aZo\m ap\Ædbnse Hmtcm aWÂXcnbpw Ncn{Xapd§p¶ a®mWv. hym]ImÀY¯n  aZo\ apgph³ kµÀi\ Øm\amWv. Fs´¦nepw Hcp Ncn{Xhpambn _Ôs¸«XmWv Hmtcm Zn¡pIfpw. 

al¯mb Hcp {]Øm\¯nsâ {]`htI{µsa¶ \ne¡v kvamcI§fpsSbpw Ncn{XØm\§fpsSbpw IehdbmWv aZo\m ico^v. aZo\mbpsS DuSpw hgnbpw C¡me¯v Ncn{X KthjIÀ hniIe\ hnjbam¡nbn«p­v. F¶m ]qÀÆIme apkvenwIÄ ImWn¨ Ncn{Xt_m[w CubSp¯ Ime¯v ImWn¡msX t]mbXn\m aZo\bnse AXy]qÀÆamb ]e Ncn{XkvamcI§fpw A{]Xy£amhpIbpw \mamhtijamhpIbpw sNbvXncn¡p¶p. CS¡me¯v ^lZv `cWIqSw C¡mcy¯n {i²]Xn¸n¡pIbpw ]e A]qÀÆ kvamcI§fpw akvPnZpIfpw kwc£n¡p¶Xn hym]rXcmhpIbpw sNbvXp.

aZo\ ]ÅnbnepÅ sse{_dnbpsS Øm]I\pw {]apJ Ncn{X KthjI\pamb s{]m^. kÀ k¿nZv AlvaZv bmko³ A J¿mcn F¶ ]WvVnX³ aZo\m Ncn{Xkw_Ôambn \sÃmcp ]T\{KÙw ]pd¯nd¡nbn«p­v. AXy]qÀÆamb ]e Nn{X§fpw Ncn{Xmhin jvS tcJIfpw At±lw {]Imi\w sNbvXn«p­v. "XmcoJp aBenan aZo\¯n ap\Ædx' F¶mWv {KÙ¯nsâ t]cv. Ncn{X IpXpInIÄ¡v ]e ]pWyØe§fpw hnhc§fpw Is­¯m³ {]kvXpX {KÙw klmbIamWv.

aZo\mico^n C¶v \nehnepÅXpw hfsc {]m[m\yapÅXpamb GXm\pw kµÀi\ tI{µ§sf Ipdn¨v {lkzambn hnhcn¡mw.

Hmtcm aZo\m kµÀiI\pw km[n¡psa¦n Ah Hmtcm¶pw At\zjn¨v Is­¯n ]pWyw t\tS­XmWv. s]mXpsh FÃmhcpw kµÀin¨phcp¶Xpw ]cs¡ Ncn{Xw Adnbs¸«Xpamb tI{µ§Ä Xmsg ]dbp¶p: knbmdx F¶v hnfn¨p Ibäns¡m­v t]mIp¶ hml\¡mÀ km[mcW t]mImdpÅ Øe§fmWnh. hniZoIcWw tijw ]dbp¶XmWv.

1. P¶¯p _JoAv. CXn\v hml\bm{X BhiyanÃ. akvPnZp¶_hnbpsS Ing¡phi¯v ]ÅnbpsS apäs¯¶t]mse ØnXnsN¿p¶ kzlm_namcpsS aJv_dbmWnXv. 2. DlvZv. 3. akvPnZp Jp_mAv. 4. akvPnZp Jn_vessX³, 5. akvPnZp ^Xvlv AYhm J³ZJv. taÂ]dbs¸« Øe§Ä hym]Iabn kµÀi\w \S¡mdpÅXpw hfsc ]pWys¸«XpamWv.

1. P¶¯p _JoAv

]Xn\mbnct¯mfw kzlm_nhcy·mcpsS J_dnSw ChnsSbp­v. FÃm Znhkhpw _JoAv kµÀi\w kp¶¯mWv. shÅnbmgvN {]tXyIw kp¶¯mWv. \_n(kz)bpsS PohnXIme¯pXs¶ AhnSp¶v t\XrXzw \ÂIn ]e {]apJ kzlm_namscbpw ChnsS AS¡w sNbvXn«p­v. alm\mb \_n(kz) ]et¸mgpw ChnS knbmd¯p sN¿pI ]Xnhmbncp¶p. AhnSps¯ hntbmK¯n\p sXm«pap¼v Hcp ]mXncmhn tcmKi¿bn \ns¶gpt¶äv _JoAv kµÀin¨Xpw AhnsS sh¨v kpZoÀLambn {]mÀYn¨Xpw A´ybm{Xbmbn Xsâ A\pNc·mtcmSv hnImchnhi\mbn hnS]dªXpamb kw`hw Icfenbn¸n¡p¶Xpw kÀÆ{X {]kn²hpamWv.

akvPnZp¶_hnbpsS ASp¯v Ingt¡ hi¯mWnXv ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv. Npäp`mKhpw `{Zambn hf¨psI«nbncn¡p¶p. _JoD A½m¯v, aZv^\p Dkvam³(d) XpS§n ]e t]cpIfn ]e sI«pIfnembncp¶p ap¼v J_dpIÄ. FÃmw Ct¸mÄ Hcp sI«n\pÅn HXp¡nbncn¡p¶p. Znt\\ kzp_vln, AkzvÀ \nkvImcm\´cw akvPnZp¶_hnbpsS `mK¯pÅsabn³ tKäv Xpd¶nSp¶Xn\mÂ]pcpj·mÀ¡v kuIcym\pkcWw AI¯v {]thin¨v Zp B \S¯mw. kv{XoIÄ ]pd¯p\n¡Ww. akvPnZp¶_hnbn \n¶v dkqÂ(kz)bpsS ta kemw ]dª tijamWv _JoCte¡v t]mtI­Xv. AI¯pIS¶m BZyw FÃmhÀ¡pambn H¶n¨v kemw sNmÃn {]mÀYn¡Ww. \_n(kz)bpsS IqsS ]Ssh«n càkm£nXzw hcn¨hcpw Ckvemans\ Pohs\¡mÄ kvt\ln¨hcpw AÃmlphnsâ Xr]vXn IcØam¡nbhcpamb Zo\nsâ ImhÂ`S·mcmWv ChnsS InS¶pd§p¶sX¶ hnImchnNmc§Ä kµÀi\thfbn \ap¡p­mIWw. Cu InS¡p¶ kzlm_namcn Hmtcmcp¯cpw Hmtcm kw`h§fpw Ncn{Xhpw {]Øm\§fpambncp¶p. alm`mKyhm·mcmb AhÀ alm\mb dkqÂ(kz)bpsS IqsS apkvenambn Pohn¨v kzÀK{]m]vXn t\SnbhcmWv. AhtcmSpÅ AIagnª kvt\lmZc§Ä {]ISn¸n¡m\pÅ kphÀWmhkcamWv e`n¨n«pÅXv. AÃmlp ]cnip² JpÀB\n \nch[n Øe§fn {]iwkn¨p ]dª alm·mcmWhÀ. s]mXphmb kemw AÊemap AsseIpw ZmdJuan³………(“ZnIvdp ZpBIÄ”) F¶v ]dbmw.

XpSÀ¶v J_ÀØm\neqsS apt¶m«v \o§pI. hnip² JpÀB³ HmXn lZvb sNbvX tijw Hmtcm {][m\ J_dn\cnInepw sN¶v knbmd¯v sN¿pI. _JoCse J_dpIÄ BcptSsX¶v hyàamIp¶ hniZamb NmÀ«pIÄ aZo\bn ]ecn \n¶pw e`n¡pw. AXv IcØam¡nbm kpKaambn J_dpIÄ Xncn¨dnbmw.

(1). aJv_dbnte¡v {]thin¨v hfsc apt¶m«p\o§pI. GItZiw Ingt¡bä¯mbn k¿nZp\m Dkvam³(d)hnsâ J_dnSw ImWmw. AhnSp¶mWv knbmd¯v XpS§m³ \ÃXv. ChnsS J_dn\p Npäpw knaâv Xdbpw sNdnb Npacpw ImWmw. ap¼v ChnsS at\mlcamb henb Jpºbpw sI«nShpw D­mbncp¶p. ]n¡me¯v s]mfn¡s¸«XmWv. a¡mbnsebpw aZo\bnsebpw ]ekzlm_namcpsSbpw aJv_dIfpsSbpw ØnXn CXmWv. aq¶mw Jeo^ Dkvam³(d)hn\v AÊemap AsseIpw bm Aaod apAvan\o³…….(“ZnIvdp ZpBIÄ”) F¶v kemw ]dbpI. XpSÀ¶v AhnsS\n¶v {]tXyIw ZpB sN¿pI.

(2). tijw A¸w Ingt¡m«v amdn Häs¸«v ØnXn sN¿p¶ c­v J_dpIfp­v. hS¡v Ingt¡m«v Xncnªp \n¶v ChÀ c­pt]scbpw knbmd¯v sN¿Ww. H¶v: A³kzmdpIfpsS Iym]vä\pw _ZÀbp² BapJ NÀ¨bnÂ, A¶v \_n(kz)¡v AIagnª ]n´pW {]Jym]n¨v \_n(kz)bpsS {]nbw] nSn¨p]änbhcpw Xsâ acWs¯ XpSÀ¶v BImitemI¯v AÃmlphnsâ AÀiv t]mepw hndsIm­p F¶v \_n(kz) {]Jym]n¨hcpamb kAZp _v\p apBZv(d). c­v: {]ikvX lZokv \nthZI\pw alm]WvVnX\pamb {]apJ kzlm_nhcy³ A_qkCuZp JpZvcn(d). ChcncphÀ¡pw AÊemap AsseIpw bm kAvZ_v\ apBZn³……..(“ZnIvdp ZpBIÄ”) F¶v kemw ]dbpI.

(3). Ing¡p\n¶v ]Snªmtdm«v A¸w sXän Dkvam³ _n³ A^v^m³(d)sâ J_dn\v GItZiw ASp¯mbn Hcp {][m\ J_dp­v. Npäpw sI«nbXv ImWmw. \_n(kz)¡v apesImSp¯phfÀ¯nb leoam_ohn(d)bpsS J_dmWv AsX¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p­v. ]t£, AhcpsS J_À aZo\bnesöpw A`n{]mbap­v.

(4).  ]Snªmtdm«v \o§pt¼mÄ GItZiw a[y`mK¯v aXnen\cnIn ImWp¶ J_dpIÄ lÀd iplZm¡fptSXmsW¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶p. AXn\v Ncn{X]n³_ew IpdhmWv.

(5). A¸w IqSn ]Snªmtdm«v \o§nbm Iptd J_dpIÄ ImWmw. (1) \_n(kz)bpsS aI³ C{_mlnw(d), (2) \_nbpsS aIÄ dpJb _ohn(d), (3) Dkvam³ _n³ afvDu³(d),(4)A_vZpdlvam\p_v\p Hu^v(d),(5)AkvAZv_n³ kpdmd(d), (6) Jpss\kv _n³ lpZm^ AÊlvao(d), (7) ^mXzna _n³Xv AkZv(d), (8) A_vZpÃmln_v\p akvDuZv(d), (9) kAZp_n³ A_ohJmkv(d) ChÀ¡v sam¯ambpw Häs¡mä¡pw kemw(“ZnIvdp ZpBIÄ”) ]dbmhp¶XmWv.

(6).XpSÀ¶v A¸w IqSn amdnbm Hcp sI«nS¯n\I¯v ImWp¶Xv alm\mb C_v\p Dadn(d)sâ `rXy\pw {]apJ ]WvVnX\pamb \m^nAv auem C_v\p DaÀ(d) sâ J_À BsW¶v C_v\plPÀ(d) idlp Cufmlnepw aäpw tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«p­v.

(7). XpSÀ¶v ImWp¶ aJv_d: aZvlv_nsâ CamapIfnÂs¸« amenIv(d)hntâXmWv. (8). Xp SÀ¶v Hcp sI«nS¯n\I¯v A_qXzmen_nsâ aI³ AJoÂ(d), kp^vbm³ _n³ lmcnkv(d), A_vZpÃmln_v\p PAv^À AÂXz¿mÀ(d) F¶nhcmWv. (9). XpSÀ¶v \_n(kz)bpsS {]nb ]Xv\namcmb BCi(d), l^vkz(d), amcnb(d), kuZ(d), ssk\_v _n³Xv Plviv(d), D½pkea(d), kz^n¿(d), Ppsshcn¿(d), D½pl_o_(d), ssk\_v _n³Xv Jpsska F¶nhcpsS J_dpIÄ ImWmw. \_n(kz)bpsS {]nb]Xv\n JZoP_ohn(d) a¡bnepw ssaaq\ _ohn(d)hmZnico^v F¶nS¯pamWpÅXv. kXyhnizmknIfpsS amXm¡fpw D¯a h\nXIfpamb {]hmNI ]Xv\namÀ¡v (“ZnIvdp ZpBIÄ”) kemw sNmÃpI:

(10). Ipd¨pIqSn apt¶m«p\o§n sX¡v ]Snªmsd sI«n ImWp¶ J_dpIÄ \_n (kz)bpsS {]nbs¸« s]¬a¡fptSXmWv. (1) _ohn D½pIpÂkpw(d), (2) _ohn dpJn¿. (4) _ohn ssk\_v(d) ChÀ¡v kemw (“ZnIvdp ZpBIÄ”)  ]dbpI.

]Xns\m¶v: A¸w IqSn]Snªmdv sX¡v hiambn ØnXnsN¿p¶ hnhn[ sI«pIfn hfsc kp{][m\nIfpsS Øm\amWv. AXmbXv Cu Øm\w _JoCsâ sKbnäv IS¶mepSs\ {]thin¨hsâ heXp`mK¯v A¸w sXänbm ImWp¶XmWv. ChnsS Ft¸m gpw kµÀiIcpsS h¼n¨ Xnc¡\p`hs¸Sp¶ ØeamWv. {]hmNI ]pwKhcpsS(kz) IpSpw_¡mcpw a¡fpw ChnsS A´nbpd§p¶p. H¶v; \_n(kz)bpsS ]nXrhy³ Aºmkv(d) AhÀIÄ¡v kemw (“ZnIvdp ZpBIÄ”)  ]dbpI.

c­v: \_n(kz) ]u{X\pw ^mXzna(d)bpsS aI\pamb alm\mb lk\p_v\p Aen¿v(d). AhÀ¡v (“ZnIvdp ZpBIÄ”)  kemw ]dbpI.

aq¶v: alm\mb lpssk³(d)sâ ]p{X\pw `àintcmaWnIfpsS Ae¦mchpw Alvepss_Xnsâ {][m\ ]nXmal\pamb Aeo ssk\p B_nZo³(d). AhÀ¡v kemw(“ZnIvdp ZpBIÄ”)  ]dbpI.

\mev: ssk\p B_nZo³(d) F¶hcpsS ]p{X\pw Alvepss_Xnsâ {][m\ I®nbpamb apl½Zp\n _mJnÀ(d). AhÀ¡v (“ZnIvdp ZpBIÄ”)  kemw ]dbpI. A©v: apl½Zp\n _mJndn(d)sâ aI\mb PAv^dpÊzmZnJv(d). AhÀ¡v (“ZnIvdp ZpBIÄ”)  kemw ]dbpI.

Bdv: dkqÂ(kz)bpsS Hma\]p{Xn ^mXznaXpÊlvdmAv(d). Xncp\_n(kz)bpsS Xmhgn temIka£w \ne\nÀ¯nb GI ]p{XnbmWhÀ. "Fsâ Icfnsâ IjvWamWv ^mXzna.' F¶mWv Ahsc¡pdn¨v {]nbs¸« ]nXmhv AcpÄ sNbvXXv. FÃm alXz§fpsSbpwkvt\lmZchpIfpsSbpw aIptSmZmlcW§fmb Alvepss_Xnsâ {]nbs¸« D½bmWhÀ. FÃm ta·Ifpw a\Ên IcpXn kvt\lhmbvt]msS AhÀ¡v (“ZnIvdp ZpBIÄ”)  kemw sNmÃWw.

IÀ_ebn sh¨v càkm£nXzw hcn¨ alm\mb lpssk³(d)sâ incÊv bkoZv aZo\bnte¡v sImSp¯b¨Xmbpw D½ ^mXzna(d)bpsS kao]¯v adhp sN¿s¸«Xmbpw Hcp Ncn{Xap­v. AXSnØm\¯n lpssk³(d)hns\bpw keman Iq«Ww. AXpt]mse Iq^bn h^mXmb \memw Jeo^ Aen¿v(d)sâ arXicocw, ]p{X³ lk³(d) aZo\bn sIm­v h¶v _JoC adhp sNbvXXmbn {]_eaÃm¯ Hcp A`n{]mbap­v. Ahscbpw keman DÄs¸Sp¯Ww.

12. _JoCte¡v {]thin¡p¶hsâ CSXp`mK¯v XpS¡¯n Xs¶bpÅ J_À. ChnsS A´yhn{iaw sImÅp¶Xv \_n(kz)bpsS ]nXrktlmZcnbpw [ockzlm_n h\nXbpw Ncn{Xw krjvSn¨hcpamb _ohn kz^n¿(d) BIp¶p. AhÀ¡v (“ZnIvdp ZpBIÄ”)  kemw ]dbWw.

"P¶XpÂ_JoAv' ]Xn\mbnct¯mfw kzlm_namcpsS hn{iakt¦XamWv. Ahcn Nne {][m\nIfpsS t]cpam{XamWv ]cmaÀin¨Xv. ChnsS ]dbs¸« J_vdpIÄ {]tXyIw Xncn¨dnbmhp¶Xpw sNdnb aXn sI«pIÄ¡I¯v ØnXnsN¿p¶XpamWv. aäpÅhscbpw kemw ]dbpt¼mgpw ZpB Ccn¡pt¼mgpw DÄs¸Sp¯Ww. AXn\p]pdsa aZo\m \nhmknIfpsS \nehnepÅ J_ÀØm³ IqSnbmWXv. {]hmNI Imew apX At\Imbncw alßm¡Ä AhnsS AS¡w sN¿s¸«n«p­v. aZo\bn sh¨v acn¡m³ `mKyw e`n¡p¶ lmPnamcpw AhnsS alm·mcpsS Nmc¯mWv A´yhn{iaw \bn¡pI. aZo\mico^n adbS¡w sN¿s¸Sp¶ hnizmknIÄs¡Ãmw \_n(kz)bpsS i^mA¯p­mbncn¡psa¶v AhnSp¶v ]dªn«p­v. _JoC FÃm Znhkhpw Ibdn kemw ]dbWw. ]ncnªnd§pt¼mÄ H¶pIqSn s]mXphmbn kemw ]dbmw.

2. DlvZv

aZo\m XoÀ°mSIcpsS {][m\ kµÀi\ tI{µamWv DlvZv. akvPnZp¶_hnbn \n¶pw GItZiw A©pIntemaoäÀ ZqcapÅ DlZv, aivlZv lwk F¶ t]cnemWv aZo\¡mÀ ]dbpI. lnPvd aq¶mw hÀjw CkvemanI Ncn{X¯n kp{][m\amb t]mcm«w \S¶Xv DlvZv ]ÀÆX Xmgvhcbn sh¨mbncp¶p. alm\mb lwk(d) DÄs¸sSbpÅ [oc càkm£nIsf AS¡w sN¿s¸« Øesa¶ \ne¡pw PnlmZv `qansb¶ \ne¡pw Øm\apÅXn\p ]pdsa DlvZv ]ÀÆX¯n\v {]tXyIambn Nne t{ijvTXIfpw {]m[m\y§fpap­v. FÃm AÀY¯nepw AhnsS kµÀin¡Â A\nhmcyhpw ]pWyw \ndªXpamWv.

\_n(kz) ]dªp: ""DlvZv ]ÀÆXw, \mw AXns\bpw AXv \s½bpw kvt\ln¡p¶p­v'' (_pJmcn, XnÀapZn, AlvaZv). asämcn¡Â \_n(kz) ]dªp: ""\nÝbw Cu DlvZv ae kzÀK IhmS§fn \n¶v H¶nsâ ASp¯p­mbncn¡pw'' (ss_lJn). asämcn¡Â \_n(kz)bpw kzn±oJpw(d) Dadpw(d) Aenbpw(d) IqSn DlvZv aebpsS apIfn Ibdnbt¸mÄ ae hndsImÅpIbp­mbn. At¸mÄ \_n(kz) ]dªp; ""DlvZv \o kpØncamhpI.\nsâ ta Hcp \_nbpw Hcp kzn±oJpw c­v càkm£nIfpaps­t¶mÀ¡pI'' (_pJmcn, A_qZmhqZv, XnÀapZn).

DlvZv ]ÀÆXs¯¡pdn¨pam{Xambn C§s\ ]e kphntij§fpw h¶ncn¡p¶p. aZo\bnse Gähpw \ofw IqSnbXpw cq]mIrXnbpsS Imcy§fn Häbm\pamb DlvZn\v kpamÀ Bdmbncw aoäÀ \ofap­v. AXnsâ ]Snªmdv `mK¯mbn aebpsS Xmgv`mK¯v alm\mb ktlmZc³ lmdq³(A)sâ aJv_d ØnXn sN¿p¶p­v. AXnt·Â Hcp Jpºbps­¶pw AXv aZo\¡mÀ¡nSbn {]ikvXamsW¶pw AXnsâ hS¡v ]Snªmdv `mK¯mbn Hcp Pekw`cWnbps­¶pw Ncn{XKthjI\mb s{]m^kÀ k¿nZv AlvaZv bmko³ tcJs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p. F¶m AXv C¶v ZriyaÃ. Ncn{X{][mamb t]mcm«w \S¶Xv DlvZv aebpsS Xmgvhcbn sh¨mWv. DlvZn iloZmb 70 kzlm_namcn aplmPndpIfmb \mep alm·mÀ ChnsS Hcp sI«n\pÅnemWpÅXv.

1. \_n(kz)bpsS {]nbs¸« ]nXrhy\pw AÃmlphnsâ knwlhpamb k¿nZpÈplZmAv lwk(d). 2. [occàkm£nXzw AÃmlpthmSv tNmZn¨p hm§nb A_vZpÃmln_v\p Plviv(d). 3. aZo\bnse H¶mw CkvemanI {]t_m[I\pw \_n(kz)bpambn cq]kmZriyap­mbncp¶ alm\pamb ankzvA_vv\p DssaÀ(d) 4. alm\p`mh\mb i½mkp_v\p Dkvam³(d). iloZb 70 _m¡nbpÅhÀ A³kzmdpIfmWv. Chcn an¡t]cpw ChnsS lwk(d)bpsS sI«n\p NpäpamWv adbS¡s¸«Xv. AhcpsS t]cpIÄ DlvZv auenZnepw aäpw ImWmw.

""iplZm¡fpsS aJv_d¡p sXm«v kao]¯mbn akvPnZp k¿nZp iplZmAv lwk F¶ t]cn Hcp ]Ånbpw aJv_d¡v at\mlcamb Hcp Jpºbpw D­mbncp¶Xmbn ln. 1380  ZnhwKX\mb s{]m^. k¿nZv AlvaZv bmko³ Xsâ ap³]dª {KÙ¯n {]kvXmhn¨n«p­v. JpºbpsSbpw ]ÅnbpsSbpw t^mt«mbpw {]kvXpX ]pkvXI¯n DÄs¸Sp¯nbncn¡p¶p. ]n¡me¯v \o¡w sN¿s¸SpIbp­mbn. Ipd¨Isebmbn `wKnbpÅ Hcp ]Ån ]WnXn«p­v.

lwk(d) DÄs¸sS H¶ne[nIw t]sc DlvZn Hcp J_vdnembncp¶p AS¡w sNbvXncp¶Xv. F¶m lnPvd 46 (DlvZv bp²w Ignªv Ac\qäm­ ]n¶n«tijw) Aaho Jeo^ aÀhmsâ `cWIme¯v AhnsS Hcp as®men¸p­mbt¸mÄ J_vdnsâ ASn`mKw {]Xy£s¸SpIbpw alm\mb lwk(d)bpsSbpw A_vZpÃmln_v\p Plvin(d)sâbpw arXicoc§Ä bmsXmcp tISp]mSpw XIÀ¨bpw IqSmsX ]pds¯Sp¡pIbpw sXm«Sp¯v Hcp J_À ]WnXv AhcncphcpsSbpw ]pWyicoc§Ä AhntS¡v amän sh¨XmbpapÅ Ncn{Xw kÀhmKoIrXhpw {]ikvXhpamWv.

C¶v DlvZv iplZm¡fpsS Npäp`mK¯pambn hnimeamb aXnÂs¡«pIÄ Øm]n¨ncn¡p¶p. shfnbn \n¶pw kµÀiIÀ¡v kuIcym\pkcWw knbmd¯v sN¿mw. aXnÂsI«nsâ sKbnän\v ap¶n«p\n¡pt¼mÄ t\sc ]n³hiw hcp¶ sNdnb Ip¶pIÄ ImWmw. AXmWv {]kn²amb P_pdpamXv. \_n(kz) As¼bvXpImsc ImhÂ\nÀ¯nbncp¶ Øew. sI«nsâ ap³hi¯mbn \o­pInS¡p¶XmWv DlvZv ae. iplZm¡fpsS hn{iakt¦X Øm\¯mWv {][m\ambpw t]mcm«w \S¶Xv. DlvZv kµÀi\w kXyhnizmknIÄ¡v hnImchmbv]pfhm¡p¶ cwKamWv. alm\mb \_n(kz)bpw kzlm_bpw Cu Zo\n\pth­n AhÀW\ob XymK§Ä hcn¨ Ncn{X a®mWXv. HmÀaIÄ \qäm­pIÄ¡¸pdt¯¡v NndISn¨p\o§pt¼mÄ knbmd¯v kab¯\p`hs¸Sp¶ iàamb kqcyXm]w Ipdªphcp¶Xmbn kXyhnizmkn¡v tXm¶pw. Cu shbnepw IjvS¸mSpsam¶pw Hcp {]iv\tabÃ. ]qÀÆnI alm·mcpsS XymK\nÀ`camb kvacWIÄ¡v ap¼n \mw k ln¡p¶ FÃmw F{Xtbm \nÊmc§fmIp¶p.

DlvZv iplZm¡Ä¡v `ànbmZchpItfmsS kemw (“ZnIvdp ZpBIÄ”)  ]dbpI. càkm£nIÄ Fs¶¶pw Pohn¨ncn¡p¶hcmsW¶ JpÀB³ hN\w HmÀ¯psIm­v s]cpamdpI.

akvPnZp¶_hnbnÂ\n¶v kzp_vln \nkvIcn¨nd§nbm knbmd Ft¶m aivlZp lwk Ft¶m hnfn¡p¶ \nch[n SmIvkn¡mcp­mbncn¡pw. ]¯v dnbm sImSp¯m {][m\s¸« A©mdv Øe§fn H¶n¨p t]mbnhcmw. hymgmgvNbmWv DlvZnte¡v t]mIm³ \ÃXv. \_n(kz) ]et¸mgpw DlvZv iplZm¡sf kµÀin¡mdp­mbncp¶p. fplÀ PamA¯n\v akvPnZp¶_hnbn Xncns¨¯Ww.

3. akvPnZp Jp_mAv

hnip²JpÀB³ kqdx Xu_ 107 þ 110 kqà§f Afhäv {]IoÀ¯n¨ hnip²]ÅnbmWv akvPnZpJp_mAv. XJvhbn ASn¯dXoÀ¯ BZyakvPnZv F¶mWv JpÀB³ `mjyw. alm\mb \_n(kz) aZo\bn BZyambn ImÂIp¯nb Øm\¯v AhnSp¶v t\XrXzw \ÂIn \nÀan¨ ]ÅnbmWnXv. lnPvdbpsS hmÀ¯tI« A³kzmdpIÄ {]hmNIs\ {]Xo£n¨v FÃm Znhkhpw cmhnse aZo\bpsS shfnbnepÅ lÀdbn sN¶v Im¯p\n¡pambncp¶p. sshIpt¶cw hsc Im¯ncp¶v AhÀ hoSpIfnte¡v Xncn¨pt]mIpw. Hcp blqZnbmWv Hcp aeapIfnÂsh¨v B ImgvN BZyw I­Xv. "kXy¯nsâ ]cnip²mßmhpw Iq«pImc\pw IqSn Cu´¸\ ]SÀ¶p\n ¡p¶ acp`q{]tZit¯¡v' im´cmbn IS¶phcp¶p. AbmÄ aeapIfn Ibdn hnfn¨pIqhn. "_\qssJem hn`mKta, CXm \n§Ä Im¯ncn¡p¶ `mKy\£{Xw'. tI«hÀ tI«hÀ HmSn¡qSn. A§s\ AhÀ a\Êp\ndsb kt´mjn¨p. Xncp\_n(kz) heXp`mKt¯¡v hgnamdn\S¶p. Jp_mbnepÅ CwdpD ssJknsâ aI³ IpÕqansâ ho«n AhnSp¶v bm{X¡nd§n. AXnsâ apä¯vv AhcpsS Hcp Xcnip \neap­mbncp¶p. Imc¡ DW¡p¶ Øew. \_n(kz) AXv GsäSp¯p. AhnsS ]Ån ]WnIgn¸n¨p. AXs{X \_n(kz) aZo\bn Øm]n¨ BZys¯ ]Ån. akvPnZp Jp_mAv.

Znhk§Ä¡ptijw \_n(kz) AhnSp¶v Xmakw amän. Ct¸mÄ akvPnZp¶_hn \n ¡p¶ Øm\w tI{µam¡n ]Ånsh¨p. F¶m AhnSp¶v ]n¡me¯pS\ofw BZy]Ån¡v AÀlamb Øm\w \ÂIn BZcn¨p. FÃm i\nbmgvNbpw dkqÂ(kz) AhnsS t]mhpIbpw \nkvIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p.

apBZp_n³ P_en(d)s\ AhnsS Camam¡n \nÝbn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. dkqÂ(kz) Jp_m kµÀi\w hntbmKw hsc \ne\nÀ¯n. AhnSp¶v h^m¯mb tijw kzlm_namÀ Cu ]Ån kµÀin¡pIbpw \nkvIcn¡pIbpw {]tXyIw BZcn¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. CS¡nsS kwLambn aplmPndpIÄ AhnsS t]mIpambncp¶p. A_q_IvÀ(d), DaÀ(d) apXembhscÃmw ]n¶n XpSÀ¶psIm­v A_qlpssZ^(d)bpsS `rXy³ kmenw(d) AhnsS Camambn \nkvIcn¨ kw`hw _pJmcnbnep­v. akvPnZp Jp_mbn sh¨pÅ \nkvImcw DwdtbmSv XpeyamsW¶v \_n(kz) ]dªncn¡p¶p. \nkvImchpw kµÀi\hpw IcpXn AhnsS t]mI iànbmb kp¶¯p­v. i\nbmgvNbmI AXyp¯aamWv.

Jp_m ]Ån ]eXhW] p\À\nÀan¡s¸SpIbp­mbn. Aaho Jeo^ A_vZp aenIv akvPnZp¶_hn hnIkn¸n¨tijw Jp_m akvPnZpw ]p\cp²cn¡pIbp­mbn. ]n¡me¯v ]e hnIk\§fpw \S¶p. Dkvam\o `cWIqSw CXv hfsc hn]peoIcn¨p. \_n(kz) BZyambn sN¶pIbdnb IpÕqansâ `h\w A\izc Ncn{XkvamcIambn ASp¯Imew hsc kwc£n¡s¸«ncp¶p. AXpt]mse ]pWyw \ndª Hcp InWdpw Jp_mbpsS apä¯p­mbncp¶p. CubnsS \S¶ henb hnIk\¯n AhsbÃmw \o¡w sN¿s¸«p. C¶v akvPnZv Jp_m AXnat\mlchpw kµÀi\_lpehpamWv.

4. akvPnZp Jn_vessX³

alm\mb \_nIcow(kz) aZo\bnse¯n ]Xnt\gv amk¡mew \nkvImc¯n A`napJoIcn¨ncp¶Xv Pdpkeanse ss_Xp apJ±knte¡mbncp¶p. aZo\bpsS {]tXyI kmlNcy¯n AXmWv A`nImaysa¶Xn\m AÃmlp A{]Imcw I¸n¨ncp¶p. F¶m \_n(kz)¡v IAv_mico^nt\mSpÅ Bß_Ôw hfsc IqSpXembncp¶Xn\m Jn_v ebmbn IAv_mico^v XncsªSp¡s¸SWsa¶v AhnSp¶v AXnbmbn Bin¨p. \_n   (kz)bpsS CjvSw am\n¨v AÃmlp Jn_ve amäpIbpw IAv_mico^nte¡v Xncnªp \n ¡m³ hnip²JpÀB\nesS AÃmlphnsâ D¯chv e`n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. AÂ_Jdbnse \qän\m¸¯n\memw hmIy¯neqsS \_nX§Ä¡v Xr]vXns¸« Jn_vebnte¡v XncnªpsImÅpI' F¶ÀYw hcp¶ JpÀB³ hmIyw AhXcn¨p.

Ncn{X]camb al¯mb kw`h¯n\p amäw Ipdn¨ Øm\amWv akvPnZp Jn_vessX³. kw`hw C{]ImcamWv. _\qkea tKm{X¯nse D½p_nivÀ F¶ kzlm_n h\nXbpsS tcmKw kµÀin¡m³ \_n(kz) AhcpsS ho«n sN¶ncp¶p. AhÀ `£Ww ]mIw sNbvXp \_n(kz)sb k¡cn¨p. fplÀ \nkvImckabambt¸mÄ akvPnZp _\qkea F¶ t]cnednbs¸«ncp¶ ]Ånbn \_n(kz) A\pNc·mscm¶n¨v \nkvIcn¡m³ \n¶p. ]Xnhpt]mse ss_Xp apJ±knte¡v XncnªpsIm­pÅ {]kvXpX \nkvImcw c­v dIvAXv ]n¶n«t¸mÄ Jn_veamäs¯ Ipdn¡p¶ ap³hnhcn¨ I¸\ AÃmlp A hXcn¸n¨p. DS³ \_n(kz) IAv_mico^nsâ Znibnte¡v amdpIbpw ]n´pSÀ¶v kzlm_namÀ AXv A\pKan¡pIbpw sNbvXp. Htc \nkvImc¯n c­v Jn_ve e`n¨Xn\m akvPnZp Jn_vessX³ F¶ t]cn Cu ]Ån Adnbs¸«p. Cu ]Ånbn t]mbn \nkvIcn¡p¶Xpw {]mÀYn¡p¶Xpw {]tXyIw kp¶¯mWv. {]kvXpX ]Ån ]et¸mgpw hnIkn¸n¡s¸SpIbp­mbn. Ct¸mÄ AXnat\mlcamb ]ÅnIfnsem¶mWnXv. aZo\mkµÀkIÀ hym]Iambn kµÀin¡p¶ tI{µ§fnsem¶mWnXv.

5. akvPnZpÂ^Xvlv

Ncn{X]cambn hfsc Øm\apÅXpw \nch[n alXzw \ndªXpamb {]mÀY\¡p¯cw In«p¶ aZo\mbnse {][m\ ]ÅnbmWv akvPnZp ^Xvlv. akvPnZp Alvkms_¶pw CXn\p t]cp­v. J³ZJv bp²w \S¶Øm\¯v sNdnb aebpsS apIfnembn Ccphihpw Nhn«p]SnItfmSv IqSnbpÅ hfsc sNdnb Hcp ]ÅnbmWnXv. CXnsâ ]cnkc¯mbn aäv A©v ]ÅnIÄ IqSnbp­v. A©v kzlm_namcpsS t]cn Ah Adnbs¸Sp¶p. 1. akv PnZp kÂam\p ^mcnkn(d) 2. akvPnZp A_q_IvÀ kzn±oJv(d). 3. akvPnZp Dadp_v\p JXzm_v(d). 4. akvPnZp Aen¿p_v\p A_qXzmen_v(d) 5. akvPnZp k¿nZXp\m ^mXznaXpÊlvdm(d) F¶nhbmWh. Chbn an¡hbnepw Ct¸mÄ {]thi\anÃ. ChnsS hnimeamb asämcp ]ÅnbpsS \nÀamWw ]ptcmKan¨p sIm­ncn¡pIbmWv. (amä§Ä kµÀiIÀ sabn aptJ\ Adnbn¡patÃm). J³ZJv bp²thfIfn Znhk§tfmfw \_n(kz)bpw kzlm_¯pw i{Xp¡sf {]Xntcm[n¨psIm­v ZpÊlamb k¶nKv[ L«¯n ChnsS Ign¨pIq«nbncp¶p. At¸mÄ kzlm_namÀ \nkvIcn¨ Øm\¯mWv {]kvXpX ]ÅnIsf¶pw AXÃ, \_n(kz) Xs¶ AhnS§fn \nkvIcn¨n«ps­¶pw A`n{]mbap­v. F¶m akvPnZp ^Xvlv Ahbn Gähpw t]mcnibm¡s¸«Xpw \_n(kz)¡pw apkvenwIÄ¡pw tamN\w e`n¨ ]ÅnbpamWv.

J³ZJn {]Xntcm[w \o­p\o­pt]mbn. apkvenwIÄ hÃmsX hnjan¨p. \_n(kz) akv PnZp ^Xvln kpPqZn InS¶v s]m«n¡cªp {]mÀYn¨p. Xn¦fpw sNmÆbpw _p [\pw {]mÀY\ XpSÀ¶p. _p[\mgvN fplvdn\pw Akzvdn\panSbn {]mÀY\¡v D¯cw e`n¨p. i{Xpssk\ys¯ AXniàamb sImSp¦mäSn¸n¨v AÃmlp Xpc¯ntbmSn¨p. Cu kt´mjhmÀ¯ \_n(kz)¡v e`n¨t¸mÄ akvPnZp ^Xvln kzlm_namsc hnfn¨pIq«n AhnSp\v kt´mjhmÀ¯ Adnbn¨p. "hntamN\w, hnPbw' F¶ÀYaÅ akvPnZp ^Xvlv A¶papX tamN\¯nsâ tI{µambn. {]mÀY\¡p¯cw e`n¨ kt´mj hnhcw e`n¨t¸mÄ \_n(kz) ho­pw kpPqZn hoWp. AÃmlphn\v \µn {]Imin¸n¨v IcbpIbp­mbn.

F´p {]iv\§Ä t\cnSpt¼mgpw s]s«¶v D¯cw e`n¡m³ th­n \_n(kz)bpsS Imew apX kzlm_nIfpw aäpw Cu ]Ånbn {]mÀY\ ]Xnhm¡nbncp¶p. "F\n¡v hà {]bmkhpw t\cn«m akvPnZp ^Xvln sN¶v {]mÀYn¡pIbpw D¯cw e`n¡pIbpw sN¿mdps­¶v' kzlm_n {]apJ\mb Pm_nÀ(d) ]dªncn¡p¶p. alm\mb \_nIcow(kz) A¶p {]mÀYn¨ AtX ZpB AhnsS sh¨v sN¿Â kp¶¯mWv. Cu ZpB aäp kµÀ`§fnepw {]bmk§fn \n¶v tamN\¯n\v D]Icn¡psa¶v alm·mÀ A\p`h¯nÂ\n¶v hnhcn¨n«p­v. ‘ZnIvdpIÄ ZpBIÄ’ F¶ `mKw t\m¡pI.

akvPnZp ^Xvlnse {]mÀY\

""AÃmlpth, \n\¡mWv kÀÆkvXpXnbpw. hgntISn \n¶pw Fs¶ \o amÀKZÀ i\w sNbvXp. \o BZcn¨hs\ A]am\n¡p¶htcm A]am\n¨hsc BZcn¡p¶htcm BcpanÃ. \o \nµn¨hs\ {]Xm]hm\m¡p¶ht\m \o {]Xm]w \ÂInbhs\ \nµn¡p¶ht\m BcpanÃ. \o DZhn sISp¯nbhs\ klmbn¡p¶ht\m klmbn¨hs\ DZhn sISp¯phmt\m BcpanÃ. \o \ntj[n¨hÀ¡v sImSp¡phmt\m sImSp¯hÀ¡v \ntj[n¡phmt\m BcpanÃ. \o D]Poh\w \ÂInbh\v AXv XSbp¶ht\m \o XSªh\v AXv \ÂIphmt\m BcpanÃ. \o Xmgv¯nbhs\ DbÀ¯phmt\m DbÀ¯nbhs\ Xmgv¯phmt\m BcpanÃ. \o kzImcyam¡nbXns\ s]mfn¡phmt\m \o s]mfn¨Xns\ kzImcyam¡phmt\m BcpanÃ. \o AIänbhs\ ASp¸n¡phmt\m ASp¸n¨hs\ AIäphmt\m BcpanÃ. \obÃmsX Bcpw CemlnÃ. taLs¯ \S¯p¶h\pw thZs¯ Cd¡nbh\pamb ]S¨ht\, Ahsc \o ]cmPbs¸Sp¯v. AhÀ¡pta R§sf \o klmbn¡v. IpSp§nbhsc Bizkn¸n¡p¶h\pw sIWnªhÀ¡v D¯cw \ÂIp¶h\pamb AÃmlpth, Fsâ hnjaw AIäp¶ht\, Fsâ ZpxJw XoÀ¡p¶ht\, Fsâbpw Fsâ A\pNc·mcpsSbpw Cu AhØ \o ImWp¶ntÃ. AÃmlpth, \nsâ ]cnip²nbpsS ssN X\yw sIm­pw \nsâ hnip²n bpsS ]pWyw sIm­pw \nsâ {]`mh¯nsâ Kmw`ocyXsIm­pw FÃm \mitlXpI§sf sXm«pw \nt¶mSv Rm³ A`bw tXSp¶p.

AÃmlpth, \obmsWsâ klmbw. \ns¶s¡m­v Rm³ klmbaÀYn¡p¶p. \obmsW\n¡v A`bw. \nt¶mSv Rm³ A`bw tXSp¶p. \obmsW\n¡v icWw. \n¶n Rm³ icWw {]m]n¡p¶p. FÃm sIm¼·mscbpw ap«pIp¯n¨h\pw FÃm ^tdmhamscbpw aeÀ¯nbSn¨h\pamb \mYm, \nsâ A]am\¯n \n¶pw in£bn \n¶pw Rm³ ImhÂtXSp¶p. Fsâ cmhpw ]Iepw Dd¡nepw DWÀÆnepw ØncXbnepsaÃmw \o F\n¡v ImhemtIWta''.

{]hmNIcpsS {]mÀY\bpw AXn\p tijaw ZpBbn DÄs¸Spt¯­Xpw “ZnIvdv ZpBIÄ’’ F¶ `mK¯v Ad_nbn tNÀ¯n«p­v).

\nkvImc tijapÅ {]mÀY\

akvPnZp ^XvlnÂsh¨v \nkvIcn¨v taÂ]dª {]mÀY\ kp¶¯mIp¶p. AhnsSbpÅ aäp]ÅnIfnepw \nkvImchpw {]mÀY\bpw \nÀhln¡Â D¯aw Xs¶. lÖv thfbn h¼n¨ Xnc¡mbXn\m kzØambn \nkvIcn¡m\pw aäpw kµÀ`w e`n¡Wsa¦n Hcp Znhkw AhntS¡v am{Xambn bm{XsN¿p¶XmWv \ÃXv. J³ZJv bp²w \S¶ ]cnkc¯v C¶v sNSnIfpw hr£§fpw \«p]nSn¸n¨v at\mlcam¡nbncn¡p¶p. AhnS§fnepÅ aWÂXcnIÄ ]qÀÆIme XymKNcn{Xw ad¡pInsÃmcn¡epw.

6. akvPnZp Kamax

akvPnZp¶_hnbn \n¶pw IqSpX AIsebÃmsX hS¡p]Snªmdp aqebpsS `mK¯mbn ØnXnsN¿p¶ at\mlcamb Hcp ]ÅnbmWnXv. \_n(kz) \nkvIcn¡pIbpw ag¡pth­n {]mÀYn¨v DS³ Xs¶ D¯cw e`n¡pIbpw sNbvX ]pWyØe¯mWv akvPnZp Kama Øm]n¡s¸«Xv.

ag¡pth­n AhnSp¶v {]mÀYn¨bpS³ apIÄ`mK¯v ImÀtaLw Dcp­pIqSpIbpw XWÂhncn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. DSs\ Xs¶ tLmcamb ag hÀjn¨p. AhnSp¶v ]dªp: ""Cu Øew \mw Hcpan¨p IqSpIbpw \ap¡v ag e`n¡pIbpw \½psS s]cp¶mfpIfn Hcpan¨pIqSp¶ Øm\hpamWv. ChnsS asämcp sI«nShpw ]WnbcpXv''.

Kama F¶m ImÀtaLw F¶mWÀYw. {]kvXpX kw`hw \S¶ Øe¯v lnPvd H¶mw \qäm­nsâ HSphnepw c­mw \qäm­nsâ XpS¡¯nepambn Jeo^ heoZp_n³ A_v Zp aenIv at\mlcamb ]Ån Øm]n¡pIbp­mbn. "\_n(kz) \nkvIcn¨p'F¶v sXfnhpÅ FÃm Øe§fnepw {]tXyI ]cnKW\ \ÂIn ]Ån Øm]n¡m³ At±lw D¯chn«ncp¶p. akvPnZp Kamax ]n¡me§fn aZo\ `cn¨ `cWm[nImcnIÄ ]p\cp²cn¡pIbpw hnIkn¸n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. kp¯m³ A_vZp aPoZv A Dkvam\n Cu ]Ån hfsc at\mlcambn ]WnXoÀ¡pIpbw Iem`wKntbmsS JpºIfpw an\mc§fpw Øm]n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. \_n(kz) \nkvIcn¨Xmbn tcJbpÅ aäp {][m\s¸« FÃm Øe§fnepw ap¼v ]ÅnIÄ Øm]n¡s¸«ncp¶p. Ahbn ]eXpw aZo\m]Ån C¶v ØnXnsN¿p¶ hnieamb Øm\¯mbncp¶Xn\m hnIk\ kab§fn \o¡w sN¿s¸SpIbp­mbn. aäp Nne ]ÅIÄ C¶pw Adnbs¸Sp¶p.

aZo\m ]ÅnbpsS sX¡p]Snªmdv `mK¯mbn sk³{S t]mÌv Hm^okv ØnXnsN¿p¶nS¯v \nehnepÅ akvPnZp Dadp_v\p J¯zm_v ]Ån Cu KW¯nÂs¸«XmWv. \_n(kz) lnPvd aq¶mw hÀjw s]cp¶mÄ \nkvIcn¨Xv Cu Øm\¯mbncp¶p. AXpt]mse, \_n(kz) lnPvd Bdmw hÀjw s]cp¶mÄ \nkvIcn¨ Øm\¯v Øm]n¡s¸« ]ÅnbmWv C¶pw \nehnepÅ akvPnZp Aen¿p_v\p A_oXzmen_v(d). ZmdpÈn^mAv F¶ t]cn lZokv {KÙ§fn CXnsâ ]cmaÀiw ImWmw.

\_n(kz) lnPvd A©mw hÀjw s]cp¶mÄ \nkvIcn¨ kmhnbXp A_obkmÀ F¶ Øe¯mWv _m_pÈmanbbnse ssk\nI tIm«¡pÅn ØnXnsN¿p¶ akvPnZp Dkv am\p_v³ A^v^m³(d). \_n(kz) lnPvd F«mw hÀjw s]cp¶mÄ \nkvImcw \nÀhln¨ a³kn apl½Zv_n³ A_vZnÃm F¶ Øe¯v Ct¸mÄ ØnXnsN¿p¶ ]ÅnbmWv akvPnZp A_q_IvÀ kzn±oJv(d). akvPnZp KamabpsS GItZiw ASp¯mbn CXv ØnXnsN¿p¶p.

7. akvPnZp PpapAx

\_n(kz) BZyambn PpapA \nkvImcw \nÀhln¨ ]ÅnbmWnXv. AhnSp¶v lnPvd h¶v Jp_m ]Ån Øm]n¨v, tijw aZo\bnte¡v t]mcpt¼mÄ hgnbnÂsh¨v PpapAbpsS kabambn. "_\q kmenw_n³ Hu^v' IpSpw_¡mcpsS \nkvImcØeambncp¶ akvPnZp PpapAbpsS Øm\¯v sh¨v AhnSp¶v PpapA¡v t\XrXzw \ÂIn. A¶papX akvPnZp PpapA F¶t]cn CXdnbs¸«p. Jp_mbnte¡v t]mIpt¼mÄ CSXphi¯pImWp¶ Cu ]Ån hfsc at\mlchpw in¸`wKn Xpfp¼p¶XpamWv. ap¼p­mbncp¶ ]ÅnbpsS sI«nSw XIÀ¶t¸mÄ k¿nZv lk³ iÀ_¯en F¶ DZmc a\kvI\mWv CXv ]p\À\nÀan¨Xv. Jp_bnÂ\n¶v aZo\bnte¡v hcpt¼mÄ heXphi¯v ImWp¶ _\m¯v tImtfPn\Sp¯v iÀ_¯eo KmÀU\nemWv Cu ]Ån ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv. akvPnZp hmZo, akvPnZp BXnJ F¶t]cnepw CXdnbs¸Sp¶p.

8.akvPnZp CPm_

kn¯o³ tdmUn A±Jo tlm«en\Sp¯mbn ØnXnsN¿p¶ akvPnZp CPm_ Ncn{Xapd§p¶ ]ÅnbmWv. \_n(kz) ChnsSsh¨v kp{][m\amb Nne Imcy§Ä AÃmlpthmSv tNmZn¡pIbpw D¯cw e`n¡pIbpw sNbvXn«p­v. A¡mcW¯m CPm_¸Ån F¶t]cn Adnbs¸«p. _\qapBhnb IpSpw_¡mcpsS akvPnZmbncp¶p ChnsS ap¼v. ChnsSsh¨v {]mÀY\¡v {]tXyIw D¯cw e`n¡mdps­¶ A\p`hw Nne alm·mÀ tcJs¸Sp¯nbn«p­v.

9. akvPnZp A_qZÀdp Kn^mcn

kn¯o³ tdmUn\Sp¯v FbÀt]mÀ«v tdmUnÂ, A_qZÀdv tdmUv PwKvj\n ØnXnsN¿p¶ akvPnZp A_qZÀdp Kn^mcn(d) Ncn{X{]kn²amWv. \_n(kz) Hcn¡Â c­v dIvAXv \nkvIcn¨p ZoÀLambn {]mÀYn¡pIbp­mbn. XpSÀ¶v AhnSp¶v C{]Imcw kt´mjhmÀ¯ ]dªp; "Pn_vcoÂ(A) Fs¶ kt´mjadnbn¨ncn¡p¶p. Fs´¶m Fsâ t]cn Bsc¦nepw kzem¯v sNmÃnbm AÃmlp Ah\v kzemXv sN¿p¶XmWv. Fsâ t]cn Bsc¦nepw kemw ]dªm AÃmlp Ah\v kemw ]dbp¶XmWv. Cu kt´mjhmÀ¯¡p \µnbmbn Rm³ AÃmlphn\v kpPqZv sNbvXp'. Cu kw`hw \S¶ Øe¯mWv akvPnZp A_qZÀdpÂKn^mcn(d) ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv.

10. akvPnZp aivd_¯n D½n C{_mlnw

Ahmenbn kzlvdm tlmkv]näen \n¶v AÂhXz\o tlmkv]näente¡v t]mIpwhgn heXp`mK¯v s]mXp\nc¯n \n¶v GItZiw \qdpaoäÀ amdn ØnXnsN¿p¶p. Cu Øe¯v sh¨v \_n(kz) \nkvIcn¨n«p­v. \_n(kz)bpsS aI³ C{_mlnw(d) P\n¨ Øe¯mWv Cu ]Ån. _ohn amcnb(d)bpsS Hcp tXm«¯n\I¯mWv ]Ån ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv. F¶m CXnsâ ASbmf§Ä C¶v ImWs¸Sp¶nÃ.

11.akvPnZp _Kve

_JoCsâ Ing¡p`mK¯v kn¯o³ PwKvj³ Ignªv aenIv A_vZpÂAkokv tdmUn IS¶m heXphi¯v ØnXnsN¿p¶ akvPnZp _Kve Ncn{X{]ikvXamWv. \_n(kz) ChnsSbpÅ akvPnZn {]thin¡pIbpw AXn\Sp¯pÅ ]md¡Ãnt·Â Ibdn Ccn¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. Hcn¡Â AhnSp¶v {]kvXpX ]md¡Ãnt·Â Ibdnbncp¶p C_v\pakvDuZn(d)t\mSv JpÀB³ ]mcmbWw sN¿m³ Bhiys¸«p. kqdx \nkmCse `mKw At±lw {ihWa[pcambn ]mcmbWw sNbvXp. \_n(kz)bpw Iq«pImcpw {ihn¨psIm­ncns¡ \m¸¯nc­mw hmIyw ]mcmbWw sNbvXt¸mÄ AhnSp¶v s]m«n¡cbpIbp­mbn. 'Ct¸mÄ aXn aXn \nÀ¯q' F¶v ]dªp. \_n(kz)bpsS XmSnbneqsS A{ip IW§Ä Nmens«mgpIp¶Xv ImWmambncp¶p. ]ctemI \mfn kÀhÀ¡pw km£nbmbn \_n(kz)sb bm{Xbm¡s¸Sp¶ k¶nKv[ L«s¯ ]cmaÀin¡p¶ tXm«¯n \_n(kz) bpsS hnceSbmfw ]Xnª HcpIÃp­mbncp¶Xmbn Ncn{X¯nep­v. lnPd 630 Jeo^ A apkvX³kznÀ A_qPAv^dp a³kzqÀ Cu ]Ån ]¯papgw NXpc{i hen¸¯n ]p\cp²cn¡pIbp­mbn. ASp¯ Imew hsc ]cnNcn¡s¸«ncp¶ Cu ]Ån C¿nsS \o¡w sN¿s¸SpIbp­mbn. Ct¸mÄ Cu Øm\¯v apXzÆamcpsS Hcp Hm^okv ØnXnsN¿p¶p.

12. akvPnZp ^foJv

Ahmenbn A hXz\o tlmkv]näente¡v t]mIpt¼mÄ heXphi¯v C¶pw ZriyamIp¶ Cu ]Ånbn sh¨v \_n(kz) Bdp cm{XnItfmfw Xmakn¨p \nkvIcn¨n«p­v. aZyw \ntcm[n¡p¶ ]cnip² JpÀB³ hN\w AhXoÀWambXv ChnsS Xmakn¡pt¼mgmbncp¶p. ^foJv F¶Xv ap´ncnsIm­v D­m¡p¶ HcpXcw IÅnsâ t]cmWv. aZys¯]änbpÅ Bb¯v \_n(kz)¡v ChnsSsh¨v AhXcn¨Xv kzlm_nIÄ¡v e`n¨t¸mÄ AhÀ A_qA¿q_p A³kzmcn(d)bpsS ho«nÂsh¨v ^foJv IpSn¡pIbmbncp¶p. aZy\ntcm[hnhcw e`n¨bpS³ AhÀ ^foJnsâ henb ho¸IÄ XIÀs¯dnbpIbp­mbn.

13. akvPnZp AJoJv

A AJoJv Xmgvhc {]ikvXhpw alXztadnbXpamWv. \_n(kz) ]dªp; "AÂAJoJv _dIXv \ndª XmgvhcbmIp¶p'. AÂAJoJv Xmgvhcbn Hcn¡Â \_n(kz) sNÃpIbp­mbn. AhnSp¶v ]dªp: "C¶se cm{Xn Fsâ ASp¡Â HcmÄ h¶p ]dªncn¡p¶p. Cu Xmgvhcbn sN¶p \nkvIcn¡m³. CXv ap_mdImb XmgvhcbmWv'. Jeo^ DaÀ(d) AÂAJoJv `mK¯vIqSn t]mIm\nSh¶m {]kvXpX Xmgvhcbn sN¶v AhnSs¯ shÅw IpSn¡pI ]Xnhmbncp¶p. AÂAJoJv Xmgvhcbn \nÀan¡s¸« akvPnZv DÀh F¶ t]cnepw akvPnZp AJoJv F¶ t]cnepw Adnbs¸Sp¶p. C¶v CXv henb at\mlcamb ]ÅnbmWv.

14. akvPnZp aKvke

AÂamenlxbnse ssk\nI kvIqfn\Sp¯v ØnXnsN¿p¶ akvPnZp aKvke \_n(kz) ]et¸mgpw \nkvIcn¨ ]ÅnbmWv. _\qZo\mÀ IpSpw_w Xmakn¨ncp¶ Cu Øe¯v \_n(kz) \nkvIcn¨n«p­v. alm\mb A_q_IvÀkzn±oJv(d) Cu IpSpw_¯n \n¶pwHcp hnhmlw sNbvXncp¶p. kpJanÃmsX At±lw Cu ho«n InS¸nembt¸mÄ \_n(kz) ]et¸mgpw kµÀi\mÀYw AhnsS hcnIbpw {]kvXpX ]ÅnbnÂsh¨v \nkvIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶p. ssk\nI kvIqfn\Sp¯pÅ AÂaKvke KmÀU\n\I¯mWv Cu ]Ån ØnXnsN¿p¶Xv.

15. akvPnZp ZpÂlpsse^ (A_vbmÀAen)

aZo\mico^nse Hcp kp{][m\ ]ÅnbmWv akvPnZp ZpÂlpsse^. \_n(kz) IqSpXembn Cd§pIbpw \nkvIcn¡pIbpw hn{ian¡pIbpw sN¿mdp­mbncp¶ Øe¯mWv ]Ån\n¡p¶Xv. Ct¸mÄ ]Ån ØnXnsN¿p¶nS¯v ap¼v Hcp hr£ap­mbncp¶p. AXnsâ Nph«n \_n(kz) ]et¸mgpw hn{ian¡mdp­mbncp¶p. akvPnZpÈPd F¶pw Cu ]Ån¡v t]cp­v.

aZo\ `mK¯p\n¶v hcp¶hcpsS lÖnsâ aoJm¯v Cu ØeamWv. ZpÂlpsse^ ]Ånbn sh¨v \nkvIcn¨ tijamWv \_n(kz) lÖn\v Clvdmw sNbvXXv. Dwd¡pw \_n(kz) ChnsS\n¶v Clvdmw sNbvXn«p­v. A_vbmÀ Aen F¶pw akvPnZp aoJmXv F¶pw ChntS¡v t]cp­v. Ct¸mÄ Cu ]Ån hfsc hn]peoIcn¡pIbpw B[p\nI kuIcy§Ä GÀs¸Sp¯pIbpw sNbvXncn¡p¶p. Clvdmw sN¿p¶hÀ¡v Ipfn¡m\pw aäpapÅ hnimeamb kuIcyw ChnsSbp­v. aZo\mico^n ØnXnsN¿p¶ \qdp¡W¡n\v ]ÅnIfn an¡h¡pw Ncn{X]cambn henb {]m[m\yap­v. \_n(kz) GsX¦nepw hn[¯n _Ôs¸« ]eØm\§fpw ]n¡me¯v akvPnZv B¡s¸SpIbp­mbn. Ahbn ]eXpw C¶v \mamhntijamhpIbpw NneXv \o¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXncn¡p¶p.

aZo\mico^nse Hmtcm aWÂXcnbpw alnXamb Ncn{Xw t]dp¶ ]pWyØm\§fmWv. Ckvemansâ {]`hImeL«§fn almßm¡fmb \_n(kz)bpw kzlm_¯pw ]ehn[¯n _Ôs¸« Øm\§fmsWhnsSbpw. Cu _lpam\hnNmct¯msS aZo\bnse Hmtcm ImÂsh¸pIfpw {i²m]qÀÆambncn¡m³ Hmtcm XoÀ°mSI\pw {iant¡­XmWv.

16. _ZÀ iplZm

XoÀ°mSIÀ¡v kµÀin¡m\pÅ kp{][m\ ]pWyØeamWv _ZÀiplZm¡fpsS aJv_d. a¡bnÂ\n¶pw aZo\bnÂ\n¶pw _Zvdnte¡v t]mImdp­v. aZo\bnÂ\n¶p GItZiw 200 Hmfw In.an. ZpcapÅ _Zdnte¡v hml\w Xcs¸«pIn«pI C¡me¯v {]bmkIcamWv. F¶mepw ]cnNb k¼¶cmb hml\¡msc kao]n¨m kuIcyw e`nt¨¡pw. CkvemanI Ncn{X¯n Gähpw {it²bamb _ZÀ bp²w \S¶ ]S¡famWv _ZÀ`qan. _ZÀbp²¯n càkm£nIfmb ]Xn\mept]cn ]Xnaq¶p t]cpw A´yhn{iaw sImÅp¶Xv ChnsSbmWv. ap¼pIme¯v aZo\mbm{X _ZÀhgnbmbncp¶p. Ct¸mÄ {]kvXpX tdmUneqsS lmPnamcpsS hml\w km[mcW A\phZn¡mdnÃ. _ZÀ knbmd ¯v sN¿pI F¶Xv kXyhnizmknIfpsS {][m\ A`nemjamWv.

Ncn{XØm\§Ä

aZo\mico^n hninjvSamb ]e Ncn{XØm\§fpw kvamcI§fpw C\nbpap­v. {][m\ambh akvPnZpIÄ Xs¶. Ah ]cn]men¡p¶Xnepw kwc£n¡p¶Xnepw ]qÀÆnIÀ AXoh{i² ImWn¨ncp¶p. \_n(kz) ]et¸mgmbn _Ôs¸SpIbpw Fs´¦nepw Ncn{Xhpambn sI«p]nWªp InS¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ aäp]e Ncn{X Øm\§fpw aZo\mico^nep­v. (1) \_n(kz)bpw {][m\ kzlm_namcpw Xmakn¨ `h\§Ä, tIm«IÄ. (2) \_n(kz) D]tbmK¨ InWdpIÄ, AcphnIÄ. (3) \_n(kz)bpambn _Ôs¸« ]ÀÆX§Ä, Ip¶pIÄ.(4) \_n(kz) _Ôs¸« XmgvhcIÄ, tXm«§Ä. Chsb¡pdns¨Ãmw hniZhpw kq£vahpamb Ncn{XKthjW§fpw ]T\§fpw C¶pw \S¶phcp¶p. ]e kp{][m\ t]mbnâpIfpw hfsc ASp¯Imew hsc ]cn]mh\ambn kwc£n¡s¸«ncp¶p. ZuÀ`mKyIcsa¶p ]dbs«. alXztadnb ]eXpw C¡me¯v AhKW\bn s]«v \mamhtijambn t]mbncn¡p¶p.

aZo\mico^nse Hcp kp{][m\ Ncn{XØm\amWv \_n(kz) BZyambn Xmakn¨ A_q¿q_p A³kzmcn(d)bpsS `h\w. hfsc ASp¯ Imew hsc AXv kp`{Zambn kwc£n¡s¸«pt]m¶ncp¶p.

hnkvabmhlamb Ncn{Xapd§p¶ `h\ambncp¶p AXv. \_n(kz) lnPvd h¶v aZo\bnse¯n. aZo\¡mcmb ]e {]apJcpw X§fpsS ho«n \_n(kz) Xmakn¡Wsa¶v {]Xymin¨v kuIcy§Ä Hcp¡n. \_n(kz) ]dªp: \n§Ä Fsâ H«Is¯ AXn sâ hgn¡phnSpI. AXv I¸\{]Imcw HcnS¯v ap«pIp¯pw. AhnsSbmWv Rm³ hkn¡pI. A§s\ A_qA¿q_p A³kzmcn(d) F¶ alm³ Xmakn¨ncp¶ `h\apä¯v H«Iw ap«pIp¯n. \_n(kz)AhnsS Xmakn¡pIbpw sNbvXp. bYmÀY¯n {]kvXpX `h\w C§s\sbmcp al¯mb \ntbmK¯n\pth­n \_n(kz)¡p Xmakn¡m\mbn Xs¶]qÀÆIme¯v lnwbÀ N{IhÀ¯n ]WnIgn¸n¨Xmbncp¶p. Ncn{Xkw£n]vXw C{]ImcamWv.

lnwbdnse cmPm¡fmb XpºAv cmPhwi¯nse Xºm³ AkvAZv F¶ N{IhÀ¯n \ntbmK¯nsâ ]Xnäm­pIÄ¡v ap¼v k©mcat[y ]cnhmcktaX\mbn aZo\m{]tZis¯¯pIbp­mbn. thZ]WvVnX·mcmb \m\qdv almÚm\nIÄ cmPmhns\m¸ap­mbncp¶p. AhÀ Hs¯mcpan¨v N{IhÀ¯nsb C{]Imcw Adnbn¨p. "R§Ä Cu {]tZiwhn«pt]mcm\pt±in¡p¶nÃ. thZ§Ä {]hNn¨ AlvaZv \_nbpsS BKa\w Cu {]tZi¯mbncn¡pw D­mhpI. R§fpsS Ime¯v B kXymßmhv {]Xy£\mbm R§Ä ¡pw AsænÂ, R§fpsS ]n¡me k´XnIÄs¡¦nepw AhnSps¯ t\cn I­p kXy¯nsâ klImcnIemImatÃm. N{IhÀ¯n lnXa\pkcn¨v t]mbvs¡mÅpI'.

almcmPmhn\p Cu hmÀ¯ kt´mjw P\n¸n¨p. thZ]WvVnX·mÀ¡p hkn¡phm\mbn At±lw \m\qdv hoSpIÄ hne¡phm§n. AhÀs¡Ãmw the¡mscbpw \nban¨psImSp¯p. {][m\ Øm\¯v Hcp \Ã`h\ap­mbncp¶p. AhnsS ]WvVnXXehs\ Xmakn¸n¨p. N{IhÀ¯n Hcp Ipdn¸n C{]cmIcsagpXn hcpw {]hmNIÀ¡p ssIamdphm\mbn Xehs\ G¸n¨p. Hcp IhnXm iIeambncp¶p AXv.

"kXymßmhmb AlvaZv {kjvSmhmb AÃmlphnsâ ZqX\msW¶v Rm³ Adnbp¶p. AhnSps¯ \ntbmKIme¯v Rm\p­mIpsa¦n B alm\p`mhsâ tkhI\pw ]cnNmcI\pambncn¡pw Rm³'. kzÀWen]nsIm­v ap{Zsh¨ Cu Ipdn¸v sImSpt¯Â¸n¨p cmPmhv Øewhn«p. \m\qdv ]WvVnXcpw ImeL«¯nsâ Dugw Im¯ncp¶p. aZo\bn \_n(kz) IS¶ph¶t¸mÄ klmbn¡m\pw kwc£n¡m\pw ap¶Wnbnep­mbncp¶Xv Cu thZ]WvVnX·mcpsS k´m\]c¼cIfmbncp¶p. A_qA¿q_pÂA³kzmcn(d) thZ]WvVnX Xehsâ ]u{X·mcnÂs]« Bfmbncp¶p. Hcp al¯mb \ntbmKw IWs¡ \_n(kz)X\n¡pth­n Øm]n¡s¸« `h\¯n Xs¶ Xmakn¡m³ hn[n¡s¸SpIbmbncp¶p. A_q A¿q_pÂA³kzmcn(d) AXnsâ kq£n¸pImc\pw ]mdmhpImc\pambncp¶p kXy¯nÂ.

A_qA¿q_n(d)sâ {]kvXpX `h\¯n \_n(kz) kz´w hoSv ]Wnbp¶Xv hsc Xmakn¨p. A_qA¿q_nsâ Cu `h\w ]n¡me¯v ]e N{IhÀ¯namcpw {]apJ·mcpw h¼n¨ hnesImSp¯v kz´am¡nbncp¶p. HSphn alm\mb Jeo^ \qdp±o³ kn¦n(d)bpsS ktlmZc]p{X³ AÂaenIv inlm_p±o³ Kmkn CXv h¼n¨ hnesImSp¯v hm§pIbpw AhnSw Hcp a{Zkbmcw`n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. "a{ZkXpinlm_n¿' F¶t]cn Cu Zo\oIemebw ZoÀLImew tkh\\ncXambncp¶p. ]Xnaq¶mw \qäm­nsâ A´y¯n CsXmcp]Ånbmbn cq]m´cs¸Sp¯s¸«p. kmhnbXp Ppss\Zv F¶t]cn Cu ASp¯Imew hsc Cu ]pWykZ\w \nesIm­ncp¶p. ln. 1407 Cu Ncn{Xkm£yw \o¡w sN¿s¸SpIbp­mbn. Ct¸mÄ XÂØm\¯n\Sp¯v ‘Bcn^vlnIvaXv’ sse{_dn ØnXnsN¿p¶p.

\_n(kz)bpsS Ime¯v akvPnZp¶_hnbpsS ]cnkc¯p­mbncp¶ ]e {][m\ hkXnIfpw C¶v ]ÅnbpsS hnIk\t¯msS AXn\I¯v DÄs¸«pIgnªncn¡p¶p. A_q_IvÀkzn±oJv(d), DadpÂ^mdqJv(d), Dkvam³_v\pA^v^m³(d) F¶nhcpsSsbÃmw hoSpIfp­mbncp¶ Øm\¯v ]Ån hnIkn¨ncn¡p¶p

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