tNmZyw: Camw kemw ho«nbmepS³ apkzÃbn \ns¶gpt¶äv t]mIWsa¶pw ]n s¶bpw AhnsS NSªncn¡p¶Xv icnbsöpw NneÀ ]dbp¶p. CXv icnbmtWm? \nkvImcm\´cw Camav ZpB sN¿pIbpw aAvaqapIÄ Bao³ ]dbpIbpw sN¿p¶ C¶s¯ k{¼Zmbw \_n(kz)bpsS Ime¯p­mbncp¶nsÃ? \nkvImctijapÅ Iq«{]mÀY\¡v bmsXmcp ASnØm\hpansö hmZw icnbmtWm? Cu {]iv\¯n hà Bbt¯m lZotkm Dt­m? Camw {]mÀYn¡pt¼mÄ aAvaqw Bao³ ]dbp¶Xv {InkvXy³ kz`mhamsW¶ NnecpsS hmZs¯ kw_Ôns¨´p ]dbp¶p?

D¯cw: : ""\n§Ä \nkvImcw \nÀÆln¨p Ignªm \nt¶m Ccpt¶m InSt¶m Zn Ivdv sNmÃpI'' (kqdx A¶nkmAv 103).

""ZnIvdv {]mÀY\tbm {]IoÀ¯\tam Dt±in¨pÅ hm¡mWv'' (Xplv^ þ 1/56).

kqdx AÂ_Jdbnse 200, 201  ZnIvdn\pZmlcWambn "dº\m BXn\m ^n±p³ bm lk\X³...' F¶p]dªXv Xplv^bn ]dªXn\pt]mÂ_eIamWv. CXn  {]mÀY\ DÄs¡mÅp¶p­tÃm.

kqdx AÂIlv^v 28 C§s\ ImWmw: ""AÃmlphnsâ {]oXn tamln¨v {]`mX¯nepw {]tZmj¯nepw {]mÀYn¡p¶htcmsSm¸w X§Ä £an¡pI.''

\nkvImcm\´cw {]mÀYn¡Wsa¶pw {]mÀYn¡p¶htcmSv IqsS £amioecmbn Ignªv IqSWsa¶pamWv ta kqà§Ä DXvt_m[n¸n¡p¶Xv. \nkvImcw Ignªm ZnIvdv sNmÃWsa¶ÃmsX DSs\ Fgpt¶äv t]mIWsa¶v JpÀB\n FhnsSbpw ]dªn«nÃ. adn¨v \nkvImchpw Iq«{]mÀY\bpw Igntª t]mImhq F¶mWv JpÀB\nsâ ktµiw.

kqdx Aew\ivdlnse Ggmw kqàamb "\nkvImc¯n \n¶v hncan¨m {]mÀY\bn hym]rX\mhpI.' F¶ AÃmlphnsâ \nÀtZiw \nkvImcm\´cw {]mÀY\ \S¯Wsa¶v hyàam¡p¶p.

D]cypà kqà¯nsâ Dt±iyw \nkvImcm\´cw {]mÀY\ \S¯m³ \nÀt±in¡pIbmsW¶v JXmZ(d)bn \n¶v Camw A_qPAv^cn¶lvlmkv(d) A¶mknJp h a³kqJv 1/288 D²cn¨n«p­v. C{]Imcw flvlm¡n(d) \n¶v A_vZp_v\p lpssaZpw(d) C_v\p\kzvdpw D²cn¨Xmbn AZpÀdp a³kzqÀ 6/365epw {]kvXmhn¨n«p­v.

ssiJv A_vZp JmZncn Poem\n(d) ]dbp¶p: ""At¸mÄ \nkvImcm\´c {]mÀY\ \S¯Â (idCÂ) \nÀt±in¡s¸« ImcyamWv. AXpsIm­pXs¶ ZpB sN ¿msX Camapw aAvaqapw ]Ånbn \n¶v ]pds¸S A\ptbmPyaÃ. \nkvImc¯n \n¶v hncan¨pIgnªm ZpBC hym]rX\mhpIsb¶v AÃmlp ]dªn«p­v'' (Poem\nbpsS Kp³bXv 2/131).

C\n \ap¡v lZoknte¡v IS¡mw.

(1) DJv_Xn(d) \n¶v \nthZ\w: \_n(kz)bpsS ]n¶n aZo\bn sh¨v Rm³ AkzÀ \nkvIcn¨p. kemw ho«nb DSs\ \_n(kz) P\§sf NmSn¡S¶psIm­v [rXnbn GtXm Hcp `mcybpsS hkXnbnte¡v t]mbn. \_n(kz)bpsS Cu [rXn]nSn¨ ]pd¸mSv I­v P\§Ä `bhnlzecmbn. CXv a\Ênem¡nb \_n(kz) DSs\ Xs¶ Ahcnte¡v aS§nh¶p. tijw C§s\ ]dªp. A¸w kzÀ®w \½psS ssIhiap­mbncp¶p. CXv Fs¶ XSÊs¸Sp¯p¶Xv Rm³ shdp¯t¸mÄ AXv hnlnXn¨v sImSp¡m³ Rm³ BÚm]n¡pIbp­mbn (_pJmcn 1/117, 118).

Cu lZokv hymJym\n¨psIm­v C_v\plPÀ(d) ]dbp¶p: ""\_n(kz)bn \n¶v km[mcW Adnbs¸«v t]m¶Xn\v hncp²ambn kzlm_¯v hÃXpw I­m Ah À `bhnlzecmI ]Xnhmbncp¶p. _p²nap«p­m¡p¶ hÃXpw kw`hnt¨m F¶v `bs¸«mbncp¶p CXv'' (^XvlpÂ_mcn).

At¸mÄ \nkvImcm\´cw \_n(kz) AhnsSXs¶ Ccn¡embncp¶p AhÀ \_n (kz)bn \n¶v Adnªpt]m¶sX¶pw CXn\v hn]coXambn {]kvXpX Znhkw \_n(kz) kemw ho«nb DSs\ Fgpt¶äv t]mbXmWv Ahsc `bs¸Sp¯nbsX¶pw hyàw.

(2) kapdXp_v\pPp³Zp_n(d) \n¶v \nthZ\w: ""\_n(kz) \nkvIcn¨pIgnªm R§fnte¡v apJw Xncn¨ncn¡pambncp¶p'' (_pJmcn 1/117).

Cu lZoknsâ hymJym\¯n C_v\plPÀ(d) FgpXp¶p: ""kapdXn(d) \n¶v \nthZ\w sNbvX lZoknsâ _mlyw Xs¶ Ipdn¡p¶Xv \nkvImcm\´cw Xncnªncn¡Â \_n(kz) ]Xnhm¡n t]m¶Xmbncp¶psh¶XmWv'' (^XvlpÂ_mcn 1/117).

(3) _dmAv(d)hn \n¶v \nthZ\w. ""R§Ä \_n(kz)bpsS ]n¶n \nkvIcn¡pt¼mÄ AhnSps¯ heXp`mK¯v \n¡m³ CjvSs¸«ncp¶p. \_n(kz) apJw sIm­v R§fnte¡v Xncnbpw'' (apkvenw 1/247).

D]cypà lZokpIfn \n¶v \nkvImcw Ignªm heXp`mKw aAvaqapIfnte¡v Xncn¨ncn¡embncp¶p \_n(kz)bpsS ]Xnsh¶v hyàamWv.

lm^nfv A_q_IvÀ C_v\pÊp¶n(d) A\kn(d) \n¶v \nthZ\w sNbvX asämcplZokv CXv hyàam¡p¶p­v. A\kv(d) ]dªp: ""\nkvImcm\´cw apJw R §fnte¡v Xncn¨ncp¶XÃmsX Hcp ^Àfv \nkvImchpw \_n(kz) R§Ä¡v Camambn \nÀÆln¨n«nÃ'' (C_v\pÊp¶n(d)bpsS Aaep buan hssÃe. t]Pv 47).

Cu lZokv A\kv(d)hn \n¶v Xs¶ Camw _Êmdpw(d) A_qbAve(d)bpw

\nthZ\w sNbvXXmbn sslkan(d)bpsS aPvaDÊhmCZv 10/110Â {]kvXmhn¨n«p­v.

\_n(kz) Fgpt¶ä tijta kzlm_¯v Fgpt¶Â¡mdpÅqsh¶v _pJmcnbn Xs¶ Xs¶ ImWmw. (Cu Ccp¸nÂ) \_n(kz) ZnIvdpw ZpBDw \S¯nbncp¶psh¶v _pJmcn 1/117, 2/937epw aäpw ImWmw.

Cu ASnØm\¯nemWv C_v\plPÀ(d) C{]Imcw {]kvXmhn¨Xv. ""Camw \nkv Imcm\´cw ZpBAv Ignbp¶Xphsc he`mKw aAvaqapIÄ sImsÅ B¡nbmWv Ccnt¡­Xv'' (^Xmh Ip_vd 1/252).

am{Xaà ^Àfv \nkvImcw Ignªm ZnIvdv sIm­v i_vZapbÀ¯Â \_n(kz)bpsS Ime¯v ]Xnhp­mbncp¶psh¶pw AXv tI«m P\§Ä ^Àfv \nkvImcw Ignªncn¡p¶psh¶v Rm³ a\Ênem¡nbncp¶psh¶pw C_v\pAºmkv(d) ]dªXmbn Camw _pJmcn 1/116epw apkvenw 1/217epw A_qZmhqZv 1/361epw dnt¸mÀ«v sNbvXn«p­v.

C\n \_n(kz) aAvaqapIÄ¡pth­n {]mÀYn¨psh¶Xn\v sXfnhpImWpI: ""DXv _m\p_v\p amenInev A³kzmcn(d)bn \n¶v \nthZ\w. \_n(kz)bpw kzn±oJv   (d)hpw HcpZnhkw ]I kab¯v Fsâ ho«n IS¶phcnIbpw \nsâ ho«n Rm³ FhnsS \nkvIcn¡p¶XmWv \o CjvSs¸Sp¶sX¶v tNmZn¡pIbpw sNbvXt¸mÄ CjvSs¸Sps¶mcp Øew Rm³ \nÀWbn¨p sImSp¯p. \_n(kz) \nkvImc¯n\v th­n AhnsS \n¡pIbpw R§Ä \_n(kz)bpsS ]n¶n kz^v^mbn \n¡pIbpw tijw c­v dIvA¯v \nkvIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXp (_pJmcn 1/158).

Camw _pJmcn(d) Xs¶ Cu kw`hw A\kv(d) hgnbmbn D²cn¨Xn C{]Imcw ImWmw. ""A§s\ \_n(kz) \nkvIcn¡pIbpw tijw AhÀ¡pth­n ZpB sN ¿pIbpw sNbvXp'' (_pJmcn 2/898).

Cu lZokv Camw _pJmcn(d) Xs¶ Xsâ A AZ_p ap^vdZv t]Pv 81epw D²cn¨n«p­v.

A\kv(d)sâ ho«n \_n(kz) h¶v ho«pImÀ¡v Camambn \nkvIcn¨Xv _pJmcn 1/101 ImWmw. Xsâ ho«pImÀ¡v Camambn \nkvIcn¡pIbpw \nkvImcm\´cw ho«pImÀ¡pth­n Zp³bhn¿pw DJvdhn¿pamb FÃm \·sIm­pw {]mÀYn¨p. Xsâ D½bpsS {]tXyI Bhiy{]Imcw X\n¡pth­n \_n(kz) k¼¯pw k´m\hpw _dIXpw IqSpXemIm³ ]ns¶bpw {]mÀYn¨psh¶v A\kv(d) ]dbp¶Xmbn Camw _pJmcn(d) A AZ_p ap^vdZv t]Pv 31 D²cn¨n«p­v.

C_v\pIkoÀ(d) ]dbp¶p: ""Hcp \nthZ\¯n C{]Imcw ImWmw. A\kv(d) ]dªp: ""AÃmlphmWv kXyw. F\n¡v [\w IqSpXep­v. Fsâ Cu¯¸\Ifpw

ap´ncn hÅnIfpw sImïn c­v {]mhiyw ]gw Xcp¶p. A{]Imcw Xs¶ Fsâ k´m\§fpw k´m\§fpsS k´m\§fpambn \qdns\ hn«pIS¶ncn¡p¶p.'' asämcp \nthZ\¯n C§s\bp­v. ""\nÝbw Fsâ kz´w k´m\§Ä Xs¶ \qänBsd®ap­v.'' Cu lZokn\v hnhn[§fmb ]Z§fneqsSbmbn [mcm fw \nthZI ]c¼cbp­v'' (C_v\pIkodnsâ AÂ_nZmbXp h¶nlmb, 9/90).

C\n Camansâ {]mÀY\¡v Bao³ ]dbtWm F¶ {]iv\amWv. A\kv(d) ]dbp¶p: ""R§Ä \_n(k)¡cnsI Ccn¡pIbmbncp¶p. \_n(k) ]dªp. aq¶pImcyw F\n¡Ãmlp \ÂIn. AWn\nc¶pÅ \nkvImcw, A`nhmZ\¯nsâ kemw, {]mÀY\¡v Bao³ ]db ChbmWXv. aqkm\_n(A) {]mÀYn¨t¸mÄ lmdq³ \_n(A) Bao³ ]dªsXmgn¨mev ap¼v aämÀ¡pw CXv \ÂIs¸«n«nÃ'' (C_v\pJpsska(d)bn \n¶v A¯ÀKo_p h¯Àlo_v 1/329  CXp²dn¨n«p­v).

BCi(d) ]dbp¶p: ""\mw ]ckv]cw kemw ]dbp¶Xnepw {]mÀY\¡v Bao³ ]dbp¶XnepapÅ{X Akqb Hcp hnjb¯nepw PpX·mÀ¡v \t½mSnÃ'' (C_v\p Jpsska 1/287, 288).

"\n§Ä {]mÀY\¡v Bao³ ]dbp¶XnepÅ{Xbpw Akqb asämcp Imcy¯nepw PqX·mÀ¡v \t½mSnÃ. AXn\m \n§Ä Bao³ ]dbp¶Xv IqSpXem¡W'sa¶v \_n(kz) ]dªXmbn C_v\p Aºmkn(d)Â\n¶v C_v\pamP(d) kp\³ 1/278, 279  dnt¸mÀ«p sNbvXncn¡p¶p. A¯ÀKo_p h¯Àlo_v 1/330 epw CXp²cn¨n«p­v.

AXzmCÂ(d) \n¶v lm^nfv A_vZpdkmJv(d) \nthZ\w: ""]ckv]cw kemw ]dbp¶Xnepw Bao³ ]dbp¶Xnepw PqX·mÀ¡v \n§tfmSv AkqbbpÅXpt]mse asäm¶nepw AhÀ Akqb sh¨n«nsöv \_n(kz)bn \ns¶\ns¡¯nbn«p­v'' (apkz¶^p A_vZndkmJv 2/98).

{]mÀYn¡p¶h\pw Bao³ ]dbp¶h\pw Iqenbn ]¦mfnIfmsW¶v \_n(kz) ]dªncn¡p¶p (A_qZmhqZv A PmanDÊzKoÀ 2/16).

Cu lZokv C_v\p Aºmkv(d) hgnbmbn Camw ssZean(d) apkv\Zp ^nÀZukn  \nthZ\w sNbvXn«ps­¶v Aen¿p ap¯Jn ln³Zn(d)bpsS I³kp D½m 1/170epw Camw ap\mhn(d)bpsS Ip\qkp lJmCJv 1/131epw (lmanipPmanDÊzKoÀ) D²cn¨n«p­v.

\_n(kz)bpsS AcnIn Pn_vco (A) h¶v ({]mÀY\¡v Bao³ ]dbm\mhiys¸SpIbpw Pn_vcoÂ(A) {]mÀYn¨t¸mÄ \_n(kz) Bao³ ]dbpIbpw sNbvXXmbn Pm_ndn(d) \n¶v Camw _pJmcn(d) AÂAZ_p ap^dZv t]Pv 140 D²cn¨n«p­v.

NneÀ ZpB sN¿pIbpw aäpÅhÀ Bao³ ]dbpIbpw sNbvXm AÃmlp AXv kzoIcn¡mXncn¡nsöv l_o_p_v\p akvea(d) hgnbmbn Camw lmInw(d) apkv XZvdIv 3/374 \nthZ\w sNbvXn«p­v. Cu lZokv Camw ss_lJn(d)bpw Xz_vdm\n(d)bpw \nthZ\w sNbvXXmbn XlvZo_p XmcoJn C_v\n AkmInÀ 4/38epw Im Wmw.

Camw Xz_vdm\n(d) HukXzn ssJkn(d) \n¶v \nthZ\w: ""sskZp_v\p km_nXv(d) ]dªp. Rm\pw A_qlpdbvd(d)bpw asämcp hyànbpw ]Ånbn sh¨v ZpB \S¯ns¡m­ncn¡pt¼mÄ \_n(kz) h¶v R§tfmsSm¸w Ccp¶p. At¸m Ä R§Ä \nÈ_vZcmbn. \_n(kz) ]dªp. \n§Ä sNbvXncp¶ {]hr¯nbnte ¡v aS§pI. At¸mÄ Rm\pw Fsâ Iq«pImc\mb hyànbpw ZpB sNbvXp. \_n(kz) At¸mÄ Bao³ ]dbp¶p­mbncp¶p'' (aPvaDÊhmCZv 9/361). Cu l Zokv Camw lmInw(d) apkvXZvdIv 3/508epw \nthZ\w sNbvXn«p­v.

Rm³ ZpB sN¿pt¼mÄ \n§Ä Bao³ ]dbWsa¶ lZokpw  {]kn²amWv.

\_n(kz) shÅnbmgvN Znhkw an¼dn sh¨v ZpB sN¿pt¼mÄ P\§Ä Bao³ ]dªncp¶psh¶v C_v\pinlm_v(d) hgnbmbn apkz¶^p A_vZndkmJv 3/216 \nthZ\w sNbvXn«p­v.

C{Xbpw hniZoIcn¨Xn \n¶v Xmsg]dbp¶ Imcy§Ä hyàambn.

(1) ^Àfv \nkvImcm\´cw heXp`mKw aAvaqapIfnte¡m¡n Xncnªncn¡embncp¶p \_nNcy. (2) {]kvXpX Ccp¯¯nembncp¶p \_n(kz) ZnIvdpIfpw ZpBI fpw \S¯nbncp¶Xv. (3) ]n¶nepÅ aAvaqapIÄ¡p th­n \nkvImcm\´cw \_n(kz) ZpB sNbvXncp¶p.(4) kp¶¯v \nkvImcambncp¶m t]mepw AXv PamA¯mbn \nÀhln¡s¸«m \_n(kz) aAvaqapIÄ¡pw th­nbpÅ Iq«{]mÀY\ Dt]£n¨ncp¶nÃ. (5) \_n(kz) ZpB sN¿pt¼mÄ AXv {ihn¡p¶htcmSv Bao³ ]dbm³ \nÀt±in¨ncp¶p.(6) Cu \nÀt±iw ]men¨hcmbncp¶p kzlm_m¡Ä. (7) Camansâ ZpBC\v Bao³ ]db {InkvXob kz`mhamsW¶ [mcW \_nNcysb Ipdn¨pÅ AÚXbpw Bao³ ]dbp¶Xnt\mSpÅ AeÀ ÖnbpamWv.

\nkvImchpw A\p_Ô hnjb§fpw

t_¦v, ]eni

C³jqd³kv Nne kwib§Ä

kImXv  

ssa¡v sI«n A\u¬kv sN¿Â

A\p_豈 ]cn`mjs¸Sp¯n¡qtS

AÀIm\pIfpw A\p_Ô§fpw Ad_nbnemIÂ

J_dnt·Â sNSn Ip¯Â

Pmdw aqSÂ

aBind hnfn

acn¨m kp¶¯mIp¶h

a¿n¯v sIm­pt]mIpt¼mÄ ZnIvdv sNmÃÂ

\_n(kz)bpw kzlm_¯pw ZnIvdv sNmÃmdp­mbncpt¶m?

t]mÌptamÀ«w sN¿s¸« a¿n¯v

kv{XoIÄ J_À knbmd¯v sN¿Â

Xd{]kwKw

Bao³ ]dªncp¶psh¶Xn\v lZokn sXfnhnÃ

aAvaqapIÄ Bao³ ]dbÂ

Btcm \nÀan¨ \_nhN\w

Ahcmsc¦nepw Jp\qXv HmXmdp­mbncpt¶m?

CAvXnZmen ssI s\©n\v Xmsg sh¡Â

PpapAbpw s]cp¶mfpw

PpapA¡v ap¼v kp¶¯v \nkvImcw

Iq«{]mÀY\

Camw kemw ho«nbmepS³ apkzÃbn \ns¶gpt¶äv t]mIWw

\_n(kz)bpsS amXrI

XIv_odXp Clvdman\v tijw c­v ssI s\©nt·Â sh¡Â

Duln¨p ]dªm t]mc.

Nn{X§fpÅ ]S§Ä apkzÃbm¡n \nkvIcn¡Â

JfmDÂ lmPXnsâ \nkvImcw

kv{XoIÄv ssaXm\t¯v t]mbn \nkvIcn¡Â

kp_vln \nkvImc¯n Jp\qXv HmXÂ

tS¸v dn¡mÀUv hgn \_n(kz)bpsS t]cv tIÄ¡pt¼mÄ kzemXv

Xkv_olv \nkvImcw

Xkv_olv \nkvImc¯n PamAXv