XzcoJXnse
aÀa{][m\ LSIamWp ibvJv. ibvJv \nch[n AÀY§fn hcpw. \½psS kmt¦XnImÀY¯nÂ
"t{ijvST]Zhn IcØam¡nb hyàn'. Cu ho£W{]Imcw D¶X ]Zhn t\Snb Hcp Ipªn\pw
ibvJv F¶p ]dbmhp¶XmWv (PaÂ).
XzcoJXn ibvJv F¶ ]Zw
AÀYKÀ`amWv. tIhew t{ijvTX AhImis¸«Xp sImpam{Xw XzcoJXn ibvJv
cq]s¸SnÃ. A\nhmcyambXpw Akm[mcWhpamb Bßob ]Zhn Ae¦cn¡m\mIWw. km[mcW
KXnbn ]mWvVnXy¯nsâbpw C_mZ¯nsâbpw t]cn ]escbpw ibvJv F¶p
hntijn¸n¡mdpv. B AÀY¯n am{Xw XkzÆp^n ibvJv F¶ ]Zhn¡v Bcpw
AÀlcmhpIbnÃ.
Xsâ ]n¶n \nc¶hsc FÃm
hn[¯nepw hgn ImWn¡p¶ Hcp alm\mIp¶p XzcoJXn ibvJv. XkzÆp^nsâ ho£W¯nÂ
a\pjy³ \nc´c bm{XbnemWv. ImcpWyhm\mb AÃmlphnte¡pÅ {]bmWamWv Ah³ \S¯ns¡mncn¡p¶Xv.
B {]bmW¯n hgn sXämsXbncn¡m³ Adnhpw Ignhpw Pm{KXbpapÅ Hcp hgn Im«n
BhiyamWv. bm{Xbnse Zqcw, A]IS§Ä, \nba§Ä, {]Xnk Ôn¡pÅ ]cnlmc§Ä FÃmäns\bpw
]än XnIª t_m[apÅh\mbncn¡Ww hgn Im«n. A¯csamcp hgn Im«nbmIm³ th FÃm
tbmKyXbpw \ndª Bßob ]pcpj\s{X XzcoJXnse "ibvJv'. A_vZp dkmJp Imkm\n(d)
tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p:
""icoAXv, XzcoJXv, lJoJXv F¶nhbnÂ
At§Aäs¯ AdnhpÅ, a\pjya\Ênsâ tcmK§sf¸änbpw AhbpsS NnInÕsb¡pdn¨pw XnIª
Úm\apÅ, tcmK§Ä amäm³ Ignhpw iànbpapÅ, k·mÀK t_m[apÅ ]qÀW hyànXzs¯bmWp
Xkzhp^n ibvJv F¶Xp sImp hnh£n¡p¶Xv''(apAvPap CkvXznemlmXnkzq^n¿:
172).
ibvJnsâ tbmKyXIÄ
XzcoJXn ibvJn\v Dmbncnt¡
tbmKyXIfn NneXp ]cntim[n¡mw. kap{Z kam\amb idCu Úm\amWv H¶v. C¡mcyw
XzcoJXv taJebn AXyp¶X§Ä Xmnb alm·mscms¡ k½Xn¨wKoIcn¨XmWv. Camw
Aen¿pÂJÆmkzv(d) ]dbp¶p: ""XzcoJXnsâ Kpcphcy·mscms¡ GtIm]n¨p ]dª
ImcyamWp apcoZpIÄ¡p in£WtaIphm³ Hcps¼Sp¶h\p icoAXn kap{Z kam\amb
Adnhv thWsa¶Xv'' (eXzmC^pÂan\³: 45).
Camw AlvaZv fznbmD±o³(d) ]dbp¶p:
""Hcp ibvJn\pmtI AXy´mt]£nXamb KpWamIp¶p icnbmb Úm\w'' (PmanDÂ DkzqÂ:
18).
A_vZpÂJmZndpÈ^vimhm\n(d) ]dbp¶p:
""Hcp ibvJn \nÀ_Ôambpw Dmbncnt¡ H¶mas¯ tbmKyX At§ Aäs¯ Adnhpw
hm¡mepw {]hr¯nbmepw AhØbmepw icoAXns\ km[qIcn¡epamIp¶p'' (lnZmb: 187).
Pp\bvZpÂ_KvZmZn(d) ]dbp¶p: ""idC¿mb
FÃm CÂanepw ]cn]qÀWX kz´am¡nbh\mhpI ibvJnsâ \n_Ô\bn s]«XmIp¶p'' (lnZmb:
187).
A_vZpÃmlnÂl±mZv(d) ]dbp¶Xp
ImWpI: ""Hcp ibvJn A©p KpW§Ä CÃmsb¦n Ah³ P\§sf Plme¯nte¡p \bn¡p¶
ZÖmemsW¶pd¸n¡Ww. icoAXnsâ hn[nþhne¡pIÄ sImpÅ XnIª AdnhmIp¶p B KpW§fnÂ
{][m\w (idlpþÀdmC¿: lnZmb: 197).
Camw iAvdm\n(d) ]dbp¶p: ""Fsâ
t\Xmhv Aen¿p JÆmkzv(d) ]dªp: hn ip²amb icoAXpsImp s]mXphnepw {]tXyIhpamb
Adnªncnt¡h A{Xbpw Adnbm¯hs\ XzcoJXnsâ KpcpKW¯n F®m³ ]äp¶XÃ.
hym]ImÀY¯n h¶Xv, {]tXyImÀYs¯ kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv, ZpÀ_eam¡p¶Xv, ZpÀ_e
am¡s¸«Xv XpS§nb hnÚm\ imJþkIe§fn \n¶v GsX¦nepw H¶ns\¸än AÚ\mbm Xs¶
Kpcp¡·mcpsS ]Zhnbn \n¶p \news]m¯nbXmbn hn[n¡mw'' (lnZmb: 199).
Camw KÊmen(d) ]dbp¶p: ""Bßob
in£W¯n\v AÀlXs¸« ibvJv XnIª ]WvVnX\mbncn¡Â AXy´mt]£nXamWv'' (cnkmeXp
A¿plÂheZv: 17).
ibvJnsâ idCu Úm\s¯¸änbpÅ Cu
NÀ¨ B[ymß hnjb¯n kwkmcn¡m³ AÀlXs¸«hÀ AwKoIcn¨XmWv. hnÚm\¯n ibvJn\pmbncnt¡
Bgs¯ ]cmaÀin¨p XzcoJXnsâ ]WvVnX·mcmb A_pÂlk\pÈmZpen, A_p AºmkpÂaÀkn,
k¿nZv bmJqXpÂAÀio, ibvJv XmPp±o³_v³ AXzmDÃmlv (d: A³lpw) XpS§nbhÀ ]dªncn¡p¶Xv:
""sshÚm\nI kwhmZ¯n alm]WvVnX·msc {]amW§Ä sImp ap«p Ip¯n¡m³ am{Xw
Adnhv Hcp ibvJo\p thWw'' F¶mWv.
Camw iAvdm\n(d) ]dbp¶Xp ImWpI:
""hnembXnsâ ]Zhn Ae¦cn¡p¶ Bcpw XzcoJXn Hcp "apPvXlnZv' BImsX XcanÃ.
icoAXv hyàam¡nbtXm CPvamHm AÃmsX At±lw A\pIcW¯n\p \n¡cpXv. Xm³ k¼qÀW\msW
¶p AhImis¸SpIbpw GsX¦nepw Hcp ]WvVnXs\ XJveoZv sN¿pIbpambm Ah³ AkXyhm\msW¶p
h¶p. apPvXlnZpIÄ Úm\§Ä \pIÀ¶nS¯p \n¶p, Úm\§Ä \pIcm³ BImsX XzcoJXnÂ
Bcpw ]qÀWcmIp¶Xsöv Fsâ Kpcp Aen¿pÂJÆmkzv(d) BhÀ¯n¨p ]dªXp Rm³
tI«n«pv'' (AÂbhmJoXv hÂPhmlnÀ: 2/82).
apIfn ]dªXn \n¶pw ibvJmIm³
CPvXnlmZnsâ ]ZhnbnepÅ am{Xw Adnhv thWsa¶p hcp¶p. {]iv\§fpsS ]cnlmc¯n\p
\_n(kz) Hgn¨pÅ hcpsS Adnhns\sXm«v Bhiyw XoÀ¶h\mI ibvJnsâ \n_Ô\bmsW¶p
Nne ]WvVnX·mÀ ]dªXnsâ s]mcpfpw CXmWv. A¯csamcp ]Zhn Hcp XnI ª
apPvXlnZn\ÃmsX e`yamIp¶XÃ. apPvXlnZv sN¿p¶Xp, hnip² JpÀB\v Xncp\_n(kz)
\ÂInb hymJym\§Ä NnIsªSp¯p idCs\ hyhtOZn¡pIbmWv. Cu ZuXy¯n hnPbn¨ Camw
im^nCu(d)\v ]¯v e£¯n ]cw lZokpIfn {]mhoWyapmbncp¶psh¶p Ncn{Xw km£ys¸Sp¯p¶p.
]pdsa aäp hnÚm\ imJIfn hypÂ]¯n kz´am¡m\mbmte CPvXnlmZnsâ ]Zhn Ae¦cn¡m\mIq.
Cu hn[samcp Úm\ kap{ZamIpI C¶s¯ kmlNcy¯n Akm[yw Xs¶bmWv.
idCu hnÚm\¯n kap{Zkam\amb ]mWvVnXyw
am{Xw Hcp ibvJns\ cq]s¸Sp¯nÃ. _mlyhpw B´coIhpamb idCu PohnXw AbmÄ \bn¡pI
F¶ Xpw {][m\amWv. B[ymß cwKs¯ AXnImb\mb ibvJv A_vZpÂJmZndp Po em\n(d)
]dbp¶Xp ImWpI: ""FÃm cwK¯pw AhØIfnepw idCs\ Iq«pImc\mbn Iq«m¯h³ At§bä¯
\miImcnIfn s]«h\msW¶p a\Ênem¡Ww'' (AÂ^XvlpÀdºm\n: 160). idCu acymZIÄ
]men¡p¶hs\bÃmsX XzcoJXnsâ Imcy¯n hnizkn¡m³ ]äp¶Xsöp alm·mÀ ]dªncn¡p¶Xpw
CXnt\mSv \mw Iq«n hmbnt¡Xpv (lnZmb: 190). ibvJnsâ tbmKyXIÄ
hniZoIcn¡sh Camw Kkmen(d) ]dªp. ""XÀ_nbXn\p tbmKy\mIWsa¦n ibvJv XnIª
]ÞnX\mIWw. F¶p IcpXn GXp ]ÞnX\pw ibvJmIm³ Ignbpsa¶p [cn¡cpXv. ibvJnsâ
tbmKyXIfn {][m\s¸« H¶mWp kz´ambn icocs¯ sacp¡nsbSp¡Â. Xoä, Dd¡v,
kwkmcw F¶nh Ipd¨pw \nkv Imchpw Zm\[Àahpw t\m¼pw s]cp¸n¨pamWv Cu kzbw
kwkvIcWw km[yamt¡Xv'' (cnkmeXp A¿pl heZv: 18).
Bßob Kpcphnsâ C_mZ¯ns\¸än
Ncn{X¯n \n¶p [mcmfw ]mT§Ä e`n¡p¶XmWv. \nÀ_Ô IÀa§fnepw Xncp\_n(kz)bpsS
kp¶¯pIfnepw bmsXm cp hogvNbpw hcp¯mXncn¡pIbmWp {][m\w. kÂIÀa \ncX\mbncn¡Ww
ibvJv. ]qÀh Imes¯ alm·mcpsS PohnX¯n \n¶pw C¡mcyw hyàamIp¶XmWv. ibvJv
Poem\n(d) icoAX\pkrX IÀa§Ä AÛpXmhlambn sImp \S¶ncp¶Xmbn ImWmw. \mÂ]Xp
hÀjt¯mfw A´nbpd¡nÃmsX alm³ C _mZ¯n Ign¨pIq«nbXmbn Ncn{Xw ]dbp¶p.
ibvJv A_qA_vZnÃm apl½Zv I\m\n(d) ]dbp¶p: B[ymß Úm\nIfpsS Kpcphmb
A_qA_vZnÃm apl½Zv_v³ A_n ^Xlp lÀho(d) ]dbp¶Xmbn Rm³ tI«p: ""Fsâ Kpcp
ibvJv Poem\n(d)\p Rm³ \mÂ]Xp hÀjw tkh\w sNbvXp. A¡mebfhn CimCs\Sp¯
hpfp apdnbmsX ibvJhÀIÄ kzp_vlv \nkvIcn¡pI ]Xnhmbncp¶p'' (_lvP: 85).
CXn\p kam\amb \nch[n kw`h§Ä
ibvJnsâ PohnX¯n \n¶p²cn¡m\pv. AXpt]mse Adnbs¸« asäÃm ibvJpamcpsS
PohnX¯nepw C_mZ¯nsâ IWniXbpw [mcmfn¯hpw Is¯mw. XzcoJXneqsS aäpÅhsc
Bßob cwKt¯¡p B\bn¡p¶ alm]pcpj³ F¶ \ne¡v icoAXnsâ Pohn¡p¶ ]Xn¸mbn ibvJv
amdWsa¶Xv GXp _p²nbpw k½Xn¡p¶XmWv. hen¿v BIWsa¦n Xs¶ \nÀ_ԧġp ]pdsa
kp¶¯pIÄ hÀ[n¸n¡pIbmWv Bhiysa¶p lZokn ImWmw. hfsc {]kn²\mbn P\§Ä a\Ênem¡nb
Hcp ibvJv Jn_vebpsS `mKt¯¡p Xp¸nbXp I A_qbkoZpÂ_nkvXzman(d) X§Ä A
bmsf C¡mcy¯n hnizkn¡m³ sImÅnsöp ]dªp apJw ImWm³ CjvSs¸SmsX aS§nbXp
Ncn{X¯n ImWmw. Xncp\_n(kz) X§Ä Xp¸p¶ Imcy¯n ImWn¨p X¶ Hcp acymZ
Hgnhm¡n F¶XmWv A_qbkoZv X§sf sNmSn¸n¨Xv. ibvJn\v idCu PohnXw F{Xt¯mfw
thWsa¶v C¸dªXn \n¶p {Kln¡mw.
AKm[Úm\w, C_mZ¯n IWniX F¶
cp Imcy§fn Xnf§m\mIm¯ hsc Hcp \ne¡pw XzcoJXnsâ t]cn alXzs¸Sp¯mhp¶XÃ.
A§s\ alXzs¸Sp¯p¶Xp XzcoJXns\bpw icoAXns\bpw Hcpt]mse AhaXn¡p¶Xn\p
XpeyamWv.
ta ]dªXn\p ]pdsa ibvJn\pmbncnt¡
\nch[n KpW§sf¡pdn¨p ]WvVnX·mÀ thsdbpw hnhcn¨Xmbn ImWmw. ibvJv A_vZpÂ
Akokv(d) D²cn¡p¶p: ""XÀ_nbXnsâ ibvJn\v Hcp]mSp _mlyKpW§Ä Dmbncn¡Ww.
P\§sf kw_Ôn¨St¯mfw BtcmSpw \ockw ImWn¡m¯ a\Ênsâ DSabmhpI, kapZmb¯nÂ
Hcmfpw i{Xphmbn CÃmXncn¡pI, XnIª am\y\mhpI, Bsc¦nepw hÃXpw tNmZn¨mÂ
AXp \ÂIphm\pw Bsc¦nepw Xt¶mSv AhnthIw sNbvXm Ahs\ CjvSs¸Sphm\pw
X¿mdmhpI, Xsâ apcoZpIfn \n¶pmIp¶ ]nghpIÄ¡p am¸p \ÂIpI XpS§nbh
A¡q«¯n NneXmWv. C¯cw e£W§Ä _mlyambn Xs¶ {]ISamIm¯h³ ibvJmhm³ ]änbh\Ã.
CÂap ^nJvln \n¶pw CÂap¯uloZn \n¶pw th{X Úm\w Dm bncn¡epw Cu
Iq«¯n s]«XmWv. B´cnIþ_mlyÚm\§fn \n¶pw k ¼qÀW hnlnXw In«m¯h³ ibvJmbn
h¶m Ahs\ ]n´pSÀ¶hÀ lemIn F¯m³ A[nI Zqcw k©cnt¡Xmbn hcp¶XÃ'' (AÂ
C_vcokv: 235).
apl½Zv_v³ DaÀ(d) ]dbp¶p: ""kzq^o
XzcoJXn ibvJnsâ ]Zhn alXzw \ndªXmIp¶p. icoAXnsâbpw lJoJXnsâbpw Úm\§Ä
ka\zbn¨, kz`mh¯nepw A\pjvTm\¯nepw k¼qÀW\mb hyànXzs¯bmWp ibvJv F¶ \ne
¡v AhÀ AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv. ]cn]Izamb AIwImgvNbpsS ]n³_et¯msS AÃmlphnte¡p £Wn¡pIbpw
Xs¶ ]n´pSÀ¶hsc kXy]mXbneqsS B\bn¡pIbpamWp ibvJnsâ ZuXyw. kXy¯n {]hmNIXz¯nsâ
HcÀY¯nepÅ ]Ichpw {]mXn\n[yhpw hln¡pIbmWv Bßob Kpcp sN¿p¶Xv'' (aJmeXp¶mkznlo³:
62).
ibvJv apl½Zv Aao³þAÂIpÀZo(d)
tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p: ""apÀinZn Xmsg ]dbp ¶ Imcy§Ä A\nhmcyamIp¶p. (1) Xsâ
apcoZpIÄ¡pmIp¶ kwib§Ä ZqcoIcn¡m\pXIp¶ hnizmkþIÀa imkv{X§fnse XnIª
Adnhv. (2) lrZb¯nsâ tcmK§Ä AhbpsS acp¶pIÄ F¶nh Adnªncn¡pI. tZtlObpsS
B]¯pIfpw Ah icns¸Sp¯m³ DXIp¶ in£W coXnIfpw Adnªncn¡pI. am\knI ]qÀWXbnÂ
apcoZns\ F¯n¡m\pXIp¶ Bßob t_m[w Dmbncn¡pI. (3) sam¯¯n apkvenItfmSpw
hntijn¨p apcoZpItfmSpw ImcpWyhpw kvt\lhpw. (4) apcoZpIfn \n¶p Xt¶mSp
{]ISamIp¶ NnÃd A]mIXIÄ Insöp \Sn¡m\Å klnjvWpX. (5) apcoZpIfpsS k¼¯nÂ
B{Klw sh¡mXncn¡epw AhcpsS ssIhiapÅXp In«Wsa¶p tamln¡mXncn¡epw. (6) ]dbp¶
Imcy§Ä A¸Sn {]hÀ¯n¡epw hne¡p¶ Imcy§Ä BZyw Xs¶ kzbw Dt]£n¡epw. (7)
apcoZpIÄs¡m¯v Bhiy¯n\ÃmsX Ccn¡mXncn¡epw X§fpsS C_mZ¯v icnbmIm\pw No¯
Nn´IÄ t]mbnadbm\pw DXIp¶hn[w icoAXnsâbpw XzcoJXnsâbpw DÂt_m[\§Ä \ÂIÂ.
(8) A\mhiy kwkmcw, Xami, tZtlOm\pkrX IrXy§Ä A\mhiy Nn´ F¶nhbn \n¶p ]msS
apàamhÂ. (9) kz´w Imcy¯n klnjvWphmIepw Xs¶ BZcn¡Wsa¶pw AwKoIcn¡Wsa¶papÅ
tamlw Dt]£n¡epw. (10) apcoZn\v Bhiyamb in£Ww \ÂIp¶Xn XnIª {i²mephmIÂ.
(11) Bcpw IS¶phcm¯ hn[w X\n¡p am{Xambn GIm´ hmk¯n\pXIp¶ HcnSw DmhÂ.
(12) `cWIÀ¯m¡Ä, ]uc{]apJÀ XpS§nbhsc sN¶p ImWmXncn¡Â. C¯cw Ht«sd KpW§Ä
Hcp ibvJn A\nhmcyamIp¶p. Hähm¡n ]dªm kzlm_nIÄ¡nSbn Xncp\_n(kz) hln¨
]¦v apcoZpIÄ¡nSbn hln¡m³ ibvJv {]bXv\n¡Ww. Xncp\_n(kz)bpsS NcybnÂ
AbmÄ amXrImtbmKy\mIWw (X³hodp Jpeq_v: 525þ527).
AlvaZvfznbmD±o³(d) D²cn¡p¶p:
""ibvJnsâ KpW§Ä A©mWv. hyàamb Bßob ip²n, icnbmb Úm\w, DbÀ¶ a\¡cp¯v,
kwXr]vXamb AhØ, Xpfª AIwImgvN. C\n ]dbp¶ As©®w Bcnse¦nepw tafn¨m Ah³
ibvJmIm³ tbmKy\Ã. Zo³Imcy¯n AÚX, apkvenwIfpsS am\yX CSn¨p Xmgv¯Â,
BhiyanÃm¯Xn CSs]SÂ, tZtlOsb ]n³]äÂ, No¯ kz`m hw'' (PmanDÂDkzqÂ: 18).
kzq^obpsS KpW§Ä hnhcn¡sh Camw
KÊmen(d) FgpXp¶Xp ImWpI: ""kw kmc¯n ITn\ {]tbmK§Ä shSnbÂ, icoAXnsâ Úm\w
apdpsI ]nSn ¡Â, {]bXv\w ]Xnhm¡Â, ]cn{iaw \nXyam¡Â, P\§fn \n¶v Häs¸SÂ,
hkv{X§fn BÀ`mSw shSnbÂ, Xh¡p {]ISam¡Â, CÃmbvasb XncsªSp¡Â, kZmkab
ZnIvÀ, klhÀXnXzw \¶m¡Â, Iuamc¡mcmb B¬Ip«nIsf ImWpt¼mÄ ZrjvSnXmgv¯Â,
s]¬ kulrZw Hgnhm¡Â, JpÀB³ ]T\w Pzcam¡Â'' (AÂAZ_p ^n±o³: 7).
aX]cambn hnhcanÃm¯h\p
ibvJmIm³ t]mbn«p hen¿v t]mepamIm³ hIp¸n sömWp ]WvVnXaXw. C_v\p lPdnÂ
lbvXan(d) ]dbp¶p: ""Adnªncn¡Â \nÀ_Ôamb Imcy§Ä ]Tn¡m¯h³ hen¿mIm³ AÀl\Ã.
AXpsImp bmsXmcp hnhchpanÃm¯ Hcp¯³ hen¿mIWsa¶p AÃmlp Dt±in¨m Ah¶v
BZyw ]Tn¡m\pÅ Ahkchpw a\:ØnXnbpw AÃmlp krjvSn¨p sIm Sp¡p¶XmWv. Ah ]Tn¨p
{]mhÀ¯nIam¡p¶Xn\\pkcn¨v BßÚm\w \ In DbÀ¯pw. icoAXnsâ Úm\w
hyhØm]nXambn ]Tn¡msX In«p¶XÃ. Camw C_v\p Ad^Â amenIo(d) ]dbp¶p:
""icoAXnsâ AdnhpIÄ ]Tn¡msX
In«nsöXv sFIyIWvtT\bpÅ A`n{]m bamIp¶p. AtXkabw HuenbmC\v CXn\¸pdw
e`n¡p¶ Úm\w Bßob amWv. Ah Hcp am[ya¯m IcØamIp¶XÃ. AÃmlphnsâ ]¡Â \n¶pÅ
HuZmcy¯m In«p¶XmWv'' (^XmhÂlZokn¿: 93).
Cu ]dªXn \n¶v cp Imcy§Ä a\Ênembn.
H¶vþ AXy´mt]£nXamb idCu Úm\§Ä hyhØm]nXambn ]Tn¡msX hen¿pmInÃ. cvþ
A§s\ ]Tn¨p A\pjvTm\ \njvS Dmbm BßÚm\§Ä In«ns¡mncn ¡msXbpw
henbpmInÃ. hen¿nsâ hyhØ Xs¶ CXmsW¦n ]ns¶ ibv Jnsâ Imcyw ]dbm\nÃtÃm.
apdºnbmb ibvJv
CXphsc NÀ¨ sNbvXXp XzcoJXnÂ
ibvJn\pmbncnt¡ acymZIfmWtÃm. taÂ]dª KpW§Ä tafn¨ Kpcphns\bmWp kzq^o
kmt¦XnI `mjbn "apdºnbmb ibvJv' F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. XzcoJXn ibvJv F¶p \ncp]m[nIw
]dªm AXp apdºnbmsW¶p a\Ênem¡Ww. ImcWw, XzcoJXns\ ]qÀWmÀY¯n {]m]n¡p¶h\pw
{]Ncn¸n¡p¶h\pw apdºn BIWsa¶XmWp XXzw. ibvJp¯zcoJXv F¶Xp ibvJp¯À_nbXnsâ
asämcp \maambn ]WvVnX·mÀ ]cnNbs¸Sp¯nbXn \n¶pw C¡mcyw hyàamIp¶XmWv.
ibvJp¯À_nbXmsW¶ hmZ¯nsâ ]Ým¯e¯nemWp
]e hymP XzcoJXpIfpw X§fpsS \mbI·msc AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv. XÀ_nbXnsâ ibvJpamÀ
]c s¡ {]Xy£s¸SpIbpw Bßob in£W¯n\p t\XrXzw \ÂIpIbpw sN¿p¶psh¶v ChÀ
hmZn¡p¶p. C¡mcy¯n B[nImcnIambn kwkmcn¡m³ AÀlXs¸«hÀ ibvJp¯À_nbXnsâ Cu
s]cp¸s¯ AwKoIcn¨p ImWp¶nÃ. Camw AlvaZv kqdqJv(d)sâ ho£W{]Imcw
XÀ_nbXnsâ ibvJpamÀ lnPvd: 800þÂ Xs¶ Xntcm[m\w sImn«pv. ‘XÀ_nbX’
F¶ teJ\¯n CXp kw_Ôamb hnhcWw ImWmw. kqdqJnsâ ho£Ws¯ icnsh¨v Camw
imenbmXn(d) ]dªXv, IÅ ibvJpamÀ s]cp¯Xp ImcWw k¼qÀW ibvJpamÀ Ds¦n Xs¶
XÀ_nbXv \ndp¯nsh¨ncn¡p¶psh¶pw Imcy§Ä AhXmf¯nembXn\m AhÀ kz´w Imcy§Ä
am{Xw t\m¡pIbmsW¶pw Bßob iànsImv Ahsc Is¯m\mbm Xs¶ XÀ_nbXn\p \n¡msX
X_ÀdpIn\p hÃXpw X¶v AhÀ XSn c£s¸Sp¯psa¶pamWv (^XmhÂAkvlcn¿: 1/55).
hkvXpX CXmbncns¡ apdºnbmb
ibvsJ¶Xv C¡me¯p kz]v\w am{XWv. G sX¦nepw temI¯v A§s\ HcmÄ Ds¦nembn
Ft¶ ]dbmhq. "A³JmAv' F¶v ]dbp¶ Hcp cm£k ]£ntbmSmWp ibvJp¯zcoJXns\ ]WvVnX·mÀ
D]an¨ncn¡p¶Xv. ]qÀhoI {]hmNI·mcnsemcmfmb l³feXp_v³ k^vhmsâ Imes¯ a\pjydm©n
]£nbmWs{X A³JmAv. B ]£n C¶ptm F¶Xv AÚmXamWv. Ds¦n Xs¶ a\pjys\ dm©Â
F¶ IrXyw AXp \nÀ¯nsh¨ncn¡pw. temI¯v FhnsSbpw A§s\ Hcp ]£n Csöp ]dbm³
IrXyamb tcJbnÃ. Ds¶p sh¡m³ Häs¸« a\pjydm©Â t]mepw \S¡p¶panÃ. Cu
AhØbn DmImw. ]t£, ]gb ]Wn DmInà F¶p ]dbp¶Xp t]mse ibvJp¯À_nbXpw
DmIpw. ]t£, XÀ_nbXnsöpsh¡Ww FWm Wp ]WvVnX·mÀ hmZn¡p¶Xv. ibvJp¯À_nbXv
Xosc Csöp ]dbm³ AhÀ ss[cys¸Sm¯Xv ]qÀh Ime§fn AhÀ DmhpIbpw XÀ_nbXv
hym]Iambn Xs¶ \S¶p hcnIbpw sNbvXncp¶Xp sImp am{XamWv.
apd_nbmb ibvJnsâ
Xntcm`mhs¯¸än ]dbpt¼mÄ t\cs¯ Camw Jpibvcn (d) cnkmebn D²cn¨Xp {]kvXmhyamWv.
]qÀWcmb XzcoJXnsâ ]WvVnX·mÀ Ipdªp h¶p F¶mWp alm³ Øm]n¨Xv. Cu bmYmÀYy§Ä
XzcoJXnsâ IdIfªXpw bmYmÀYy]qcnXhpamb Imew Ignsª¶p t_m[ys¸Sp¯p¶p. Ct¸mÄ
C¡mcy¯n Ahtijn¡p¶Xv GXm\pw kwÚIÄ am{XamWv. XzcoJXv, lJoJXv, ibvJv,
apcoZv F¶n§s\ Ipsd t]cpIÄam{Xw \ne\n¡p¶p. {]kvXpX \ma§Ä s]mcpfdnbmsX
{]tbmKn¡s¸SpIbpw sN¿p¶p.
ibvJv ]eXcw
XzcoJXn ibvJp¯À_nbXmWp
{][m\w F¶p \mw ]dªp. F¶m s]mXphn ibvJv F¶ IoÀ¯n¡p tbmKycmbhÀ ]ecpaps¶p
]WvVnX·mÀ ]dbp¶p. ibvJv AlvaZv kpdqJv(d) Xsâ JhmCZn ibvJpamsc aq¶mbn
Xncn¨n«pv. H¶v þ ibvJp¯À_nbXv Xs¶. cmat¯Xv ibvJp¯ÀJnbbmIp¶p. apcoZns\
sRmSnbnSsImv Bßob elcnbn BdmSn¡m³ BhXpÅ ibvJmWnXv. XÀ_nbXnsâ ]Zhn {]m]n¨ht\
Cu Akm[mcWXz¯n\p Ignbq. ‘XÀ_nbXv’
F¶ etJ\¯n Cu hnjbIambpÅ kqN\bpv.
aq¶mat¯Xv ibvJp¯AveoamWv. C¶pw
\ne\n¡p¶Xpw F¶pw \ne\nÂt¡Xpamb Hcp Bßob KpcphmWp ibvJp¯Aveow.
aXhn[nIÄ ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw icoAXnsâ kPohX Dd¸m¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ Cu hn`mKw
aX]WvVnX·mcmbn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶hcmWv. ibvJp¯ÀJnbbpw XÀ_nbbpw {]hÀ¯\
tKmYbnenÃm¯ C¡me¯pw Cu Bßob Kpcp¡·mÀ At§bäs¯ {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶hcmWv.
ChcpsS \nÀtZi§Ä¡\pkcn¨p {]hÀ¯n¡Â apkvenw kapZmb¯n sâ _m[yXbmWv.
kapZmb¯nsâ aX]camb Hu¶Xy¯n\v Bhiyamb {]hÀ ¯\§Ä \S¯Â ChcpsS ISabmIp¶p.
hnÚm\kw_Ôamb NÀ¨bn \o hnhcWw C¡mcys¯¸än ImWmhp¶XmWv.
ibvJp¯Aveoansâ ZuXyw
al¯mbXmWv. Hcn¡epw \ndp¯nsh¡m³ BIm¯Xpw {]hmNIXz¯nsâ ]n´pSÀ¨bmbn Xs¶
hcp¶XpamWXv. kaql¯nse km[mcW¡mcsâ GI B{ibw Cu hn`mKamIp¶p. \_n(kz)bpsS
PohnXw Cu hn`mK¯n\v D¯a amXrIIÄ k½m\n¨n«pv. Fs¶ Hcp apAÃnam¡n A Ãmlp
]dªb¨psh¶pw DeamAv \_namcpsS A\´cmhIminIÄ BsW¶psams¡bpÅ hN\§Ä CXn\p
aXnbmb sXfnhmWv. ]WvVnX·mcpsS ZuXy s¯¡pdn¨p hnhcn¡sh \_n(kz) ]dªXv þ "kaql¯nÂ
]p¯³ `mh§Ä {]ISamhpIbpw ]WvVnX·mÀ au\w ]men¡pIbpw sNbvXm AhÀ¡ptaÂ
Cemlo im]apmIpsa¶mWv.' ibvJp¯Aveoansâ ISp¯ _m[yXsbbmWv \_n(kz)
HmÀas¸Sp¯p¶Xv.
Zp:JIcsa¶p ]dbs«, ]ctemIs¯ ap¶nÂ
ImWp¶hcpw BßmÀYX ]peÀ¯p¶hcpamb ]WvVnX·mÀ¡p hsc c£bnÃm¯ ØnXnbmWp hfcp¶Xv.
Hcp`mK¯p _nZvA¯pImÀ DeamCsâ hne CSn¨p Xmgv¯m³ Hcps¼«nd§nbncn¡p¶p. AÂ]w
]cnjvIcW t_m[apÅhÀ AXn AIs¸«p aXw \jvSs¸«hcmIp¶p. asämcp `mK¯p
XzcoJXnsâ t]cn ]WvVnX hyqls¯ {]Xn¡q«n Ibäp¶ hntcm[`mkw \S¡p¶p.
XzcoJXv hnjb¯n DeamDÈcoAXn\p bmsXmcp ]¦pansöpw AXpsImp XzcoJXnsâ
t]cn hnizkn¡p¶Xpw BNcn¡p¶Xpamb Bib§Ä¡pw A\pjvTm\§Ä¡pw AhcpsS `mK¯p
\n¶v At\zjW§fpw ]cmXnIfpw DbccpsX¶pamWv ChcpsS hmin. Cu ]Ým¯e¯n \nkzmÀYcmb
]WvVnX·mcpsS amäpc¨p ImWn¡pIbpw kaqls¯ Imcy£aambn t_m[h¡cn¡pIbpw
sNt¿Xv A\nhmcyamWv. AÃmXncp¶m \jvSamIp¶Xp hnip² Ckvemansâ ssNX\yamIpw.
Hcp Imcy¯n\v ASnhcbnSpI. icoAXmIp¶ ]mX Xmn thWw XzcoJXn ]cnekn¡m³.
F¶ncns¡ F§s\bmWp XzcoJXn F¯ns¸« HcmÄ¡p icoAXns\tbm idCu ]WvVnX·msctbm
AhKWn¡m³ IgnbpI?. BZchnsâbpw kvt\l¯nsâbpw It®msS ImWm\sà km[n¡q. Cu
hhkvXpX kXyamb XzcoJXnsâ Ncn{X¯n \n¶p {Kln¡mhp¶XmWv. DJvdhnbmb ]WvVnX·msc
sNdpXmbn ImWp¶hÀ¡p XzcoJX[njvSnXamb PohnXw Hcn¡epw km[yaÃ.
ibvJp¯Aveoansâ \nÀtZi¯n\pw
D]tZi¯n\pw apXAÃnapw km[mcW¡mc\pw hne IÂ]n¡Ww. aX]camb apt¶ä§fnÂ
AhtcmSp \S¯p¶ apimhd hfsc hepXmWv. hnhcapÅhcpw CÃm¯hcpw XpeyamtWm F¶
hnip² JpÀBsâ tNmZyhpw \n§fn \n¶v Úm\nIsf A\pkcn¡Wsa¶ BÚbpw Cu Imcyw
ASnhcbnSp¶pv.
ibvJp¯_ÀdpIv
ibvJp¯_ÀdpIv F¶ t]cn Hcp
hn`mKs¯ Nne ]WvvVnX·mÀ ]cnNbs¸Sp¯nbXp ImWmw. X_ÀdpIv F¶ ]Z¯nsâ AÀYw "]pWyw
sImÅÂ' F¶mWv. P\§Ä¡p _dIXn\p thn \nesImÅp¶ hyànXz§fmWnhÀ. ibvJpÂ
CÀimZv F¶ t]cnepw ChÀ Adnbs¸Smdpv. CÀimZv F¶ ]Zw sImÀYam¡p¶Xv
k·mÀKZÀi\amWv. Cu ibvJnsâ ZuXyw injy·mÀ¡p {]tXyI ZnIvdpIfpw aäpw ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw
Ah sNmÃm³ CPmkXv (A\phmZw) \ÂIpIbpw \à D]tZi§Ä \ÂIpIbpamWv.
ibvJp CÀimZv Hcn¡epw
XzcoJXnsâ ibvJmIm³ tbmKy\Ã. AXn Ipd ª ]Zhn DÅ Hcp \maam{X
Kpcphmbncn¡pw. XzcoJXnsâ ]n´pSÀ¨bpsS t] cn kXyhnizmknIÄ¡v Bizmkw ]Icp¶p
F¶Xp am{XamWv Ct±l¯nsâ {]m[m\yw. AtX kabw CbmÄ NnÃd¡mc\mIm\pw ]mSnÃ.
ibvJp CÀimZn\pw ]WvVnX·mÀ
]e \n_Ô\Ifpw ]dªXp ImWmw. AÊbv hÊpepIv F¶ {KÙ¯nse ]cmaÀiw ImWpI: ""kplrt¯,
Adnªp sImÄI. ibvJp CÀimZv XnIª ]WvVnX\mIWw. apcoZn\v BhiyamIp¶,
IÀaimkv{XaS¡apÅ AXymhiy Imcy§fn AhKmlw Dmbncn¡Ww. kap{Z kam\amb Zo\oÚm\w
thWsa¶nÃ. F¦nepw apcoZnsâ kwib§Ä ¡p \nhmcWw \ÂIm³ Ignhp thWw. FÃmän\pw
]pdsa apcoZnsâ am\knI {]iv\§fpw N]eXIfpw Ahbv¡pÅ ]cnlmc§fpw {Kln¨ncn¡Ww''
(130, 131).
apIfn ]dªX\pkcn¨p
ibvJp¯_ÀdpImh Xs¶ {iaIcamsW¶p hcp¶p. C¡me¯p XzcoJXnsâ t]cn {]kn²cmb
henb alm·mÀ Xs¶ Cu ]Zhn AhImis¸SWsa¶nÃ. Hcp Imcyw ASnhcbnSmhp¶XmWv.
XÀ_nbXnsâ bpKw Ahkm\n¨n«pw temI¯p \ne\n¡p¶psh¶p ]dbp¶ kXyamb
XzcoJXpIÄ FÃmw Xs¶ kzoIcn¨p hcp¶Xp X_ÀdpInsâ \n_Ô\Ifpw \nba§fpw H¯
ibvJpamscbmWv. AXn\I¯mWp IÅ\mWb§Ä tNt¡dnbncn¡p¶Xv. AXpsImp {]m]vXcmb
]WvVnX·mcpsS Ic§fn \n¶ÃmsX XzcoJX[njvTnX X_ÀdpIv kzoIcn¡mhp¶XÃ.
ibvJp CÀimZv apcoZpIÄ¡p
amXrIbpw amÀKZÀinbpambn«mWp \nesImtÅXv. bYmÀY¯n ]ctemI ]WvVnXsâ
ZuXyamWv AbmÄ \nÀhln¡p¶Xv. AXn\v Hcp {]tXyI XzcoJXnsâ ]c¼cmKX
ImÀ¡iy§fpw \nÀ_Ô§fpw \S¸n hcp¯ntb¡mhp¶XmWv. F´mbncp¶mepw cp Imcy§Ä
ASnØm\ambn ImWWw. H¶p GXp \nÀ_Ô§fpw \nba§fpw icoA¯[njvTnXamIWw.
cmat¯Xv ]mWvVnXyhpw AXnsâ ASbmfhpw DmhpIbpw thWw.
ibvJp CÀimZv apcoZpIÄ¡p \ÂInhcp¶
ZnIvdpIÄ Xncp\_n(kz) ]Tn¸n¨htbm ]Tn¸n¨Xnsâ ]mÝm¯e¯n hcp¶htbm Bbncn¡Ww.
AÃmsX kz´w XÂ]cy¯nsâbpw CObpsSbpw ]n³_e¯m ]WnXpm¡nbh BIcpXv. kXyamb
XzcoJXnsâ ]mXbn k©cn¨ alm·mÀ¡p am{Xta kXy¯n CPmk¯n\p km[n¡q.
A¯c¡mcn \n¶p In«p¶ AZvImdpIÄ PohnX¯n amä§Ä hcp¯m\pw DXIpw.
ibvJp CÀimZpamÀ C¡me¯p hfsc
IqSpXepmImsa¶p hnizkn¡p¶Xpw A_²amWv. Ahcpw \maam{XamsW¶XmWp kXyw.
t]cpIfn am{XamWv A[nIhpw Pohn¡p¶Xv. A]qÀh§fn A]qÀhamtb bYmÀY KpW
hntij§Ä DÅhÀ ImWq.
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