pÅ Bt± l¯nsâ AÀY§fpw AXnitbmàn IeÀ¶ {]kvXmh\Ifpw apkvenw kaql¯n ]pXnb hnhmZ§Ä¡v hgnacp¶nSpIbmWv sNbvXXv.

ke^nbmbncps¶¦nepw Nne hnjb§fn At±lw ]c¼cmKX A`n{]mb¯n\v ap³ KW\ \ÂInbn«p­v. ke^nIÄ s]mXpsh Xead¡p¶Xv kp¶¯msW¶v hnizkn¡p ¶nÃ. Hcn¡Â Nne Ad_n hnZymÀYnIÄ At±lt¯mSv tNmZn¨p: \_n(kz) Xe ad¡m sX \nkvIcn¡p¶Xv hntcm[n¨ hà lZokpw A§bpsS Adnhnept­m? adp]Sn C{]Imcambncp¶p: \_n(kz) Xead¡msX \akvIcn¨XmbpÅ Hcp lZokpw Rm³ I­n «nÃ.

apkvenwIÄ \mensemcp aZvl_v kzoIcn¡p¶Xns\ t{]mÕmln¸n¡p¶ kao]\amWv auZqZn¡p­mbncp¶X.v \_n(kz)bpsS J_dv knbmd¯v Dt±in¨psIm­pÅ bm{X sX ämsW¶mbncp¶p C_v\p ssXanb A`n{]mbs¸«ncp¶Xv. At±lw ]dbp¶p: AÃmam C_v\pssXanbbpsS hmZ§fn F\ns¡mcn¡epw tbmPn¡m³ Ignbm¯hbn H¶v aZo\m bm{Xsb kw_Ôn¨ At±l¯nsâ hmZamWv. akvPnZp¶_hnbn \nkvIcn¡p Isb¶ Dt±iyt¯mSp IqSnbmWv bm{Xsb¦n AX\phZ\obhpw D¯ahpw BsW ¶pw, F¶m \_n(kz)bpsS hnip² J_dv kµÀin¡pIsb¶ Dt±iyt¯mSp IqSn bmWv bm{X sN¿p¶sX¦n AX\phZ\obasöpamWv At±l¯nsâ hmZw. lnPm kn t]mb tijw aZo\sb Dt±in¡mXncn¡pItbm aZo\sb Dt±in¡pt¼mÄ hnip² \_nbpsS J_vdv kµÀin¡m\pÅ B{Kl¯n \n¶v lrZbs¯ Hgn¨p \nÀ¯pItbm sN¿Â Fsâ A`n{]mb¯n GsXmcp apkvenan\pw km²yaÃ.

akvPnZp¶_hnsb am{Xw bm{XbpsS Dt±iyam¡pI F¶Xv Akm²yamWv. F¶Ã aZo \bn B ]Ånbp­mbncn¡pIbpw \_n(kz)bpsS hnip² J_vdv AhnsSbnÃmXncn¡p IbpamsW¦n Xs¶ Ipdhmbnt« Bsc¦nepw At§m«p t]mhpIbpÅpsh¶mWv Rm ³ hnNmcn¡p¶Xv. aZo\ \_n(kz) hkn¨ cmPyamWv. AhnsS \_nbpsS PohnX NnÓ §Ä \nesImÅp¶p­v. \_nbpsS hnip² J_dpw AhnsS ØnXn sN¿p¶p. CsXÃm amWv hmkvXh¯n apkvenwIsf AhntS¡mIÀjn¡p¶Xv.

AÃmam C_v\pssXanb, Xâ hmZ¯n\SnØm\ambn FSp¯p²cn¡p¶ \_n hN\¯n sâ XmÂ]cyw At±lw {Kln¨n«nà aq¶v ]ÅnIfnte¡ÃmsX bm{X t]mIcpsX¶v \n Êwibw \_n(kz) BÚm]n¨n«p­v. F¶m CXnsâ XmÂ]cyw H¶pIn {]kvXpX aq¶v ]ÅnIfnte¡ÃmsX temI¯v HcnSt¯¡pw bm{X t]mIm³ ]mSnÃ; Asæn B aq¶v ]ÅnIÄ Hgn¨v asämcp ]Ån¡pw \nkvImcs¯ Dt±in¨v AXnte¡v bm{Xt]mI ¯¡ bmsXmcp khntijXbpanà F¶mbncn¡Ww. H¶mas¯ AÀYamWpÅsX ¦n aZo\bntes¡¶Ã, temI¯v HcnSt¯¡pw bmsXmcmhiys¯ ap³\nÀ¯nbpw bm{X sN¿p¶Xv A\phZ\obasöv hcp¶XmWv. C§s\ HcÀYw Bcpw AXn\v \ÂIp Ibnsöv hyàamWv. C_v\pssXanb Xs¶bpw A§s\ hmZn¡p¶nÃ. C\n c­ma s¯ AÀYamWv kzoImcysa¦n AXv Xs¶bmWv icnbpw. {]kvXpX \_nhN\w ]ÅnIsf kw_Ôn¡p¶Xv am{XamWv. ]ÅnIfÃm¯Xpambn AXns\mcp _ÔhpanÃ. a¡bnse akvPnZp ldmw, aZo\bnse akvPnZp¶_hn, ^ekvXo\nse akvPnZp AJv kzm F¶o aq¶v  ]ÅnIÄ¡v Nne khntijXIfps­¶pw X¶nan¯w Ahbn \nkvIcn¡p¶Xnsâ ]pWyw e`n¡psa¶ Dt±iyt¯mSpIqSn Ahbnte¡v bm{X sN¿m sa¶pw, F¶m tIhew \nkvImcs¯ Dt±in¨v bm{X sNbvXp t]mI¯¡ khntij XIfpÅ asäm cp ]Ånbpw temI¯nensöpw am{Xsa {]kvXpX \_n hN\¯n\v Dt±iyapÅp. AXns\ J_vdv knbmd¯v {]iv\¯nte¡v shdpsX hen¨ng¨v sIm­p hcp¶Xv H«pw icnbà (auZqZn Xsâ lÖv bm{Xsb¡pdn¨v emtlmdnse Xkv\ow ]{X¯nsegpXnb hnhcW¯n \n¶v bphkcWn lÖv k¹nsaâv (1994) D²cn¨Xv). lÖv bm{X¡nSbn _ZvdneqsS IS¶pt]msb¦nepw _Zvdn Xmakn¡m³ Ignbm¯Xn auZqZn AXoh ZpxJw {]ISn¸n¡p¶p­v. Ncn{X NnÓ§sf kw_Ôn¨v kDuZn Kh¬ saânsâ \bw ISp¯ A{i²bmsW¶pw At±lw AaÀjt¯msS ]dªp(ibid). \_nbpsSbpw A_q_IvÀ(d), DaÀ(d) F¶nhcpsSbpw J_dpIÄ knbmd¯v sNbvXXv Hcp al¯mb Imcyambpw auZqZn FSps¯gpXnbn«p­v.

Xdmholv Ccp]Xv dIvA¯mbn \nkvIcn¡p¶Xn\mWv auZqZnbpsS AwKoImcw. \nkv Imcw, t\m¼v XpS§nb AaepIÄ¡v \n¿¯v sN¿Â H¶mas¯ ^Àfmbn«mWv kp¶n IÄ IcpXp¶Xv. ke^nIÄ CXv hnUvVn¯ambn«mWv IcpXmdpÅXv. F¶m auZqZn C ¡mcy¯n kp¶o ]£¯mWv. kp¶o hnizmk {]Imcw AaepIÄ kab¯v(AZmBbn) \nÀÆln¡m³ km[n¨n«nsæn Ignbp¶{X thKw ]Ým¯m]t¯msS JfmAv ho«Wsa¶mWv \nbaw. F¶m JfmAv Fs¶m¶nà F¶mWv ke^o hmZw. ChnsS auZqZn, kp¶o ho£Wt¯msSm¸amWv. kp¶nIÄ ]dbp¶Xv t]mse knlvdv Ds­¶pw AXv a\pjyÀ¡v _m[n¡msa¶pw auZqZn hnizkn¡p¶p. Iq«p{]mÀY\tbmSv AXv \nkvImc¯n\v tijapÅXmbmepw auZqZn¡v Imcyamb FXnÀs¸m¶pw CÃ. \_nZn\mtLmjs¯ At±lw _nZvA¯v ap³Id¯mbn ImWp¶nÃ.

tcmKim´n¡v th­n kp¶nIÄ a{´w NnInÕbmbn kzoIcn¡mdp­tÃm. CXnt\mSv At±l¯n\v ]pÑamWpÅXv. 

\_nbpsS CkvdmDw anAvdmPpw kz]v\amsW¶v ]dªhsc At±lw iànbmbn FXnÀ ¯n«p­v. F¶m ZÖmens\¡pdn¨v hyàamb Adnhnsâ ASnØm\¯neÃ, tIhew Dul¯nsâ ASnØm\¯nemWv \_n(kz) kwkmcn¨sX¶v hsc At±lw ]dbpIbp ­mbn.

kp¶o hnizmk§Â¡v ISI hncp²amb A`n{]mb§fpw auZqZn  {]ISn¸n¨p. A¼nbm ¡Ä aAvkzqapIfm(]m]kpc£nXÀ)sW¶v At±lhpw k½Xn¡p¶p. ]t£, Ahcpw a\pjycmsW¶v P\§sf t_m²ys¸Sp¯m³ a\x¸qÀÆw Ahcn \n¶v sXäpIÄ AÃm lp {]Xy£s¸Sp¯psa¶v At±lw hmZn¨p. aeIpIsf¡pdn¨v, lnµp¡Ä tZhotZh· cmbn k¦Â¸n¡p¶Xv t]msebpÅ krjvSnIfmWv Ahsc¶v hsc At±lw A`n{]mbs¸«p.

apkvenwIÄ Cuam³ Imcyw km[mcW 6 Bbn«mWtÃm F®n hcmdpÅXv. ]t£, auZq ZnbpsS cnkmse Zo\n¿m¯n Cuam³ Imcyw A©mbn«v tcJs¸Sp¯n. CXns\¡pdn¨v tNmZn¨t¸mÄ \_n Bdmbn«mWv F®nbsX¶Xv icnXs¶.  ]t£, JpÀB\n At© ]dªpÅp. AXv sIm­mWv Rm\pw A§s\ F®nbXv F¶s{X At±lw {]XnIcn ¨Xv. C¯cw kp{][m\ hyXnbm\ Nn´IfneqsS apkvenw temI¯nsâ BZchv t\Sp ¶Xn auZqZn XnckvIrX\mhpIbmWv sNbvXXv.

PamAs¯ CkvemanbpsS cq]oIcW thfbn At±lw \S¯nb {]Jym]\w hfsc Zq chym]Iamb tZmj^ew Dfhm¡p¶XmWv. Rm\n¶v ]mc¼cy Ckvemans\ s]m«ns¨ dnªncn¡p¶p. Rm\ns¶mcp \hapkvenamWv. apkvenwIÄ¡v Xm§mhp¶ XntesdbmWv Cu {]Jym]\w. t]mcm¯Xn\v sa¼Àamscs¡m­v ilmZ¯v Ienabpw sNmÃn¨p. CXpw sXämb \S]Snbmbnt¸mbn. emCeml CÃÃmlv, apl½ZpÀdkqepÃm F{Xbpw sNmÃmw. AXv ]pWyapÅ ImcyamWv. apkvenwIÄ apkvenamIm³ th­nbpÅ {]XnÚ F¶ \ne ¡v sNmÃpt¼mgmWv AXv hntcm[m`mkambn ]cnWan¡p¶Xv.