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{]tXyI ^o

\_nZn\w

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Ckvemw _pnPohnIfpsS hoWn

Nne Ckvemans t]cn A{]mtbmKnIX Btcm]npp. ]t, AXv sXfnbnm Cthsc Ahv Ignnn. imtJm]imJIIfmbn ]Sp ]enp \np Ckvemsa hnip hrns Hcp sNdpimJpt]mepw t]mdte nm AhcpsS Bh\mgnbn Bbp[ansXmWv hkvXpX. Ahtcm henb t\Xmfpw temI NnImcpw Ckvemans\ hmt\mfw ]pIgvnbnpv. {]kn NnImc\mb Kn Cs\ tcJsSpnbnpv. Ckvemw kwibpw A`yqlpa[oXamWv. JpB\mhs ssZhns GIXzn\v almb Hcp ZrjvSmamWv. _nw_, \{X, {Kl XpSnb hkvXpsf Bcm[npXv shdpw auVyamsWv aplZv \_n (kz) P\sf ]Tnnp. \n Bcm[np hkvXp \izchpw CfImXpw kzbw inbmXXpamsWv Atlw P\sf XcysSpn. P\npsXmw NcaaSbpav Ahsc DZvt_m[nnp. k NcmNcsfbpw krjvSnp XpStam Aytam Cm clkyhpw ]ckyhpw Adnbp k hym]nbpw A\izc\pamb inhntijs, GIssZhs am{Xta Bcm[nm ]mSppshpw asmns\bpw Bcm[nm ]mSnspw ImcyImcWklnXw Atlw kanp. AXpsImv _pnbpw hnthIhpap GsXmcmpw Atlw {]t_m[\w sNbvX aXn hniznmXncnm \nmlan.

{]kn NnI\mb _WmUvjm ]dbpp: BZcmZnibtmsSbmWv aplZns aXs Rm t\mnXv. ApXIcamb AXns ssNX\yamWv CXn\p ImcWw. PohnXn amdnamdn hcp nXnt`X\pkcnv Dbcphm Ignbp kaoIcWaamb Htcsbmcp aXw Fs kw_nnStmfw AXmWv. Fm ImeLsfbpw t\cnSphm AXn\p km[npp. am\htemIn hntamNI FmWv aplZns\ hnfntXv. aplZns\tmep Hcm B [p\nItemIns t\XrXzw GsSpm am\hIpen kakvX {]iv\fpw ]cnlcnpw. Cv hfsc Bhiyamb imnbpw kam[m\hpw ssIhcpXpamWv Cv bqtdmn\v hfsc kzoIcyambn XpSnbnp hn[n aplZns BZiw \mfs bqtdmn\v kzoImcyamhpsav Rm {]hNnpp.

1900  kzman hnthIm\ Iment^mWnbmbn \Snb {]kwKw C{]ImcamWv. AXm hcpp kaXzns ktihmlI\mb aplZv. \n tNmZnpp, Atlns aXn Fv \bmWpmhpI? \ Csn AsXs\ Pohnpp. \tX ]pecq. AXv am{Xta \ne\nq. ImcWw \Xnt\ Icppp. AXn\m AXv \ne\npw. Cu PohnXn Xs AkmmKnbpsS PohnXw F{X\mtfpv. ]hn{XNcnXns PohnXw IqSpX \op\npnt? Xobmbpw Dv. Fsm ]hn{XX _eamWv. \ DdmWv. aplZns aXw \Xsn AsXs\ Pohnpt]mcm Ignbpw. \[mcmfapv. kXyns, am\hkmtlmZcyns, k apkvenw kmtlmZcyns {]hmNI\mbncpp aplZv. aplZv kzPohnXneqsS aplZobp Xn kqamb kaXzhpw kmtlmZcyhpw DmbncnWsWv ImWnpsImSpp. PmXn aX hK h enwK hyXymkfpsS {]iv\ta AhnsSbn. Xpn kpXzm B{^n Nbn \nv Hcp Imncnsb hnephmn Nebn Xfp Xpnbn sImphp Fncns. Fm Abm Hcp aplZob\mbm th{X AlXbpw Ignhpw Dsn Abm Hcp ]t, kpXzms ]p{Xnsb hnhmlw sNbvXpshv hcmw. Cu \mn (Atacnbn) ImncnItfmSpw Atacn CymtcmSpw s]cpamdp coXnbpambn AsXmpXnp t\mpI. C\n RfpsS \mn lnp t\XrXzw GsSpm FmWv am\hKpWn\v sNpXv. \nfpsS ]mXncnamcn Bscnepw Hcp k\mX\ lnphns Blmc]ZmYw HpsXmpt]mbm Abm AsXmw hensdnbpw aphKmsc At]np aplZobs alXzw \nv Amcyn ImWmw. \n Hmtcmcpcpw ]gb thZ]pkvXIfpsS sbmw kamlmcamb Cu kXyamb \hthZns {]NmcIcmbn ImWm\mWv Rm B{KlnpXv (hnthIm\v kmlnXy kkzw 7 58).

]Xns\mw \qmn {_nWn Pohnncp {]ikvX\mb cmPyX{\pw hmnbpw cmjv{Sob NnI\pambncp FUvap_v Ckvemans\Ipdnv Cs\ {]kvXmhnpIbpmbn: aplZob \nbaw IncoSw [cnp cmPmhnpw Ghpw Ffnbh\mb {]Ppw bmsXmcp t`ZhpanmsX Hcpt]mse _m[IamWvv. temIv Ctmfw Dmbnp atXp \nba kwlnXtbmfpw hnthI]qhpw hnm\]qhpw D_phpamb Hcp \nbaamWv aplZob \nba..

1946  Dunbn shv kn ]n cmakzman A sNbvsXmcp {]kwKn C s\ ]dbpp: "PmXn, \ndw FnhsbsNmnbp hntZzi CmXpw G hpw {]Pm[n]Xykz`mhhpap aXw CkvemamWv'

tUmIvS ktcmPn\n \mbnUphns A`n{]mbw C{]ImcamWv: "{]Pmbs knms {]t_m[\w sNpIbpw {]hrn]Yn sImphcnIbpw sNbvXaXw Ckvemw am{XamWv'

]m_nse {]kn lnpt\Xmhmbncp Nu[cn ktNmpdmw 1932  BcykamPhpw sFPmXnmcpsS Dmchpw FXesn FgpXnb teJ\n Cs\ ]dbpp: "Fm a\pjypw ka\ne Inp aXw Ckvemw am{XamW'v.

cmjv{S ]nXmhv KmnPnbpsS hmpIfn "Rms\mcp lnphmsWnepw Fs aXw CkvemamWv. ImcWw AXv alXztadnb aXamWv'

KpWnbpw sUmtdmnbpw ]dbpp

{]Xntcm[nmbn in D]tbmKnpsh mcWm Atls tkzm[n ]XnIfmb tPXmfpambn XmcXaysSpphm Nne t{]mmlnXcmbnpv. tkzm[n]XnI hnkvarXcmbn. ]s aplZv m]n aXw ]Xnaqv \qmpIfmbn ]ecmPymcpsSbpw CSbn \ne\npIbpw Ctmgpw Atlns A\pbmbnI hnphcnIbpw sNpp. A[nImcZptamlnIfmbncp tkm[n]XnIv AhcpsS ]nXeapdmsc kzm[o\nphm Ignncpn. Fm aplZns Imetijw Hcnepw Innm kzm[o\amWv Atlns aXn\v DmbnpXv (Selwyn Gurney M.D. and Dorothy Short, Readings from World Religions, London 1951 Page 254)

Kn ]dbpp: Ckvemans hnPbw ]pWy bpfpsS ^ew sIm. Htcsbmcp ]cminsb Bcm[nWsa Hcp klPt_m[w Fm a\pjycnepw Aeo\ambncnpp. Ckvemw B klP t_m[s ]qambpw Xy]vXns SppXpsImmWv hnPbw hcnpXv. PmXn, hKw, hw Fo AXn hcpIsf Xn \onb Ckvemw apkvenwIfpsS CSbn Hcp Bob kmtlmZcy _w {kyjvSnpp (Edward Gibbon. The History of the Decline and fall of the Roman Empire. London, VolV).

"Ipsd amkp app hsc hmfp sImmWp aplZv Ckvemw {]NcnnssXp Rm hnizknncpp. ssZhn\p \n. Rm\ntm kXyw {Klnp. temI kmam[m\n\p GI amw aplZv {Ncnn kXyaXamb CkvemamsWv F\nv ]qWambpw t_msncnpp'. n. bp. Um\nb F {]kn bqtdmy NnIs A`n{]mbamWnXv.

F. Fw. Semt{Xmv sUmUv F ]WvVnX 1932  e\n {]knsSpnb Ckvemans \qX\ temIw F ]pkvXIn FgpXpp. "am\h Ncn{Xnse alm`pXamWv Ckvemans Bhn`mhw. ap ImeLfn bmsXmcphn[amb tabpw t\Snbnnmbncp P\Xnbn \npw D`hn Ckvemw Htcsbmcp \qmp Imen\pn henb henb km{amPysf XnIpsImpw NncIme {]XnjvTIfmbncp BNmcmhnizmksf XInSw adnpsImpw a\pjyhfpsS ]p\kzcq]npsImpw Hcp \qX\ temIs sInSppsImpw temIns A `mKp hym]np. IqSpX BcyIcambnmWv AXp {]XyysSpXv. ap aX aambpw thZ\m]qamb akctfmSp IqSnbpw aX]cnhnXcmb cmPmmcpsS klmbtmSp IqSnbpamWv Imemcn hnPbw hcnXv.

{InkvXp aXnp tImsbn\pw _p aXn\p AtimI\pw kucmjvS aXn\p sskdkpw _uXnIamb A[nImcfpw iIvXnbpw \In. As\bmbncpn Ckvemans nXn.

HcnSpw nchmkanmsX Aep Xncnp Imebm]\w sNbvXncnhcpw kwJybn hfsc Xpambhcpw Bb P\ A[nhknncp a\pjy Ncn{Xnse Atmfw bmsXmcphn[amb tabpw t\Snbnnmbncp Hcp ]mgv`qan Bhn`hn Ckvemw Ghpw Zp_eamb am\pjnI intbmsS Ghpw {]_eamb insb FXnp. A`pXIcamb kmlknIXtbmsS hnPbw hcnp. cp XeapdI t]mepw Ignbpn, AXn\Iw ]ncWokp ]hX \ncI apX lnamebw hscbpw a[y Gjybnse acp`qanI apX a[y B{^nbnse tLmc Im\\ hscbpw ]msemfn hnXdp N{e hnPpKojphmbn hncmPnp.

]utcmlnXyn \npw bpnp \ncm Bibfn \npw hnapambXpw efnXhpw AtXbhkcn \opt]mnmXpamb GIssZh hnizmks {]t_m[\w sNbvXp sImv skannIv {lZbfn kZm IpSnsImncp aXmthins \ocpdhIsf Atlw (aplZv \_n) _lnKannpIbmWv sNbvXXv.

BZys aqn ]cw \qmpImew (F.Un.650 apX 1000 hsc) CkvemanI cmPyfmbncpp temInse Ghpw ]ptcmKXnbpw \mIcnIXbpap e. at\mlcfmb \Kcsfsmpw {]im Kw`ocfmb Iemebsfsmpw imn\n`cfmb {]mY\m ancsfsmpw \ndncp apkv enw temIw AImc bpKfpsS \nibn B]Xnncp ss{IkvXh {]XoXnbpambn APKPw hn`nambncpp.

FUvthUv tamsSv ]dbpp: Ckvemw bpnp tN aXamWv. Ckvemw aX XXz bpn Nnbne[njvTnXamWv. ssZhnepw acWm\c Pohnnepap hnizmkamWv Ckvemans ImX. emfnXyhpw hnizmkmNmcfpsS kphyXbpamWv AXns {]Nmcn Ghpw klmbIcambncpnpXv. Ckvemw aX XXz Apw Cpw Hpt]mse bmsXmcp hyXymkhpanmsX JpB\n kwcnsnpv. AXn {]Jym]np ssZhns GIXzw av hnizmk {]amW Fnhv bmsXmcphn[ amhpapmbnn. kmam\y P\pt]mepw Hpw tiw IqSmsX a\nemI efnXhpw AtXbhkcw Kl\hpamb XXz ASnbncnpXv sImmWv Fm Imcyfnepw Ckvemw kzoImcyambn \ne\npXv (Edward Montet as quoted by TW Arnold in his preaching of Islam. London 1913 P 413414).

hnk Umjv ]dbpp: Ckvemw AXns A\pbmbnIfn A`nam\apfhmpp. Hmtcm hnizmknbpsS lrZbnepw Xm hnizknp aXns ta s]cpabpw AXnt\mSv Afh Iqdpw AXns {]hmNIt\mSv ZrVamb _lpam\hpw hfcpXmbpw ImWmw. ssZhhpambn kw ]pepXnv Hcp CS\nemc\mb ]ptcmlnXs Bhiyan FXmWv A[nIt]tcbpw Ckvemantev BIjnpXv. (W. Wilson Dash, the expansion of Islam. London, 1924 P 1/7).