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{]tXyI ^o

\_nZn\w

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IdknbpsS Ncn{Xhpw kImXpw

tNmZyw: FmWv ]Ww? Fs\bmWv Idknv kImXpmIpXv? IdknbpsS Ncn{Xsamv hniZoIcnmepw?

Dcw: ]Wns\n ]e A\pam\fpapv. As\ Hcp km[\w Xs ]v `qanbnepmbncpns{X. ]ns Bhiyap hkvXp Fs\bmWh hmnbncpXv. \apnp{X Bhiysfmpw Ahpmbncpn FXmWv hmkvXhw. Cp \mw \ntXy\ D]tbmKnp ssepw ^m\pw hml\fpsam pw Av Ip]nSnncpn. `Wn\p hkvXp am{XamWv Ahv {][m\ambpw thnbncpXv. ]ns [cnm th hkv{Xfpw hon InSm th AXymhiy km[\fpsams. AXn NnesXmw hon Xs Dmpw. ap hkvXp kwLSnnWw.

kodn\v Hcp ]iphns\ InWw Fp hnNmcnpI. Iptd tX am{Xta kodns ssIbnepq. ko ]iphns\ hnpbmfpsS ASpsn. Hcp]iphns\ Xm C{X tX Xcmsav ]dp. ]iphns DSav tX hfsc AXymhiyambncpp. As\ tXp]Icambn Abm ]iphns\ kodn\v sImSpp. Fsfpap IhSw.

]t CXn\v hensbmcp Ipgapv. DZmlcWambn kodns Imcyw XssbSppI. ]iphns DSav tXb, BSpIsfbmWv thsXntem? kodn\msWn BSpIfn. DSs\ ko BSp hfpImcs ASpttmSn. tXp]Icw BSns\ Xcptam Ft\zjnpp. Abmpw tX th. apv aXn. apt\zjnv ko hopw s\bvXpImcs ASpspp. tXp]Icw appsImSpm Abm Xmdmbm `mKyw. apv hmn BSphfpImc\v sImSpv BSns\ hmmw, AXv sImSpv ]iphns\bpw hmmw.

]t, AXn\nSpw {]iv\apmsbp hcpw. HcmSv hfsc sNdpXmbXv sImv ]iphns\ sImSpm DSa Xmdmbnsntem? Fmw IpgXpXs. Fmbmepw Ccnembncpp ]v sNdnb sNdnb kaqlfmbn a\pjy Pohnncptm ]ckv]cw km[\ hmpIbpw hnpIbpsams sNbvXncpXv. Hcp km[\n\pw IrXyambn hnesbmpw Apmbncpn. ]noSv ]e hkvXppw Nne {]tXyI hnesbms \nbnm XpSn. Hcp ]iphn\v \mev BSv, HcmSn\v \mepapv, Hcp apn\v ]p tX Fsms hnebnp.

]ns km[\ hmpI IptdqSn Ffpambn. DSav BSns\ thsnepw Ipgan. \mev BSns hnebmb ]Xn\mdp apv sImSppw ]iphns\ hmmw. Asn \qn Adp]Xv tX sImSpmepw aXn. hensbmcp aptambncpp CXv.

Fm, Cu coXnbnepapmbncpp Ipgw. BSpIfn hepXpw sNdpXpw saenXpw tcmKw ]nSnXpsamaptm. Xotc tamis BSpIfmbXpsImv \mec BSpIsf Xmte ]iphns\ Xcq Fmpw BhiysSms\mpw h. sImp \Sm\msWn AXntesd hnjahpw.

As\bmWv Ffpw AfpsImSpmhpXpw sImp\SmhpXpamb km [\sfpdnv BtemNnp XpSnbXv. BZys ]Wns hchv bYmYn As\bmbncpp. BSpw tImgnbpsampanmsX Bpw FSpp ssI Imcyw sNmhp HcpXcw ]Ww. BZys B ]Ww GXmbncpp? Ncn{XImcmsc Ipgp tNmZyamWnXv. IpImen ]Whpw Fpw ]psampw icnpw ]Wambn IWmm ]ntm. Cs \mWbtfm t\mtm t]mse IrXyw Fw IWmn D]tbmKnm ]p BZys ]Ww HcpXcw IIfmbncpp shmWv ]dbsSpXv. IhSn FdnbsSp Cu II ]pcmX\ ImepXs ssN\bnepw Cybnepw D]tbmKnncpp. AtX, \psS \mn tPymym {]iv\w shm\pw apw Cp]tbmKnp IhSnI Xs. KplIfnepw apw Xmaknncp BZna a\pjy IhSn D]tbmKnncpXmbn Isnbnpv. ssN\mcpsS ssIhiw IhSnWapmbncpXmbn kp{]kn kmcnbmb amtmt]mtfm ]dbpp. IhSnWw Hcp Ingnbnenv sImp \Sm FfpamsWp am{Xa. hfscmew tISp IqSmXncnpIbpw sNpw. IpImenWw t]mse Xo sImSpt. tcmKw hcpsa t]Sn th. Fnepw Iptdmew Igntm IhSnWhpw t]mscmbn. ]tm Ccp]tXm sImn\p ]Icw \qtdm Ccp\qtdm sImw tISphcmXncnp hkvXpfnembn {i.

As\bmWv temlfntev XncnbpXv. HmSpsImpmnb Inbpw Xqbpambncpp ssN\m ]WamnbXv. Atacnbnse BkvsSIv F sdUv Cy hKm sNpsImp tImSmenbpw ]Wambn D]tbmKnp. atejymcmIs XIcsmnbpw. temlasnepw PmImcpsS sNSnWhpw hfscmew \ne\npXmbncpp. \ `wKnbp NneXcw sImp sNSnI DWn kqnmWv Ah CXpmnbncpXv. samsdmtmbn ]ph acpI \mWbw t]mse sNn D]tbmKnpIbmbncpp ]Xnhv. AXn Nne cq]fpw sImnbpmpw. Bhiysap hm Ch sNdnb IjvWfmn NndbmpIbpw sNmw. As\ ssIbn Innb temlhpw apw an efnepw ]Wambn amdn.

Ipap\bpw GdpInbpw Nq sImfppsams Cqnepv. kzW hfbambncpp CuPn]vXnse ]Ww. Fnepw Cs coXnbnepff \mWbfp cq]w hcm ]nsbpw kabsaSpp. ]e efnepw \mWbfmbn D]tbmKnncp temlfn kzWn\pw shnpw {]m[m\yw IqSn. As\bmWv Hcp {]tXyI temlw Xs `cWm[nImcnI ]Wambn Cdm XpSnbXv.

Cs Snbn Ds enUnbbmWv `qapJv BZyambn \mWb ASnndnbsXv IcpXsSpp. 2700 hjv apv enUnb `cnncp t{Im bvUkv cmPmhns ImemWnXpmbXv. X\n In kzWn \nan Cu \m Wbspdnp IqSpXembn Hpw Xs Adnbnsnepw asmcp Imcyw DdmWv. _n.kn. 540 ktamkv F es t]mfnt{Ikv Fbm AXpt]mep I \mWb \nanncpXns t]cn innsnpv.

XmaknbmsX {Koknepw Ab cmPyfnepsamsbp `cWm[nImcnI enUnbbnteXv t]mse \mWbfSnm XpSn. kzWhpw shnbpambncpp Chbne[nIhpw. Chcpw IqSnt CeIv{Sw F temlhpw Gjymssa\dnse Nne cmPyfn D]tbmKnncpp. Ahbn Nne cq] sImp ]Xnhp XpSnbXv GXkpImcmsWv IcpXsSpp. a\pjysbpw ImfbpsSbpw cq]amWv AXne[nIhpw. 2400 hjw app tdmam CXnt\msSmw BabpsSbpw IpXncbpsSbpw Nn{Xap \mWbfpw \nanp.

\mWbfpsS henhpw cq]hpsampw FmbnSpw Hcpt]msebmbncpn. GXknse Nne CeIv{Sw \mWbv Hcp Xosn Ins samtmfta henapmbncppq. CtX ImepXs tdmamcndnb Imf\mWbn\p \psS Hcp t]mp ImUns\m henapmbncpp. Im Hcp CjvSnI t]mencnpw. AXns `mchpw tamiambncpn. IjvSnv cpIntem hcpw.

As\ ]e \mWbfpw cwKsn. Fnpw {]iv\ Ipdn. Imc Ww henb XpIp km[\ hmmt\ Ames \mWb sImv Ignpq. sNdpsXmw apXcw temltam ]Wtam D]tbmKnmWv hmnbncpXv. ZqctZip cmPyfpambn IhSw \Snbncp GXkpIm XsbmWv CXns\mcp ]cnlmcw IsnbXv. Smev Fmbncpp AhcpsS \mWbns t]cv. Smev Ah 60 Bbn hn`Pnp. ssa\ F \mWbapmn. 60 ssa\ IqSnbm Hcp Smev Fmbncpp IWv. AXn\ptijw Hmtcm ssa\ bpw \qdv t{Umvam \mWbfmbn Xncnp. IhSmcpsS ssIIeneqsS ]e cmPyfpsanb Cu \mWb FmbnSpw hfsc thKw {]Nmcnembn. AXns NphSp]nSnv Cybpw kvs]bn\psams Acnep Nnd \mWbfpw H\mWbfpw \nanm\mcw`npIbpw sNbvXp. aq \mWbw F mbncpp Chp t]cv. ImcWw {Koknse Hmtcm \Kchpw Hmtcm Nnlv\ap \mWbfmWv ASnncpXv. GXkv aqbpw GbvPn\ ISemapnbpw sImdnv ]dpw IpXncbpw enUnb knwlhpsams D]tbmKnp. \mWb IqSpX at\mlcamm Nne cmPy ssZhfpsS cq]hpw sImnshp. cmbncne[nIw hjw apv CuPn]vXv `cnncp tSmfan Hma\mIs kzw apJw XsbmWv \mWbfn ap{Zshm XncsSpXv. \mWbns Imeadnbm\pw cmPmhns {]ikvXnpw Cu kq{Xw \mbn D]Icnp. ]ns Xmaknn. khcmPmmcpw Cu hnZy XpSn. BZysamw \mWb Hmtcmmbn ASnp]cpIbmbncpp ]Xnhv. kaYcmb IIuiem AXn Hmtcmnepw th ap{ZI sImnshpw. ]t, CXv hfsc ]Xpsbt ]q. As\bmWv \mWbv th BIrXnbnepw hennepap ApI \nanm XpSnbXv.

IhShpw apw h[ntXmsS CXpw t]mscp hp. Asms kzWw sIm pw shn sImpap \mWbfmbncptm {][m\w. ]ecpw AhbpsS A cnIpI sNnsbSpp. thsd hnm XpSn. ]ecpw kzw CjvS{]Imcw \mWbapmpIbpw sNbvXp. \Xpw Ihpamb \mWb IqSnbtmgmWv Nne asmcp kq{Xw IsnbXv. \mWbv Nppw \ndsb hcIfnSpI. ]ns, AXv cmInsbSpm s]sp Xncndnbmatm. \psS Ccp]nbnsbpw AXnsbpw ss]kIfn Cpw Cu hcI ImWmw. s{Kbn FmWv Cu hcIp t]cv.

]Xn\mw \qmphsc Ccnembncpp \mWb \namWw. AXn\ptijamWv henb b{fp]tbmKnv \mWbaSnm\p {iafmcw`nXv. Iw FmWnXn\p ]dbpI. \mep \qmp apv {^mkn BZys \mWbaSnp b{w m]nsnepw AXp thKw Xs ASp]qn. ImcWw ncw \m Wbapmp sXmgnepImcpsS FXnpXs. Fnepw XmaknbmsX bqtdmn ]ebnSpw Iq b{ hp. BZysams IpXncI henptm {]hnpXmbncpp Ch. cv Iq Ccpp tdmfdpI temlInSns\ Htc I\nepw BIrXnbnepw apdnv AXn ap{ZIpp kq{Xambncpp BZyw. ]noSv Pbnwkv hmpw Iqcpw Bhnb{w Ip]nSntm IpXncIsf amn. ]Icw Bhnb{w sImv {]hnp Ifmbn. an\nn Adp]tXmfw \mWb \nanmt\ Ahp Ignhpmbncppq. ]noSv sshZypXnbpw apw htm an\nn ]Xn\mbncw \mWb \nanp I \nehnhp.

Fm CXn\nSbnsemss ]Wamb nteml\mWbhpw t]mc Fp ]e pw tXmnpSnbncpp. tISphcnsnepw IngnsIn sImpt]mIm {]bmkw. Imp ImepSs\ ]Wapsv s]sv a\nemhpIbpw sNpw.

As\bmWv Nne ]pXnb HcpXcw ]Wspdnp Nnnm XpSnbXv. ]Xn\mdmw \qmnembncpp AXv. Atmtgpw bqtdmn ]ebnSpw ISemkpw ASnbpsams \nehn hncpp. Fn FpsImv ISemkv Xs ]Wambn D]tbmKnpIqSm Fmbn ]e cmPyfnephscbpw BtemN\. ]Ww kpcnXambn kqnp Nne m]\ AXn\nsS ]eepapmbngnncpp. \psS Cs t_pIfpsS apm Xs. AhnsS ]Ww kqnms\nbhp t_pSIaI ssI sImsgpXn Nne ckoXpI \Inbncpp. Cbm C{X ]Ww ChnsS \nt]nnpspw BhiysSptm AXv XncnsI sImSppsImmsapap Icmdmbncpp AXv.

Cs Idkn t\mpt]msesbmpasnepw BfpI ]Wn\p]Icw ]ckv]cw Cu IcmsdgpXnb ISemkv ssIamdm XpSn. AXv sImSppbmv \nt]n ]Ww \ImsamWv t_ns hyh.

]pXnsbmcpXcw ]Wns hchn\p ]ns Xmakapmbn. AtX, teml\mWbn\p]Icw I\w Ipd ISemkn FgpXnb ]Ww. Hmtcm ]WSemknsbpw hnebpw apw AXn tcJsSpnbnpmIpw. kzoU\nse tmv tlmw t_v 1664 ASnndnb ISemkv ]WamWv Cs Idkn t\mns apKman Fv IcpXsSpp.

t_pI t\mSnndm XpSnbtXmsS asmcp Ipgapmbn. `cWm[nImcnIsfmw \mWbfmbncptm \nanncpXv. P\fn ]ecpw \mWb t_pIfn \nt]np ISemkv ]Ww hmm XpSn. CXpIv `cWm[nImcnIfn ]ecpw t_pIfpsS t\mpkq{Xw ISwhmn. km JP\mhn \nv Ah ASnndpIbpw sNbvXp. XmaknbmsX kmtdm km GsSpnb t_tm AmsX t\mSncpsX \nbahpw hp.

km[mcW henb henb IhSmcymbn am{Xta BZys t\mpI D]tbmKnncppq. AXpsImv Xs henb XpIp ISemkv ]Wfmbncpp Ahbn anXpw. As t\mpI Im \apnv Nncnhcpw. InSemkn Ccphipw FgpXpIbpw hcpIbpw Nmbw ]pcpIbpsams sNbvXhbmbncpp Ah. ASnhnZy ]ptcmKantXmsS \ ApI \nanv t\mv \nanm\mbn {iaw.

Cu \qmmbtmtgpw \mWbfpsS {]m[m\yw Ipdphp. ]e \mWbfpw CubSp Imembn Xotc CmXmhpIbpw sNbvXp. Hv, cv, aqv ss]kI Cybn IpdpImew apphsc DmbncpXmbn Nnesnepw Adnbmambncnpw. Ctm B \mWbsfmw ]nhenpIgnp.

t\mns\m apph ]WamWtm \mWbw. AXpsImv \mWbw XsbmWv BZyw Xnn hoWXv. 2700 hjw apv enUnbbnemWv BZyambn \mWbaSnsXp \apdnbmw. shdpw \qdphjn\Iw Xs BZys Xnv hopw cwKsn. t]mfnt{Ikv F Hcm kv]mmp I\mWbw \InbXns t]cn ]nSnsp. As\ Ncn{XnednbsSp BZys I\mWb hoc t]mfnt{Ikmbnop.

XnpIm am{Xa, Cs `cWm[nImcnIfpw It\mSnndmdpv. i{XpcmPyfnse t\mmbncnpw ASnpsXtbpq. Fnv BcpadnbmsX Nmcm aptJ\ Ahsbmw i{XpcmPyv {]Ncnnpw. bYmYn hnebnmhbmWtm Cu It\mpI. AtXmsS B cmPys t\mpIv hnebnmXmIpw. ap cmPysfmpw Xs AhcpsS t\mn\p km[\ hnm Xmdmhn. hkvXpfpsS hne `bcambn h[npw. kmnIambn ]mcmbn ]nWnbpw apw hp XmaknbmsX i{XpcmPyw bpn tXmpIbpw sNpw. cmw temI almbpImev Pa\n Ccw Hcp hnZysbmnp. Pbnen InSncp It\mv {]XnIsfsbmw Iqn Cwnse Idknbmb ]uv t\mpIfSnm GmSmn. apqdv tImSnbne[nIw cq] XpI hcp{Xbpw Cwojv IdknbmWh ASnsXv ]dbsSpp. Imempw Xncndnbm Ignbm hn[w \nan Cu It\mpI htm Cwn\v H scm amKta Dmbncppq. Av ]un\v apIfn D Fm t\mpIfpw ApapX ]nhenpI Xs. ]Icw ]pXnb Unssk\n t\mndpI. Fmbmepw AXv ^enp. Pa\nbndnb It\mpIsfmw shdpsXbmbn. Ccw XnpImcpsS Fw Imew IgnbpwtXmdpw IqSnhtXbpq. \mWbfpsS AcnIv shnsbSpv Hnv Iqn]pXnb \mWbfpmpIbmbncpp BZyw NnecpsS hnZy. ap NnecmIs hneIpd sNpw apw Iqn I\mWbapmm XpSn.

Fm Ccw hncpXm am{Xambncpp I\mWbfSnncpXv Fsm pw IcpXcptX. \mWbaSnncp cmPmm Xs ]e Icfpw ImWnncpp. tdmanse `cWm[nImcnbmbncp \otdm N{Ihn shn \mWbfn Hcp kq{Xsamnp. Ahtbmtcmnsbpw shn Aw hoXsaSpp t]m nemn.

Ahkm\w shn \mWbn cpiXam\w t]mepw shnbn Fmbn A h. hneIpd temlp aosX kzWhpw shnbpw sImv s]mXnbpIbmbncpp {^mknse ^nenv cmPmhnsbpw Cwnse sldn Fmatbpsams kq{Xw. \mpImcmIs \mWb Hmtcmpw ISnp Ahpn FmsWv ]cntim[npIbpw sNbvXp. shn\mWbn\nSbn shdpw sN msWp Iv \mpIm cpt]pw Hmtcm t]cpw \In. slnv sNpaq Fpw ^nenn\p Xnphoc cmPmshpw.

]noSv ISemkv ]Ww htmtgm, BZysams t_pIm \nt]Ip ISemkn FgpXnsmSp Icm cioXnIfmbncptm t\mpI. ISemkpw ajnbpw Innbm GXp kaY\pw It\mpmmsambn nXn. As\bmWv A\pIcnm {]bmkap ap{ZIfpw Nmbfpsams D]tbmKnv `cWm[nImcnI t\mSnm XpSnbXv. Fm t\mpIpw {]tXyIw \tdm ASbmftam CSm\pw Bcw`np.

Fnepw It\mn\p maapmbn. HSphn klnsI Cwnse JP\mhpImcmWv hmamv F ap{Z t\mn ]Xnnp kq{Xw IsnbXv. ISemkpWpXn\v apv Xs ap{Z tNpshmWv CXpmpXv. shfnn\p t\sc ]nSnm hmamv hyambnmWmw.

Fnepw Im s]sp Xncndnbm It\mpI ]nsbpandn. As\bmWv t\mn\nSbn mnIv sImp Hcp t\cnb \q LSnnm XpSnbXv. t\mn ImWp t\cnb Idp hc CXmWv. \nanm hfsc _pnapp Ccw t\mpI ]t, It\mpImsc ]nncnnnsmpan.

Cy ]e \mpcmPyfmbmWv InSncpXv. CXpsImsmcp Ipgw ]n. Hmtcm cmPmhpw Ahchp tXmnb Xcw \mabfSnndn. CwojpImcpsS hcthmsSbmWv CXn\p amw hXv. 1835 {_nojv Khsav Aphsc \nehnencp 994 Xcw \mWbpw ]Icw shn cq] ASnndn. ]gb \mWb p ]Icw ]pXnbh sImSppIbpw sNbvXp.

B ImeLn XsbmWv ISemkv ]Wnsbpw hchv. BZysamw Kh san\p thn t_pIfmbncpp t\mSnncpXv. 1935 dnkhv t_v m]ntXmsS t\mSn apgph Atmv amn. BZysams Ah ASnncp t\mpI GsXmssbtm? 2, 5, 10, 100, 1000, 10000 cq]bpsS t\mpI. Cyv kzmX{yw InnbXn\ptijw Chbn ]eXpw \nemn.

\psS cq]v B t]cv hsXs\bmWv? kwkvIrXn \nmWv cq]bpsS hchv. kwkvIrXn cq]yw Fm shn \mWbw FmWYw. apsms AhbmWv {][m\ambpw \psS \mnepmbncpXv. ]noSv A{Xbpw hnep ISemkv ]Ww htmgpw t]cn\p henb amapmbn. cq]yw lnnbn cq] bmbn amdn. Cwojn dpnbpw. Cu dpnbmWv aebmfnse DdpnIbmbXv. IqsS cq]bm A]w amn cq] Fpw ISemkv ]Ws hnfnm XpSn.

ss]kbpsS IYbpw GXmnXnt]mse XsbmWv. N{Iw FmWv ss]k, ss] XpSnb hmpIYw. appImep sNdnb Hcp Xcw sNp\mWy mWv ss]k Fv ]dncpXv. ]gb XncphnXmw Iqdn N{Iw Fpt]cp Cu sNv \mWbw Xs Dmbncpp.

]Xnaqmw \qmn tIcfw `cnncp `m\p hn{Ia\mWv ChnsS Fmhpw D]tbmKnmhp Xcw Hcp \mWbandnbXv. cmin Fmbncpp CXn\p t]cv. GXmv tIcfw apgph\pw Av H cmPyambncpp. ]nmev XncphnXmwIq, sImn, tImgntmSv Fns\ ]e cmPyfmbn. Hmtcm epw Hmtcm Xcw \mWbfpw hp. sImn cmPmhnsbpw Iqcnse Ben cmPmhnsbpw \mWbv ]Ww FpXsbmbncpp t]cv. ]noSv sImnbneXv Ienbta\n ]p Fmbn amdn. HSphn shdpw ]p Fpw. tImgntms kmaqXncn hoccmb\pw XncphnXmwIq cmPmhv A\cmb\pw ]WsamWv \mWbn t]cv. 1776 ssakqcnse kpXzm\mb sslZ Fm \mWbfnepw Xs t]cns BZymcamb l sIm GsSpn.

{_nojpIm Cysb A{Ianv `cWw ssIbSnbtXmsS tIcfnse ]Wn\pw Nne amsfms hp. Xetcnbn \nv {_nojv cq]m\mWbw ASnv {]NcnnpIbmWh BZyw sNbvXXv. \mpcmPysfmw AhcpsS `cWn Iognembtm henb XpIbpsS \mWbsfmw ASnm\p AhImiw Ahmbn. kzmX{yn\p tijamIs. CybnsembnSpw HtcXcw \mWbfpw t\mpIfpw D]tbmKnm XpSpIbpw sNbvXp. Npcpn AXXv ImeLnep hn\nab am[yaamWv ]Ww. kzW\mWbhpw shn\mWbhpw ]WambXpw As\ Xs. AXn\p kImXv \n_amIpXpw CtX hoWnemWv.

Cp Idknsbn hnebncpptm Xmsgdbp Imcy hyamIpXmWv.

1) Cp ISemkv \mWb (Idkn) hn\nab am[yafpw CS]mSpIfpsS tI{_nphpamWv. (2) Cu \mWb appmbncp kzWw, shn \mWbv XpeyamWv. (3) Cybnse ISemkv \mWbfpsS aqeyw Nnetm kzWhpw ap Nnetm shnbpambnpv. (4) Nnetm hntZi hn\nabaqeyhpw {]mtZinI hn\nabaqeyhpw hyXymkapmbncnpw. (5) Cybnse Cs ISemkv \mWb ASnpXv Hcp \nnX Xqw shntbmtSm kzWtmsS kaamnsm. adnv C{XtImSn cq]p kzWtam hntZi \mWbtam Dsn Khsav A`n{]mbsSp F{Xbpw t\mv ASnmsa hn[nemWv. (6) Cu t\mpI sImSpm kzWtam shntbm \I Khsan\v \n_an. adnv Xpeyamb Hcp t\mv \Inbm aXnbmIpw. hkvXpp hnebmbn Cu t\mpI \Inbm Cy ]ucmscmw AXv AwKoIcnWsav \nbaapv. Am]w Khsav Ahs\ innpXmWv. (7) Cu ISemkv \mWbfpsS bYmYaqeyw kzX{amn \nv Ahv e`np kzWtam shntbm BWv.

kzWw, shn \mWbfn kImXv \n_amIm\p ImcW Iaimkv{X ]WvVnXm hyamnbnpv. Pa ]dbpp: ""temIns \ne\npw krjvSnIfpsS nXnKXnI icnsSepw Ah (kzWw, shn \mWb) sImmWv. ImcWw a\pjymhiysfmw Xs AhsImv ]qnbmsSpw. _mnbp kpIsfmpw As\b'' (Pa 2/252). Cmcyw CtX cq]n ihm\nbpw 3/263 hyamnbnpv. temlfn kzWw, shn Fnhp am{Xw kImXv \n_amIm\p ImcWw Ah ap hkvXpfpsS hnebmbXv sImmWv Fv Aaod 2/2 hyamnbnpv.

im^nCu aZvl_nse {]apJ ]WvVnX aplZp_v\p A_vZpdlvam\pnaivJn (d) Xs dlvap D t]Pv 101 kImXv \n_amIp hkvXp FnbXn kzWw, shn Fp ]dbpXn\p ]Icw hkvXpfpsS hneIfmIp hKw FmWv ]dXv. Atm kzWw, shn Fnhbn kImXv \n_amIpXv AXv hkvXpfpsS hneIfmsW \nemsWYw. hkvXpfpsS hnebmhpI, Ah \In temIp Fm hkvXpfpw hmm Ignbp I F ImcWw t\mpIpaptm. Atm t\mnepw kImXpsv hyamWv. \_n(kz)bpsS Imev apncnv, Cugv XpSnbhbmWv DmbncpXv. Ah \njnamsWv \_n(kz) hyamn. ]\v \_nbpsS ImepXmbn Adnbsnnsnepw AXv ldmamWv. ImcWw Iv \njnamIm\p ImcWw ]\bn \nsSpp Inepapv. Atm t\mn\v kImXn. shnpw kzWn\pw am{XamWv kImXv Fp ]dbpXv ]\v \njnasv ]dbpw t]msebmWv.

t\mns kImXv F{XbmsWp XnsSpm {]bmkan. Ccp\qdv Znlw AYhm An Ht apmte Acm DdpnI Xqw (595/250 {Kmw) shn F{X t\mn\s aqeyamtWm AXmWv IWv. kzX{ amn A{X shn hmm F{Xt\mv \IWtam A{Xbpw t\mpI Hcm Hcp sImw kqnm AXns cc iXam\w kImXv \IWw. IqSpX ssIbncnph AXns tXmX\pkcnpw sImSpWw.