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ioCkhpw hyXnbm\ NnIfpw
Caman:	sskZn:	ZpdqknI
t_mdI	C_mln:	Alvep lJv
AehnI	BKmJm\nI	I_e
Xn t`Zw	Jpssa\n
Aen(d)hns Jnem^n\v apv Xs AtltmSv {]tXyI kvt\lmZchpI shp]penbncp Hcp hn`mKw CkvemanI kaqlnepmbncpp. ChcpsS Cu BZchns\ sXmb \nebn NqjWw sNm\mbncpp C_v\p k_Dw Iqcpw {ianp t]mncpXv. Dkvam(d)hns h[tmsS CkvemanI kaqln cmjv{Sobamb `nnv Bcw`np. `qcn]w apkvenwIfpw Aen(d)hns Jnem^v AwKoIcnpshnepw ap Bhnb(d)hpw kndnbmcpw hnLSnX {]Xn]ambn \nesImp. Aeo]s ioAp Aen Fpw apBhnb ]s ioAp apBhnb Fpw hnfnp. kzn^v^o bpn\p tijapmnb ay Icmdns {]Jym]\tmsS ioAp Aen `nnv JhmcnPv F thsdmcp hn`mKhpw IqSn Dmbn. Aen(d) h[nstXmsS B[n]Xyw apBhnb(d)hn\mhpIbpw, Jnem^v ]noSv Atlns ]nKmanIfpsS IpSpw_m[n]XyamhpIbpw sNbvXtXmsS apkvenw _lpP\v ]ns Ahsc \ncp]m[nIw ]npWtnhp. AtXmsS ioAp apBhnb F t]cv C mXmbn. ioAp Aen am{Xw Ahtijnp. ]noSv AXv tem]nv shdpw inb am{Xambn. ioAv FXv Ad_n hmmWv. In, ]mn FsmsbmWYw. C_v\p k _Av ]e sXmb knmfpw {]Ncnnncppshnepw BZy Imev inbm Acw sXmb NnmKXnIsfmpw Dsmncpn. Aahn `cWn\p Iogn {Iq camb a\fpw \nccamb AhKW\Ifpw klntnhtmgmWv Ch kp v PamAn \npw ]pdv t]mbn Ckveman\v Xs \ncm hnizmkfpw BNmcfpw {]tbmKn sImphcm XpSnbXv. Aen(d)hns\ kw_nv Atlhpw Ckvemapw CjvSsSm ImcyfmWv Ah {]NcnnXv. Amlphns {]hmNI\mb Cukm \_n(A)s\ ssZh]p{X\msWv {InkvXym\nI hnfnXv t]mse Chcpw Aen(d)hnt\mSp AanX kvt\lm Atln ]e A\mhiy ]ZhnIfpw Btcm]np XpSn. Nne lZokpI hymJym\w sNbvXv Aen(d)hn\v BZys aqv Jeo^amscmfpw t{ijvSXbpspw \_n(kz)v tijw CkvemanI kaqlns Camapw Jnem^pw Aen(d)hn\pw IpSpw_n\pw am{Xw AlXsXmsWpw BZys aqv Jeo^amcpw AXv XnsbSppIbmWv sNbvXsXpw Ah hmZnp. Aentb, aqkm \_nv lmdq t]msebmWv Xmsf\nv, Fm Fs tijw \_nbn F lZokpw Aen Fs ktlmZc\pw Fs Imcy\pw Fs ]nKmanbpamWv, \n A tls A\pkcnWw F lZokpw \n Alvepss_Xns\ ]npScWsa lZokpsams XfpsS hmZv sXfnhpIfmbn inbm Dcnm XpSn. Aen(d)hns acWw hsc inb aX]cambn A]ISIcfmb `n hoWsfmpw ]penbncpn. Fm ]noSv Ah ]e hnNn{X hmZfpw sXmSpphnp. Aen(d) \_nbpsS hkznmWv, AXmbXv \_nv tijw CkvemanI kaqlns Bobhpw `uXnIhpamb t\XrXzw Aenbnepw ]noSv Atlns IpSpw_ ]ccbnepamsWv \_n(kz) hkznv sNbvXnpv, FmWv {][m\ambpw Ahcpbn hmZw. CXns ASnm\n Ah A_q_Iv(d), Da(d), Dkvam(d) Fo Jeo^amsc Xndp. ]t, CXn\v Ncn{X]camb asmcp ImcWw IqSnbpmbncpp. Aen(d) acWstXm sS CdmJpIm Atlns aq aI lk(d)hns\ Jeo^bmbn Ahtcm[np. Fm apkvenwIfpsS cw NnpXv CjvSsSmXncp Atlw CkvemanssIIyw \ne\nm m\w Hgnp. `cWw apBhnb(d)hn\v hnpsImSpp. AtXmsS _\q Dav AP inbmbn. Ah lminanItfmSv ISp {IqcX ImWnphp. lk(d) kwibIcamb kmlNcyn acWsSpIbpw I_ebn Aen(d)hns cma s aI lpssk(d)hpw Atlns sNdnb A\pbmbn hrhpw Iqsme sN sSpIbpw sNbvXtXmsS apkvenw _lpP\v Aen IpSpw_tmSv AhmNyamb A\pI tXmn. Aen IpSpw_s A[nImcn sImphcm\p Xo{h bXv\ \Sp. ]etmgpw Cu {ia ]cmPbn Ieminsnepw, Nne {]hniyIfn Cu ]w A[nImcnsepIbpmbn. AhnSfn A[nImcw D]tbmKnv Ah ioC kw \Smn. Nne AahnI JpXzp_bn t]mepw Aen(d)hn\v eAv\v sNmpambncps{X. AXn\v XncnSnbmbn BZys aqv Jeo^amcpsS t]cn Nne ioCIfpw {] XnImcw hon. apkvenw kapZmbnse Alcmb Bpw CkvemanI Jeo^bmImsav kpnI kXnptm ]nKmanXzw Aen IpSpw_n ]cnanXamsWv inbm hnizknpp. inbmfnse Ahmc hn`mK 1. Caman: ]e hn`mKfnembn temI apkvenwIfn 15 tImSntbmfw inbmfpv. Ch hy XykvX hn`mKfmbn hnLSnv ]eXcw t]cpIfnemWv CdnbsSpXv. Cu hn`mKfn IqSpX {]NmcapXv Caman hn`mKamWv. Caman hn`mKw ]nmev Ckv\m Aivcn, CkvamCuen Fo hn`mKfmbn th]ncnp. Cdm\nse apkvenwIfn _lp`pcn`mKhpw inbmfmWv. Ahcn `qcn]hpw Ckv\mAivcn hn`mKn s]hcmWv. AhcpsS hmZ Cs\ kw{Klnmw: \_n(kz) acnpXnv apv Xs kzw ]nKmanbpw kapZmbns Camapw Bbn, Xs aIfpsS `mhmb Aen(d)hns\ \ntinnpv. Aen(d)hns km\]ccbn s] ]{v CamapIfn hnizkn CkvemanIambn \n_amWv. a\pjy\pw ssZhhpambp _w m]nm\p hkoe(am[yaw)bmWv CamapI. \_namv apAvPnkp t]mse CamapIv Idmav(AXnam\pj knn) Dsv Ah hnizknpp. AnbmCs apAvPnkmv acWm\chpw \ne\npXv t]mse CamapIfpsS Idmapw AhcpsS acW tijw \ne\npw. CamapIv A mlphn \nv Clmav (AXo{ob m\w) e`npw. Cu Clmw A\pkcnmbncnpw Ah icoAv \nbasf hymJym\npI. AhcpsS hymJym\sf tNmZyw sNmsX A\pkcn apkvenwIfpsS _myXbs{X. Anbm aAvkzqapIfmb t]mse CamapI alv^qfpIfmWv. Ahv A{]amZnXzapv. Ap Ckvemw Imcysf Ch FpXv C{]ImcamWv: 1. \nkvImcw 2. kImv. 3. t\mv 4. lv 5. hnembv. Apt\cs _mphnfnbn hnembns {]Jym]\w IqSn Ah DsSpppv. AivlZpAaplZdkqepm: FXnt\msSmw AivlZpAAenhenpm: Fp IqSn Ah Iqndbpp. {]XnIqe kmlNcyfn ioCu hnizmk aphcn \nv adv ]nSnv kpnbmbn A`n\bnv \SpXn\v inbmv hntcm[an. CXns\ Ah aXns km tXnI `mjbn XJnv Fv ]dbpp. Aen(d) Cs\ XJnv F X{w kzoIcnmWv CjvSanmnpw BZyw Jeo^amcpambn ss_Av sNbvXv kam[m\]cambn PohnsXmWv ChcpsS hmZw. Hcp \nnX XpI \In \Sp XmImenI hnhm lw Chv A\phZ\obamWv. CXns\ Ah apXvAXv hnhmlw Fv ]dbpp. Camw PA^dpzmZnJv(d)hns aZvl_mWv X ]npScpsXv Ah AhImisSpp. AXvsImv Ahsc PAv^cn Fv IqSn hnfnmdpv. apldw amknse BZys ]p Znhk Ah ZpxJmNcW Zn\fmbn BNcnpp. I_ebn Camw lp ssk(d) sImsXns A\pkvacWambnmWv Ah Cu ZpxJmNcWw \SpXv. CXhv aXm\pjvTm\fpsS `mKamWv. Apt\cs \nkvImcw km[mcWKXnbn Xs PwBn \nlnpXn\v Ch v hntcm[an. CkvemanI kmdptSt Chv PpapA: \n_app. Am  cmPyfn PpapA: km[phsmWv ChcpsS hnizmkw. Xmsg ]dbphcmWv Ckv\mAivcnhn`mKw inbm hnizknp CamapI: 1)Camw Aen(d) 2)lk(d) 3) lpssk(d) 4)ssk\pB_nZo(d) 5)aplZv_mJn 6)PA^dpzmZnJv 7)aqk Jmfnw 8)Aenpcnfm 9)aplZv XJn 10)aplZv \Jn 11) lk\p AkvIcn 12)A_qJmknw. Chcn 12mas Camamb aplZv A_qJmknw Ctmgpw Pohnncnpv. Btlw HfnncnpIbmWv. temImhkm\w Atlw `qanbn {]Xysv CkvemanI `cWw Imgv NshpXmWv. CtlamWv Camw alvZn. Ctlw hcpXv hscbp Imev Atlns {]Xn\n[nIfmbnmWv kaImenI CamapI `cWw \SpI. Chsc Bbp m: Fv ]dbpp. \_nbpw CamapIfmbn Fs ]Xns\mv t]cpw AhcpsS {]XntbmKnIfmbn inbm hntijnnp BZys aqv Jeo^amcpw apBhnb(d), bkoZv(d) XpSnb hcpw ]{mas Camamb alvZnbpsS `cW Imev AXmbXv temImy \mfpIfn ]p\cpohnsSpXmsWv Ckv\m AivcnI hnizknpp. Fnv {]XntbmKnIsf P\fpsS apmsI innv hopw acnnpXmWs{X. CXn\v tijta Jnbmav \m kw`hnpIbppshmWv AhcpsS hnizmkw. kpnIsftmse ChcpsSbpw {]amW JpB, lZokv, CPvamAv, Jnbmkv F nh Xs. aZvl_v hnizkn Chv \n_amWv. Ckv\m Aivco hn`mKw PAv^cn aZvl_mWv ]npScpXv. XfpsS Bdmas Camamb PAv^dpzmZnJmWv Cu aZvl_ns m]I FmWv Ah AhImisSpXv. lnPvd 83 Atlw aZo\bn  P\np. Camw aplZv _mJndmWv ]nXmhv. Camw A_ql\o^(d) Ctlns in jy\mWv. aZo\ tI{amnbpw CdmJv XpSnb \mSpIfn kcnpw Atlw Zkv \Sn. Ctlw Hcp sshZyimkv{X\pw IqSnbmbncpp. Amkn `cWm[nImcn a kzq Atls XShnemn. Camans\ hnjw sImSpp sImm akzq clky \ntiw \IpIbpmbn. lnPvd 148 im 25\v aZo\bn hv Atlw ckmnbmbn. kpnIfn \nv hyXykvXamb lZokv {KfmWv inbm kzoIcnphcpXv. Alepss_n\v ]pdp kzlm_nam \nthZ\w sNp lZokpIsfmpw Ah v kzoImcya. kpnIfpsS kznlmlpn Ah AwKoIcnpn. ]Icw thsd Av lZokv {KfmWv AhcpsS {]amW. InXm_pIm^n, aembkvXlvkznd^Jolv, XlvZo_v, CkvXn_vkzm, \lvPp _emK FnhbmWh. Chbn \lv Pp_emK Aen(d)hns {]`mjWfpsS kamlcamWv. Camw PAv^dpzmZnJn\ptijw Camav Bv F Imcyn XnpsImv Caman hn`mKw ]nfp. CkvamCuen F asmcp In DSseSpp. _mXzn\nI F t]cnepw Ch AdnbsSpp. CkvamCuen InbpsS CamapI cwKv \nv adncnphcmsWmWv AhcpsS hnizmkw. Ahv thn AhcpsS {]Xn\n[nIfmWv `cWw \SpI. Ckv\mAivcoI aqk Imfnans\ Ggmas Camambn Aw KoIcnptm CkvamCuenI PAv^dp_v\pzmZnJns aq ]p{X\mb aplZn s aI CkvamCuens\bmWv Camambn AwKoIcnp hcpXv. Ckv\mAivcnI AhcpsS CamapIv \_namcpsS sXmSp m\w \Iptm CkvamCuenI AhcpsS CamapIv ZnhyXzw t]mepw Nmppv. skmdmkv{Sob XpSnb aXfn \nv ]e knmfpw kzoIcnp sImv Ckveman \nv Gsd AI hn`mKamWv Ch. ]mnm, t_mws_, e_\m, kndnb FnhnSfn CkvamCuenI [mcmfapv. `qan imkv{X]cambn temIv FmbnSpw Ch hym]npInSpp. Fm Cdm, CdmJv, sNNv\nb XpSnb \mSpIfn _lp`qcn]hpw Ckv\mAivcoIfmWv. Jpssa\nbpw Jman\nbpsams ChcpsS Bob t\XmfmWv. {InkvXob aXnset]mse inbmfnse Fm hn`mKfpw ]utcmlnXyne[njvTnXamWv. XmsgnSbnep Bob t\Xmhns\ Ah ssisJv hnfnpp. AXn\p aosXbmWv ssiJp Ckvemw. ]noSv lpp Ckvemw, AXn\v aosX Bbp. Jpssa\n Bbp, dqlpm Fo ]ZhnIfmWv AecnncpXv. CXv Itmenm aXnse {]ov, _njv, In\m, t]mv Fo \nebnep Hcp dneoPykv lbdmnbmWv. ldmans\ lememm\pw adnpw Bbpmamv t]mns\ t]mses A[nImcapsv iobm hnizknpp. Ckv\mAivco hn`mKw XmcXtays\ Ckvemant\mSv ASpp \nptm CkvamCuenIfpw Ahcnse Ahmc hn`mKfpw Ckveman \npw _lpZqcw AIhcmWv. ZdqknI, BKmJm\nI, t_mdI XpSn CkvamCuenIv Htsd Ahmc hn`mKfpv. t]cpsImv am{Xsa Chscsbms Ckvemw KWn DsSpm HpIbpp. Ckv\mAivco hn`mKw BZyIme Jpe^mCs\ Bt]nmdn. XfpsS CamapIfpsS t]cpIv tijw Ah Asselnemw ]dbpI ]XnhmsWnepw A_p_Iv(d) XpSnb Jeo^amcpsSbpw ]e {]apJ kzlm_namcpsSbpw t]cpI tIm Hpw ]dbmsX au\w ]menpIbmWv Ch sNbvXphcpXv. CuPn]vXnse ssiJv icqXv Hcp ^Xvhbn Ckv\mAivco hn`mKs apkvenwIfmbn AwKoIcnnpv. AhcpsS ^nJv lns\ Amas aZvl_mbpw Atlw AwKoIcnpp. 2. sskZn: CXv t]mse inbmfnse asmcp hn`mKamb sskZnsbbpw kpnI apkvenwIfmbn AwKoIcnphcpp. Camw lpssk(d)hns ]p{X\mb ssk\p B_nZo(d)hns ]p{X\mb sskZv(d)hns aZvl_mWv X ]npScpsXmWv sskZn hn`mKw inbm AhImisSpXv. sskZv(d) alm ]WvVnX\mbncppsh Imcyn kwiban. apAvXknen t\Xmhmbncp hmkznep_v\p AXzmAv, Camw A_ql\o^(d) XpSbh Ctlns injymcmbncpp. Aahn `cWm[nImcnbmbncp lnimap_v\p A_vZnamenIns Zp`cWw sImv s]mdpXn apnbtm lnPvd 122 At lw cmjv{Sobnendn. Iq^mcmb inbm Atln\v ]npW {]Jym]npsImv aptmphp. Fm bpfn Gpapt Lsanbtm Ah AtltmSv A_q_Iv(d), Da(d), Dkvam(d) Fnhsc \nnv kwkmcnm B hiysp. AXn\v Atlw Iqmnbn. Atm Ah Atls Ismgnp. At lw thZ\tbmsS AhtcmSv ]dp: d^fvXpaq\o, Atm, \nsfs Ismgnpht! Cs\bmWv ioCIv dm^nfpI F t] hXv. dm^nfpI Jpe^mDdminZpIfn Aen(d) Hgnphsc i]nphcmWv. Fm sskZnI Ghpw anXhmZnIfmb inbmfmWv. Ah Jpe^mDdminZpIfn Bscbpw Bt]npn. ba\nse inbm sskZnIfmWv. im^nCu aZvl_nt\mSv henb Acanm aZvl_mWv sskZn. ioCIfn Ckveman \nv AIem hn`mKamWv Chscv ]dbmw. Ckv\mAivcoIfpambn sskZv(d)hns Imev Xs Ch sXnncnp. AhcpsS XJnv hnizmkw sXmsWv sskZnI ]dp. CamapI ]m]apcmsW hnizmkhpw Chn. sskZns ^XvhIfpsS kamlcamWv AaPvaqDv. sskZnm I imkv{Xns ASnm\ambn Cu {Kw ]cnKWnsSpp. Fm Chcpw ]n mev ]e D] hn`mKfmbn th]ncnp. Ahcn {]apJ hn`mKfmWv PmdqZn, kpsseam\n, lcocn, C_vXcn, bam\n XpSnbh. 3. ZpdqknI Ad_o t]cpsXn Ihnv Ckvemapambn ]db Hcp _hpanm Hcp CkvamCueo {KqmWv ZpdqknI. lnPvd 5mw \qmns XpSn Pohnncp A_q A_vZnm aplZv_v\p CkvamCuepZpdqknbpsS A\pbmbnIsfbmWv ZpdqknI Fv hnfnphcpXv. CuPn]vXnse ^mXznan `cWIqSnse kpXzm lmInw _n Awcnm ssZhns AhXmcamsWv Ch hnizknpp. e_\m\nemWv ZpdqknIfpXv. Iam Ppw_pemXv, JmenZv Ppw_pemv XpSnbh e_\m\n Chv cmjv{Sob t\XrXzw \Ipp. kndnbbnepw ZpdqknIfpv. BsI Bdv etmfw ZpdqknIfpXmbn IWmsSpp. inbmfn `qcn`mKhpw hnizknp XJn knmn Chcpw hnizknppv. XfpsS aX \nba km[mcWmsc ]Tnnm Ch {ianmdn. m\nI Fv hnfnsSp hn`mKw am{Xsa aX\nba ]TntXppshmWv AhcpsS knmw. aXw ]Tnm km[mcWmsc Ch ]mac (Pplvlmev) Fp hnfnpp. lmInw _n Awdnm BWv ChcpsS GI Cemlv. Ch Ctls Bcm[npp. lnpsftmse, temIv imnbpw kam[m\hpw \ne \nm\pw ZpjvSsc IogvsSpm\pw ssZhw a\pjy\mbn `qanbn AhXcnpsImncnpsamWv ChcpsS hnizmkw. Cs\ ssZhw BZyw BZan AhXcnp. ]ns Aenbn, ]ns lmInans ]nXmhv A_vZp Akoknepw ]ns aI lmInanepw AhXcnp. k\ymkw m\nIfpsS _myXbmbnmWv Ch IcpXpXv. lnpsftmse BmfpsS ]p\Pnepw ZpdqknI hnizknpp. Hcm acnm AbmfpsS Bmhv Hcp \hPmX iniphneqsS hopw `qanbn P\\w sImpp. Ign Pn ]m]w sNbvXhv ]p\PneqsS \hcmIm CXphgn ssZhw Ahkcw \Ippshv Ah hnizknpp. t\mv, \nkvImcw XpSnb Bcm[\m Ifn \nsmw lmInw, Xv hnSpXn XnpsmWv ChcpsS AhImihmZw. 4. t_mdI Cybnse CkvamCuenIsf t_mdI Fv hnfnphcpp. thmtlmdq F KpPdmn ]Zn \nmWv Cu t]cns Dhw. lnpfpsS CSbn \nv Ckvemantev h Hcp sshiy kapZmbamWv t_mdI. Cyv ]pdsa Ing B{^n, audojykv FnhnSfnepw t_mdIfpv. Cybn Ch ZmhpZv_v\pJpXzp_pjmsb XfpsS t\Xmhmbn AwKoIcnp. Chsc ZmhqZot_mdI Fv hnfnpp. ba\nIfn `qcn]hpw kpsseam\p_v\plk F t\Xmhns\ AwKoIcnp. Chsc kp sseam\nI Fv ]dbpp. NnI\pw FgppImc\pamb AkvK Aen Fn\ob ZmhqZn t_mdIfns Hcp D]XnjvWphmWv. ChcpsS Bobt\Xmhns\ Ch knZp\m FmWv hnfnmdpXv. 5. C_mln: ioCIfns] Hcp hn`mKambn Chscbpw AwKoIcnphcmdpv. C_ml (k X{ kzX{cmbn PohnpI) F ]Zn \nmWv C_mlnbpsS Dhw. aX \nbasfmpw A\pkcnmsX hyn kzmX{yn hnizknp Hcp hn`mKamWv Ch. hS t]jybn Akss_Pm\v kao]w nXn sNp _mZv tI{amn Ckvemans cq]`mh kzoIcnpsImv {]Xys k_vCIfpsS Ahmc hn`mKamb AIdmanXm hn`mKn s]hcmWnh Fv ]dbsSpp. 6. Alvep lJv ssZhn\v Ggp AhXmcapsv hnizknp Ch ZpdqknI, \psskcnI t]m sebp Hcp CkvamCueo Ahmc hn`mKamWv. Aen ssZhns Hcp AhXmcamsWv Ch hnizknpp. Chcpw ]p\P knmn hnizknpp. 7. AehnI IrkvXphjw 880 \ncymX\mb A_qipssl_v aplZv_v\pssk FbmfpsS A\pbmbnIsfbmWv AehnI Fv hnfnphcpXv. Chsc BZyImev \psskcnI FmWv hnfnncpXv. CXv Hcp kc aXamWv. Ckvemapw {InkvXpaXhpw skmcmjv{Sob aXhpw lnqbnkhpsamw Aehn aXn ktfnpp. kndnb, e_\m, Xpn FnhnSfn AehnIsf ImWmw. InXm_p aPvaqAv Fsmcp ]pWy{Kw Ahpv. 8. BKmJm\nI ioCIfnse CkvamCuen hn`mKmcpsS Camans m\tcv BKmJm FmWv. 46mas Camw sXmmWv Cu t]cv {]Nmcn hXv. aqmas BKmJm\mb k aplZv jm 1877 Idmnbn P\np. CkvamCuenIfpsS am{Xa apkvenw kapZmbn s s]mXphmb {]iv\fnepw kPoh Xm]cyw {]ISnn Atlw B Cym apkvenweoKns kapX\mb t\Xmhmbncpp. 1909 apX 1914 hsc Atlw apkvenw eoKns {]knUmbncpp. 1936 apkvenweoKns t\XrXzntev h aplZen Pnbpw Pw sImv Hcp CkvamCuen inbbmbncpp. I_e ioCkspdnp Hcp ]T\n I_e F esbpw I_e bps bpw ]cmainmsX t]mIpXv icnbmbncnn. kXymkXy hnthNIamb _Zvdp Ip_vdm F bpn\v CkvemanI Ncn{Xn apkvenwI s]mXpsh Inp {]m[m\ysm hepXmWv ioCI I_em bpn\v \IpXv. I_em bp s {]iwknv IhnXsbgpXnbXn\v Ah Amam CJv_mens\ Gsd BZcnppv. \_n(kz)bpsS ]u{X\mb lpssk\p_v\p Aen(d)hpw apBhnb(d)bpsS aI\mb b koZpw Xn \S bpamWv I_e bpw. lnPvd 61 apldw 10 \mWv CXv \SXv. 72 t]cSp Hcp sImp kwLhpambmWv knZpplZmAv lpssk\p_v\p Aen(d) bkoZns h ssk\ys t\cnXv. I_ebn hv bkoZns tk\m\mbI\mb C_v\pknbmZv lpssk(d)hns\bpw ssk\ysbpw hfp. bkoZns Zp`cWw Ahkm\nnm Iq^mcpsS Ww e`nv ]pdsXmbncpp lpssk(d). ]t, Ah Atls hnp Ifp. bq{^okv \Znbn \nv shsaSpm t]mepw i{Xp Atls A\phZnn. kv{XoIfpw IpnIfpw Zmlnp hep. aZo\bntev aSm A\phZnWsav lp ssk(d) A`yYnp. ]t, Dss_Zpmln_v\pknbmZv kXnn. UamkvIkn t]mbn bkoZns\ ImWm\p A`yY\bpw Abm sNhnsmn. bkoZns\ Jeo^bmbn AwKoIcnv ss_Av sNWsa i{XpfpsS Bhiyw acWtmSv apJmapJw Iv \np Ahkcn t]mepw AwKoIcnm [oc\mb Camw lpssk (d) Xmdmbn. bpw Bcw`np. BZyw Zzzbpambncpp. ]nnSv IqSbmbn. AXn lpssk(d)hns A\pbmbnI Hmtcmtmtcmmbn sImsp. lpssk (d)hns Xe Adpv Ipn \mn C_v\p knbmZv bkoZn\v FnpsImSpp. \_n(kz) ]eXhW Npw_n B hnip apJw bkoZns\tmepw Icbns{X. apldw ]v hnem] Zn\ambmWv inbm BNcnpXv. s\Snpw icocn\v ]oV\tf]npw CkvemanI Ncn{Xn \S AXn{Iqcamb Cu kw`hs in bm BptXmdpw A\pkvacnpp. apldw Hp apX ]v hsc Aip` \mfpIfmbmWv Ah IcpXnhcpXv. \ Hcp {] h\hpw Cu \mfpIfn Bcw`nm Ah XmdmIn. apldw ]v Ignbs F v ]dv amnshemWv ]Xnhv. Ccw Hcp NnmKXn kpnIfnepw Iphcpp v. apldw ]v hsc \lvkmsW hnizmkw Xopw AhnizmkamWv. Cu hn izmkn\v Ckveman bmsXmcSnm\hpan. apldw amknse ZnhkfpsS t{i jvTXIsfpdnmWv \_n(kz) ]dnpXv. apldw HXn\pw ]n\pw t\m\pjvTnm \_n(kz) I]nnpv. bq{^okns ]Snmd Xocv nXn sNp I_e F ]Wn\v abpsS alXzamWv inbm NmpXv. Hcp thf AXntesd alXzw AhcXn\v I]npp. I_embnse lpssk(d)hns aJv_dv dufm ico^ns\tmsebp alXzamWv Ah InpXv. CXv Hcp XoYmS\ tI{amWv. ioCIfpsS kmwkvImcnI tI{fn AXn{][m\s HmWv I_e. \P^pw Jqapw CXv t]mse ioCu kmw kvImcnI tI{fmWv. 1801 lpssk(d)hns aJv_d C_v\p AZp hlvlm_ns A\pbmbnI \innpIbpmbn. Fm Cdm\nIfpw CdmJn ioCIfpw tNv AXv hopw ]p\ \n anp. Aen(d)hns aJv_d \P^nemsWv inbm hnizknpXv sImv AXpw Hcp knbmdv tI{amWv. ln\v t]mIptm \P^pw I_ebpw kinpXv ]pWyambn Ah IcpXpp. Xn t`Zw ioCIfn Ht\Iw Ahmc hn`mKfpsnepw Ahcnse Ckv\mAivcnIsfbpw sskZnIsfbpw apkvenwIfmbn AwKoIcnphcpp. B[p\nI temIv Hcp CkvemanIv dnnv m]nXv Cdm\nse Ckv\m AivcnIfmWv. AhcpsS t\Xmhv Bbpm dqlpm aplZv aqkhn Jpssa\nbmWv. kpnIfpambn hnizmk]cambpw I ]cambpap AI Ignbp{X IpdpsImphcm Atlw bXv\np. Ccp]Xmw \qmn CkvemanI sFIyn\v thn {ian hynbmWtlw. d_oD Aen \_nZn\mtLmjw HcmgvN \onsmv apkvenw bpWnnmbn BNcnm Atlw Dchnncpp. Jpssa\n 1902 k]vXw_ 24\v Cdm Xem\amb sSlvdm\nSpp JqanemWv Atlw P\nXv. AXpsImmWtls Jpssa\n Fp hnfnphcpXv. Cdm\nse inbmfpsS ]ctamX aX t\Xmhmbn Atlw Dbp. Bbpm: dqlpm: F m\tcn\v Al\mbn. aPDAAvem F AXypX m\tv Atlw XncsSpsp. CXv inbm hnizmk{]Imcw DX\mb apPvXlnZns m\amWv. PAv^co aZvl _p {]Imcw kaImenI apkvenwI Pohnncnp Hcp apPvXlnZns\ ]n] \n_amWv. Atlw apXvzeJv apPvXlnZmbncnn. aZvl_nse apPvXlnZmWv. Jpssa\nsb PAv^cn aZvl_nse kaImenI apPvXlnZmbn inbm AwKoIcnp. Jpssa\n ZnIvdpw ZpBDw Zkv \SepambmWv BZy Imefn PohnXw \bnXv. F m jmdnkm ]lvehnbpsS t\XrXzn Cdm Hcp Atacn tImf\n t]mse ]cnWanpXpw P\X CkvemanI kwkvmcw Ismgnv ]mmXy ]cnjvImcns ]pdsI t]mIpXpw t\mn \nm B ]WvVnX a\n\v km[nn. 1941  Bt lw Iiv^p Akvdm F Hcp ]pkvXIw {]knoIcnp. jmbpsS tkzOm[n]Xy `cWsbpw, Atacn PohnX coXnItfmSp {`asbpw, aXhncp \nbasfbpw Atlw AXn\ninXamb `mjbn {]kvXpX IrXnbn hnainp. ]noSv P\tfmSv jmsXnsc PnlmZn\ndm Atlw Blzm\w sNbvXp. P\ {]tm`fpambn sXcphnendn. 1963 amv 22\v {]IS\msXnsc t_mw_v hjnnpsImv jm {]XnImcw hon. ]Xn\mbncWn\mfpI sImsp. Jpssa\nsb XShnemn. P\tcmjw BfnSp. 1964 G{] 6\v Jpssa\nsb tamNnnm jm \n_nX\mbn. Jpssa\n i\mb Hcp cmjv{Sob t\Xmhmbn amdn. Atlns P\]npW A\pZn\w IqSnhp. 1946 \h 4\v Jqw \Kcw hf jmbpsS clky t]menkv Jp ssa\nsb Adv sNbvXp. Xpnbntep sImpt]mbn. CXdnv P\w p`nXcmbn. \msSmppw ]WnapSv \Sp. {][m\a{n akzq sImsp. Jpssa\n Hcp sImn\v tijw CdmJnse ioCu ]pWy\Kcamb \P^nsen. 13 h jw \P^n Pnhn Atlw {]kwK tIkpIfneqsS Cdm\nIsf bp kcmn. Jpssa\nv Gsd\m CdmJn Ignbm ]msXbmbn. CdmJv hnSm Khsv Atls \n_np. HSphn 1978 HIvtSm_ BZyn Atlw ]mcokn A`bw tXSn. CtXmsS hnh {]h\ ]qm[nIw insSpm Jpssa\nv Ignp. Cdm\n hnh \nXy kw`hfmbn. HSphn jm]q `nbmsd A[nImcw G]nv 1979 P\phcn 16\v Cdm\nse jmCjm, jm dkm]lvehn \mSphnp. 1979 ^n{_hcn 1\v Jpssa\n Cdm\n Xncnsn. s^{_phcn 5\v Atlw Hcp XmImenI Kh sv cq]nIcnp. alvZo _mk Kms\ {][m\a{nbmbn \nbanp. jmbpsS tk\ Jp ssa\nbpsS `mKtv Iqdpamdn. `nbm \mSphnp. 1979 G{]n 1\v Cdm\n Ckvemanv dnnv m]npsImv Jpssa\n {]Jym]\w \Sn. ]noSv Atmv AtacnbpsS IpX{fmbncpp. Akm[mcWamb B ss[cytmsS Cdm\nb P\X Cu IpX{sf AXnPohnp. hnh sImpw, {]tm` sImpw ]cnoWamb Cdms\ AtacnbpsS \nti {]Imcw kmw A{Ianp. IpnIsftmepw ]mfn tNpsImmWv Jpssa\n Cu B{IaWs t\cnXv. Cv Cdm ]ptcmKXnbpsS ]mXbneqsS Gsd aptdngnp. CkvemanI kwkvImcns Av DbnnSnp Hcp P\Xbmbn Cdm\nIsf amn FSpm Jpssa\nv Ignp. 1989 Pq 3\v Atlw Acnp. ap inbm ]WvVnXmcn \nv `nambn Xs IrXnIfn Atlw BZys aqp Jeo^amscbpw Gsd {]iwknsgpXnbnpv. ioCkn Fsms XIcmdpIfpsnepw Ccp]Xmw \qmn Jpssa\nbpsS t\XrXzn Cdm\n Actdnb Cu hnhns CkvemanI ]cnthjs ]pIgvmsX \nmlan.
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