atäXp cwKhpw t

ibvJpw XzcoJXpw

                    

XzcoJXnse aÀa{][m\ LSIamWp ibvJv. ibvJv \nch[n AÀY§fn hcpw. \½psS kmt¦XnImÀY¯n "t{ijvST]Zhn IcØam¡nb hyàn'. Cu ho£W{]Imcw D¶X ]Zhn t\Snb Hcp Ipªn\pw ibvJv F¶p ]dbmhp¶XmWv (PaÂ).

XzcoJXn ibvJv F¶ ]Zw AÀYKÀ`amWv. tIhew t{ijvTX AhImis¸«Xp sIm­pam{Xw XzcoJXn ibvJv cq]s¸SnÃ. A\nhmcyambXpw Akm[mcWhpamb Bßob ]Zhn Ae¦cn¡m\mIWw. km[mcW KXnbn ]mWvVnXy¯nsâbpw C_mZ¯nsâbpw t]cn ]escbpw ibvJv F¶p hntijn¸n¡mdp­v. B AÀY¯n am{Xw XkzÆp^n ibvJv F¶ ]Zhn¡v Bcpw AÀlcmhpIbnÃ.

Xsâ ]n¶n \nc¶hsc FÃm hn[¯nepw hgn ImWn¡p¶ Hcp alm\mIp¶p XzcoJXn ibvJv. XkzÆp^nsâ ho£W¯n a\pjy³ \nc´c bm{XbnemWv. ImcpWyhm\mb AÃmlphnte¡pÅ {]bmWamWv Ah³ \S¯ns¡m­ncn¡p¶Xv. B {]bmW¯n hgn sXämsXbncn¡m³ Adnhpw Ignhpw Pm{KXbpapÅ Hcp hgn Im«n BhiyamWv. bm{Xbnse Zqcw, A]IS§Ä, \nba§Ä, {]Xnk Ôn¡pÅ ]cnlmc§Ä FÃmäns\bpw ]än XnIª t_m[apÅh\mbncn¡Ww hgn Im«n. A¯csamcp hgn Im«nbmIm³ th­ FÃm tbmKyXbpw \ndª Bßob ]pcpj\s{X XzcoJXnse "ibvJv'. A_vZp dkmJp Imkm\n(d) tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p:

""icoAXv, XzcoJXv, lJoJXv F¶nhbn At§Aäs¯ AdnhpÅ, a\pjya\Ênsâ tcmK§sf¸änbpw AhbpsS NnInÕsb¡pdn¨pw XnIª Úm\apÅ, tcmK§Ä amäm³ Ignhpw iànbpapÅ, k·mÀK t_m[apÅ ]qÀW hyànXzs¯bmWp Xkzhp^n ibvJv F¶Xp sIm­p hnh£n¡p¶Xv''(apAvPap CkvXznemlmXnkzq^n¿: 172).

 

ibvJnsâ tbmKyXIÄ

XzcoJXn ibvJn\v D­mbncnt¡­ tbmKyXIfn NneXp ]cntim[n¡mw. kap{Z kam\amb idCu Úm\amWv H¶v. C¡mcyw XzcoJXv taJebn AXyp¶X§Ä Xm­nb alm·mscms¡ k½Xn¨wKoIcn¨XmWv. Camw Aen¿pÂJÆmkzv(d) ]dbp¶p: ""XzcoJXnsâ Kpcphcy·mscms¡ GtIm]n¨p ]dª ImcyamWp apcoZpIÄ¡p in£WtaIphm³ Hcps¼Sp¶h\p icoAXn kap{Z kam\amb Adnhv thWsa¶Xv'' (eXzmC^pÂan\³: 45).

Camw AlvaZv fznbmD±o³(d) ]dbp¶p: ""Hcp ibvJn\p­mtI­ AXy´mt]£nXamb KpWamIp¶p icnbmb Úm\w'' (PmanDÂ DkzqÂ: 18).

A_vZpÂJmZndpÈ^vimhm\n(d) ]dbp¶p: ""Hcp ibvJn \nÀ_Ôambpw D­mbncnt¡­ H¶mas¯ tbmKyX At§ Aäs¯ Adnhpw hm¡mepw {]hr¯nbmepw AhØbmepw icoAXns\ km[qIcn¡epamIp¶p'' (lnZmb: 187).

Pp\bvZpÂ_KvZmZn(d) ]dbp¶p: ""idC¿mb FÃm CÂanepw ]cn]qÀWX kz´am¡nbh\mhpI ibvJnsâ \n_Ô\bn s]«XmIp¶p'' (lnZmb: 187).

A_vZpÃmlnÂl±mZv(d) ]dbp¶Xp ImWpI: ""Hcp ibvJn A©p KpW§Ä CÃmsb¦n Ah³ P\§sf Plme¯nte¡p \bn¡p¶ ZÖmemsW¶pd¸n¡Ww. icoAXnsâ hn[nþhne¡pIÄ sIm­pÅ XnIª AdnhmIp¶p B KpW§fn {][m\w (idlpþÀdmC¿: lnZmb: 197).

Camw iAvdm\n(d) ]dbp¶p: ""Fsâ t\Xmhv Aen¿p JÆmkzv(d) ]dªp: hn ip²amb icoAXpsIm­p s]mXphnepw {]tXyIhpamb Adnªncnt¡­h A{Xbpw Adnbm¯hs\ XzcoJXnsâ KpcpKW¯n F®m³ ]äp¶XÃ. hym]ImÀY¯n h¶Xv, {]tXyImÀYs¯ kqNn¸n¡p¶Xv, ZpÀ_eam¡p¶Xv, ZpÀ_e am¡s¸«Xv XpS§nb hnÚm\ imJþkIe§fn \n¶v GsX¦nepw H¶ns\¸än AÚ\mbm Xs¶ Kpcp¡·mcpsS ]Zhnbn \n¶p \news]m¯nbXmbn hn[n¡mw'' (lnZmb: 199).

Camw KÊmen(d) ]dbp¶p: ""Bßob in£W¯n\v AÀlXs¸« ibvJv XnIª ]WvVnX\mbncn¡Â AXy´mt]£nXamWv'' (cnkmeXp A¿plÂheZv: 17).

ibvJnsâ idCu Úm\s¯¸änbpÅ Cu NÀ¨ B[ymß hnjb¯n kwkmcn¡m³ AÀlXs¸«hÀ AwKoIcn¨XmWv. hnÚm\¯n ibvJn\p­mbncnt¡­ Bgs¯ ]cmaÀin¨p XzcoJXnsâ ]WvVnX·mcmb A_pÂlk\pÈmZpen, A_p AºmkpÂaÀkn, k¿nZv bmJqXpÂAÀio, ibvJv XmPp±o³_v³ AXzmDÃmlv (d: A³lpw) XpS§nbhÀ ]dªncn¡p¶Xv: ""sshÚm\nI kwhmZ¯n alm]WvVnX·msc {]amW§Ä sIm­p ap«p Ip¯n¡m³ am{Xw Adnhv Hcp ibvJo\p thWw'' F¶mWv.

Camw iAvdm\n(d) ]dbp¶Xp ImWpI: ""hnembXnsâ ]Zhn Ae¦cn¡p¶ Bcpw XzcoJXn Hcp "apPvXlnZv' BImsX XcanÃ. icoAXv hyàam¡nbtXm CPvamHm AÃmsX At±lw A\pIcW¯n\p \n¡cpXv. Xm³ k¼qÀW\msW ¶p AhImis¸SpIbpw GsX¦nepw Hcp ]WvVnXs\ XJveoZv sN¿pIbpambm Ah³ AkXyhm\msW¶p h¶p. apPvXlnZpIÄ Úm\§Ä \pIÀ¶nS¯p \n¶p, Úm\§Ä \pIcm³ BImsX XzcoJXn Bcpw ]qÀWcmIp¶Xsöv Fsâ Kpcp Aen¿pÂJÆmkzv(d) BhÀ¯n¨p ]dªXp Rm³ tI«n«p­v'' (AÂbhmJoXv hÂPhmlnÀ: 2/82).

apIfn ]dªXn \n¶pw ibvJmIm³ CPvXnlmZnsâ ]ZhnbnepÅ am{Xw Adnhv thWsa¶p hcp¶p. {]iv\§fpsS ]cnlmc¯n\p \_n(kz) Hgn¨pÅ hcpsS Adnhns\sXm«v Bhiyw XoÀ¶h\mI ibvJnsâ \n_Ô\bmsW¶p Nne ]WvVnX·mÀ ]dªXnsâ s]mcpfpw CXmWv. A¯csamcp ]Zhn Hcp XnI ª apPvXlnZn\ÃmsX e`yamIp¶XÃ. apPvXlnZv sN¿p¶Xp, hnip² JpÀB\v Xncp\_n(kz) \ÂInb hymJym\§Ä NnIsªSp¯p idCs\ hyhtOZn¡pIbmWv. Cu ZuXy¯n hnPbn¨ Camw im^nCu(d)\v ]¯v e£¯n ]cw lZokpIfn {]mhoWyap­mbncp¶psh¶p Ncn{Xw km£ys¸Sp¯p¶p. ]pdsa aäp hnÚm\ imJIfn hypÂ]¯n kz´am¡m\mbmte CPvXnlmZnsâ ]Zhn Ae¦cn¡m\mIq. Cu hn[samcp Úm\ kap{ZamIpI C¶s¯ kmlNcy¯n Akm[yw Xs¶bmWv.

idCu hnÚm\¯n kap{Zkam\amb ]mWvVnXyw am{Xw Hcp ibvJns\ cq]s¸Sp¯nÃ. _mlyhpw B´coIhpamb idCu PohnXw AbmÄ \bn¡pI F¶ Xpw {][m\amWv. B[ymß cwKs¯ AXnImb\mb ibvJv A_vZpÂJmZndp Po em\n(d) ]dbp¶Xp ImWpI: ""FÃm cwK¯pw AhØIfnepw idCs\ Iq«pImc\mbn Iq«m¯h³ At§bä¯ \miImcnIfn s]«h\msW¶p a\Ênem¡Ww'' (AÂ^XvlpÀdºm\n: 160). idCu acymZIÄ ]men¡p¶hs\bÃmsX XzcoJXnsâ Imcy¯n hnizkn¡m³ ]äp¶Xsöp alm·mÀ ]dªncn¡p¶Xpw CXnt\mSv \mw Iq«n hmbnt¡­Xp­v (lnZmb: 190). ibvJnsâ tbmKyXIÄ hniZoIcn¡sh Camw Kkmen(d) ]dªp. ""XÀ_nbXn\p tbmKy\mIWsa¦n ibvJv XnIª ]ÞnX\mIWw. F¶p IcpXn GXp ]ÞnX\pw ibvJmIm³ Ignbpsa¶p [cn¡cpXv. ibvJnsâ tbmKyXIfn {][m\s¸« H¶mWp kz´ambn icocs¯ sacp¡nsbSp¡Â. Xoä, Dd¡v, kwkmcw F¶nh Ipd¨pw \nkv Imchpw Zm\[Àahpw t\m¼pw s]cp¸n¨pamWv Cu kzbw kwkvIcWw km[yamt¡­Xv'' (cnkmeXp A¿pl heZv: 18).

Bßob Kpcphnsâ C_mZ¯ns\¸än Ncn{X¯n \n¶p [mcmfw ]mT§Ä e`n¡p¶XmWv. \nÀ_Ô IÀa§fnepw Xncp\_n(kz)bpsS kp¶¯pIfnepw bmsXm cp hogvNbpw hcp¯mXncn¡pIbmWp {][m\w. kÂIÀa \ncX\mbncn¡Ww ibvJv. ]qÀh Imes¯ alm·mcpsS PohnX¯n \n¶pw C¡mcyw hyàamIp¶XmWv. ibvJv Poem\n(d) icoAX\pkrX IÀa§Ä AÛpXmhlambn sIm­p \S¶ncp¶Xmbn ImWmw. \mÂ]Xp hÀjt¯mfw A´nbpd¡nÃmsX alm³ C _mZ¯n Ign¨pIq«nbXmbn Ncn{Xw ]dbp¶p. ibvJv A_qA_vZnÃm apl½Zv I\m\n(d) ]dbp¶p: B[ymß Úm\nIfpsS Kpcphmb A_qA_vZnÃm apl½Zv_v³ A_n ^Xlp lÀho(d) ]dbp¶Xmbn Rm³ tI«p: ""Fsâ Kpcp ibvJv Poem\n(d)\p Rm³ \mÂ]Xp hÀjw tkh\w sNbvXp. A¡mebfhn CimCs\Sp¯ hpfp apdnbmsX ibvJhÀIÄ kzp_vlv \nkvIcn¡pI ]Xnhmbncp¶p'' (_lvP: 85).

CXn\p kam\amb \nch[n kw`h§Ä ibvJnsâ PohnX¯n \n¶p²cn¡m\p­v. AXpt]mse Adnbs¸« asäÃm ibvJpamcpsS PohnX¯nepw C_mZ¯nsâ IWniXbpw [mcmfn¯hpw Is­¯mw. XzcoJXneqsS aäpÅhsc Bßob cwKt¯¡p B\bn¡p¶ alm]pcpj³ F¶ \ne¡v icoAXnsâ Pohn¡p¶ ]Xn¸mbn ibvJv amdWsa¶Xv GXp _p²nbpw k½Xn¡p¶XmWv. hen¿v BIWsa¦n Xs¶ \nÀ_ԧġp ]pdsa kp¶¯pIÄ hÀ[n¸n¡pIbmWv Bhiysa¶p lZokn ImWmw. hfsc {]kn²\mbn P\§Ä a\Ênem¡nb Hcp ibvJv Jn_vebpsS `mKt¯¡p Xp¸nbXp I­ A_qbkoZpÂ_nkvXzman(d) X§Ä A bmsf C¡mcy¯n hnizkn¡m³ sImÅnsöp ]dªp apJw ImWm³ CjvSs¸SmsX aS§nbXp Ncn{X¯n ImWmw. Xncp\_n(kz) X§Ä  Xp¸p¶ Imcy¯n ImWn¨p X¶ Hcp acymZ Hgnhm¡n F¶XmWv A_qbkoZv X§sf sNmSn¸n¨Xv. ibvJn\v idCu PohnXw F{Xt¯mfw thWsa¶v C¸dªXn \n¶p {Kln¡mw.

AKm[Úm\w, C_mZ¯n IWniX F¶ c­p Imcy§fn Xnf§m\mIm¯ hsc Hcp \ne¡pw XzcoJXnsâ t]cn alXzs¸Sp¯mhp¶XÃ. A§s\ alXzs¸Sp¯p¶Xp XzcoJXns\bpw icoAXns\bpw Hcpt]mse AhaXn¡p¶Xn\p XpeyamWv.

ta ]dªXn\p ]pdsa ibvJn\p­mbncnt¡­ \nch[n KpW§sf¡pdn¨p ]WvVnX·mÀ thsdbpw hnhcn¨Xmbn ImWmw. ibvJv A_vZp Akokv(d) D²cn¡p¶p: ""XÀ_nbXnsâ ibvJn\v Hcp]mSp _mlyKpW§Ä D­mbncn¡Ww. P\§sf kw_Ôn¨St¯mfw BtcmSpw \ockw ImWn¡m¯ a\Ênsâ DSabmhpI, kapZmb¯n Hcmfpw i{Xphmbn CÃmXncn¡pI, XnIª am\y\mhpI, Bsc¦nepw hÃXpw tNmZn¨m AXp \ÂIphm\pw Bsc¦nepw Xt¶mSv AhnthIw sNbvXm Ahs\ CjvSs¸Sphm\pw X¿mdmhpI, Xsâ apcoZpIfn \n¶p­mIp¶ ]nghpIÄ¡p am¸p \ÂIpI XpS§nbh A¡q«¯n NneXmWv. C¯cw e£W§Ä _mlyambn Xs¶ {]ISamIm¯h³ ibvJmhm³ ]änbh\Ã. CÂap ^nJvln \n¶pw CÂap¯uloZn \n¶pw th­{X Úm\w D­m bncn¡epw Cu Iq«¯n s]«XmWv. B´cnIþ_mlyÚm\§fn \n¶pw k ¼qÀW hnlnXw In«m¯h³ ibvJmbn h¶m Ahs\ ]n´pSÀ¶hÀ lemIn F¯m³ A[nI Zqcw k©cnt¡­Xmbn hcp¶XÃ'' (A C_vcokv: 235).

apl½Zv_v³ DaÀ(d) ]dbp¶p: ""kzq^o XzcoJXn ibvJnsâ ]Zhn alXzw \ndªXmIp¶p. icoAXnsâbpw lJoJXnsâbpw Úm\§Ä ka\zbn¨, kz`mh¯nepw A\pjvTm\¯nepw k¼qÀW\mb hyànXzs¯bmWp ibvJv F¶ \ne ¡v AhÀ AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv. ]cn]Izamb AIwImgvNbpsS ]n³_et¯msS AÃmlphnte¡p £Wn¡pIbpw Xs¶ ]n´pSÀ¶hsc kXy]mXbneqsS B\bn¡pIbpamWp ibvJnsâ ZuXyw. kXy¯n {]hmNIXz¯nsâ HcÀY¯nepÅ ]Ichpw {]mXn\n[yhpw hln¡pIbmWv Bßob Kpcp sN¿p¶Xv'' (aJmeXp¶mkznlo³: 62).

ibvJv apl½Zv Aao³þAÂIpÀZo(d) tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p: ""apÀinZn Xmsg ]dbp ¶ Imcy§Ä A\nhmcyamIp¶p. (1) Xsâ apcoZpIÄ¡p­mIp¶ kwib§Ä ZqcoIcn¡m\pXIp¶ hnizmkþIÀa imkv{X§fnse XnIª Adnhv. (2) lrZb¯nsâ tcmK§Ä AhbpsS acp¶pIÄ F¶nh Adnªncn¡pI. tZtlObpsS B]¯pIfpw Ah icns¸Sp¯m³ DXIp¶ in£W coXnIfpw Adnªncn¡pI. am\knI ]qÀWXbn apcoZns\ F¯n¡m\pXIp¶ Bßob t_m[w D­mbncn¡pI. (3) sam¯¯n apkvenItfmSpw hntijn¨p apcoZpItfmSpw ImcpWyhpw kvt\lhpw. (4) apcoZpIfn \n¶p Xt¶mSp {]ISamIp¶ NnÃd A]mIXIÄ I­nsöp \Sn¡m\Å klnjvWpX. (5) apcoZpIfpsS k¼¯n B{Klw sh¡mXncn¡epw AhcpsS ssIhiapÅXp In«Wsa¶p tamln¡mXncn¡epw. (6) ]dbp¶ Imcy§Ä A¸Sn {]hÀ¯n¡epw hne¡p¶ Imcy§Ä BZyw Xs¶ kzbw Dt]£n¡epw. (7) apcoZpIÄs¡m¯v Bhiy¯n\ÃmsX Ccn¡mXncn¡epw X§fpsS C_mZ¯v icnbmIm\pw No¯ Nn´IÄ t]mbnadbm\pw DXIp¶hn[w icoAXnsâbpw XzcoJXnsâbpw DÂt_m[\§Ä \ÂIÂ. (8) A\mhiy kwkmcw, Xami, tZtlOm\pkrX IrXy§Ä A\mhiy Nn´ F¶nhbn \n¶p ]msS apàamhÂ. (9) kz´w Imcy¯n klnjvWphmIepw Xs¶ BZcn¡Wsa¶pw AwKoIcn¡Wsa¶papÅ tamlw Dt]£n¡epw. (10) apcoZn\v Bhiyamb in£Ww \ÂIp¶Xn XnIª {i²mephmIÂ. (11) Bcpw IS¶phcm¯ hn[w X\n¡p am{Xambn GIm´ hmk¯n\pXIp¶ HcnSw D­mhÂ. (12) `cWIÀ¯m¡Ä, ]uc{]apJÀ XpS§nbhsc sN¶p ImWmXncn¡Â. C¯cw Ht«sd KpW§Ä Hcp ibvJn A\nhmcyamIp¶p. Hähm¡n ]dªm kzlm_nIÄ¡nSbn Xncp\_n(kz) hln¨ ]¦v apcoZpIÄ¡nSbn hln¡m³ ibvJv {]bXv\n¡Ww. Xncp\_n(kz)bpsS Ncybn AbmÄ amXrImtbmKy\mIWw (X³hodp Jpeq_v: 525þ527).

AlvaZvfznbmD±o³(d) D²cn¡p¶p: ""ibvJnsâ KpW§Ä A©mWv. hyàamb Bßob ip²n, icnbmb Úm\w, DbÀ¶ a\¡cp¯v, kwXr]vXamb AhØ, Xpfª AIwImgvN. C\n ]dbp¶ As©®w Bcnse¦nepw tafn¨m Ah³ ibvJmIm³ tbmKy\Ã. Zo³Imcy¯n AÚX, apkvenwIfpsS am\yX CSn¨p Xmgv¯Â, BhiyanÃm¯Xn CSs]SÂ, tZtlOsb ]n³]äÂ, No¯ kz`m hw'' (PmanDÂDkzqÂ: 18).

kzq^obpsS KpW§Ä hnhcn¡sh Camw KÊmen(d) FgpXp¶Xp ImWpI: ""kw kmc¯n ITn\ {]tbmK§Ä shSnbÂ, icoAXnsâ Úm\w apdpsI ]nSn ¡Â, {]bXv\w ]Xnhm¡Â, ]cn{iaw \nXyam¡Â, P\§fn \n¶v Häs¸SÂ, hkv{X§fn BÀ`mSw shSnbÂ, Xh¡p {]ISam¡Â, CÃmbvasb XncsªSp¡Â, kZmkab ZnIvÀ, klhÀXnXzw \¶m¡Â, Iuamc¡mcmb B¬Ip«nIsf ImWpt¼mÄ ZrjvSnXmgv¯Â, s]¬ kulrZw Hgnhm¡Â, JpÀB³ ]T\w Pzcam¡Â'' (AÂAZ_p ^n±o³: 7).

aX]cambn hnhcanÃm¯h\p ibvJmIm³ t]mbn«p hen¿v t]mepamIm³ hIp¸n sömWp ]WvVnXaXw. C_v\p lPdn lbvXan(d) ]dbp¶p: ""Adnªncn¡Â \nÀ_Ôamb Imcy§Ä ]Tn¡m¯h³ hen¿mIm³ AÀl\Ã. AXpsIm­p bmsXmcp hnhchpanÃm¯ Hcp¯³ hen¿mIWsa¶p AÃmlp Dt±in¨m Ah¶v BZyw ]Tn¡m\pÅ Ahkchpw a\:ØnXnbpw AÃmlp krjvSn¨p sIm Sp¡p¶XmWv. Ah ]Tn¨p {]mhÀ¯nIam¡p¶Xn\\pkcn¨v BßÚm\w \ In DbÀ¯pw. icoAXnsâ Úm\w hyhØm]nXambn ]Tn¡msX In«p¶XÃ. Camw C_v\p Ad^ amenIo(d) ]dbp¶p:

""icoAXnsâ AdnhpIÄ ]Tn¡msX In«nsöXv sFIyIWvtT\bpÅ A`n{]m bamIp¶p. AtXkabw HuenbmC\v CXn\¸pdw e`n¡p¶ Úm\w Bßob amWv. Ah Hcp am[ya¯m IcØamIp¶XÃ. AÃmlphnsâ ]¡Â \n¶pÅ HuZmcy¯m In«p¶XmWv'' (^XmhÂlZokn¿: 93).

Cu ]dªXn \n¶v c­p Imcy§Ä a\Ênembn. H¶vþ AXy´mt]£nXamb idCu Úm\§Ä hyhØm]nXambn ]Tn¡msX hen¿p­mInÃ. c­vþ A§s\ ]Tn¨p A\pjvTm\ \njvS D­mbm BßÚm\§Ä In«ns¡m­ncn ¡msXbpw henbp­mInÃ. hen¿nsâ hyhØ Xs¶ CXmsW¦n ]ns¶ ibv Jnsâ Imcyw ]dbm\nÃtÃm.

 

apdºnbmb ibvJv

CXphsc NÀ¨ sNbvXXp XzcoJXn ibvJn\p­mbncnt¡­ acymZIfmWtÃm. taÂ]dª KpW§Ä tafn¨ Kpcphns\bmWp kzq^o kmt¦XnI `mjbn "apdºnbmb ibvJv' F¶p ]dbp¶Xv. XzcoJXn ibvJv F¶p \ncp]m[nIw ]dªm AXp apdºnbmsW¶p a\Ênem¡Ww. ImcWw, XzcoJXns\ ]qÀWmÀY¯n {]m]n¡p¶h\pw {]Ncn¸n¡p¶h\pw apdºn BIWsa¶XmWp XXzw. ibvJp¯zcoJXv F¶Xp ibvJp¯À_nbXnsâ asämcp \maambn ]WvVnX·mÀ ]cnNbs¸Sp¯nbXn \n¶pw C¡mcyw hyàamIp¶XmWv.

ibvJp¯À_nbXmsW¶ hmZ¯nsâ ]Ým¯e¯nemWp ]e hymP XzcoJXpIfpw X§fpsS \mbI·msc AhXcn¸n¡p¶Xv. XÀ_nbXnsâ ibvJpamÀ ]c s¡ {]Xy£s¸SpIbpw Bßob in£W¯n\p t\XrXzw \ÂIpIbpw sN¿p¶psh¶v ChÀ hmZn¡p¶p. C¡mcy¯n B[nImcnIambn kwkmcn¡m³ AÀlXs¸«hÀ ibvJp¯À_nbXnsâ Cu s]cp¸s¯ AwKoIcn¨p ImWp¶nÃ. Camw AlvaZv kqdqJv(d)sâ ho£W{]Imcw XÀ_nbXnsâ ibvJpamÀ lnPvd: 800þ Xs¶ Xntcm[m\w sIm­n«p­v. XÀ_nbX F¶ teJ\¯n CXp kw_Ôamb hnhcWw ImWmw. kqdqJnsâ ho£Ws¯ icnsh¨v  Camw imenbmXn(d) ]dªXv, IÅ ibvJpamÀ s]cp¯Xp ImcWw k¼qÀW ibvJpamÀ Ds­¦n Xs¶ XÀ_nbXv \ndp¯nsh¨ncn¡p¶psh¶pw Imcy§Ä AhXmf¯nembXn\m AhÀ kz´w Imcy§Ä am{Xw t\m¡pIbmsW¶pw Bßob iànsIm­v Ahsc Is­¯m\mbm Xs¶ XÀ_nbXn\p \n¡msX X_ÀdpIn\p hÃXpw X¶v AhÀ XSn c£s¸Sp¯psa¶pamWv (^XmhÂAkvlcn¿: 1/55).

hkvXpX CXmbncns¡ apdºnbmb ibvsJ¶Xv C¡me¯p  kz]v\w am{XWv. G sX¦nepw temI¯v A§s\ HcmÄ Ds­¦nembn Ft¶ ]dbmhq. "A³JmAv' F¶v ]dbp¶ Hcp cm£k ]£ntbmSmWp ibvJp¯zcoJXns\ ]WvVnX·mÀ D]an¨ncn¡p¶Xv. ]qÀhoI {]hmNI·mcnsemcmfmb l³feXp_v³ k^vhmsâ Imes¯ a\pjydm©n ]£nbmWs{X A³JmAv. B ]£n C¶pt­m F¶Xv AÚmXamWv. Ds­¦n Xs¶ a\pjys\ dm©Â F¶ IrXyw AXp \nÀ¯nsh¨ncn¡pw. temI¯v FhnsSbpw A§s\ Hcp ]£n  Csöp ]dbm³ IrXyamb tcJbnÃ. Ds­¶p sh¡m³ Häs¸« a\pjydm©Â t]mepw \S¡p¶panÃ. Cu AhØbn D­mImw. ]t£, ]gb ]Wn D­mInà F¶p ]dbp¶Xp t]mse ibvJp¯À_nbXpw D­mIpw. ]t£, XÀ_nbXnsöpsh¡Ww FWm Wp ]WvVnX·mÀ hmZn¡p¶Xv. ibvJp¯À_nbXv Xosc Csöp ]dbm³ AhÀ ss[cys¸Sm¯Xv ]qÀh Ime§fn AhÀ D­mhpIbpw XÀ_nbXv hym]Iambn Xs¶ \S¶p hcnIbpw sNbvXncp¶Xp sIm­p am{XamWv.

apd_nbmb ibvJnsâ Xntcm`mhs¯¸än ]dbpt¼mÄ t\cs¯ Camw Jpibvcn  (d) cnkmebn D²cn¨Xp {]kvXmhyamWv. ]qÀWcmb XzcoJXnsâ ]WvVnX·mÀ Ipdªp h¶p F¶mWp alm³ Øm]n¨Xv. Cu bmYmÀYy§Ä XzcoJXnsâ IdIfªXpw bmYmÀYy]qcnXhpamb Imew Ignsª¶p t_m[ys¸Sp¯p¶p. Ct¸mÄ C¡mcy¯n Ahtijn¡p¶Xv GXm\pw kwÚIÄ am{XamWv. XzcoJXv, lJoJXv, ibvJv, apcoZv F¶n§s\ Ipsd t]cpIÄam{Xw \ne\n¡p¶p. {]kvXpX \ma§Ä s]mcpfdnbmsX {]tbmKn¡s¸SpIbpw sN¿p¶p.

 

ibvJv ]eXcw

XzcoJXn ibvJp¯À_nbXmWp {][m\w F¶p \mw ]dªp. F¶m s]mXphn ibvJv F¶ IoÀ¯n¡p tbmKycmbhÀ ]ecpaps­¶p ]WvVnX·mÀ ]dbp¶p. ibvJv AlvaZv kpdqJv(d) Xsâ JhmCZn ibvJpamsc aq¶mbn Xncn¨n«p­v. H¶v þ ibvJp¯À_nbXv Xs¶. c­mat¯Xv ibvJp¯ÀJnbbmIp¶p. apcoZns\ sRmSnbnSsIm­v Bßob elcnbn BdmSn¡m³ BhXpÅ ibvJmWnXv. XÀ_nbXnsâ ]Zhn {]m]n¨ht\ Cu Akm[mcWXz¯n\p Ignbq. XÀ_nbXv F¶ etJ\¯n Cu hnjbIambpÅ kqN\bp­v.

aq¶mat¯Xv ibvJp¯AveoamWv. C¶pw \ne\n¡p¶Xpw F¶pw \ne\nÂt¡­Xpamb Hcp Bßob KpcphmWp ibvJp¯Aveow. aXhn[nIÄ ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw icoAXnsâ kPohX Dd¸m¡pIbpw sN¿p¶ Cu hn`mKw aX]WvVnX·mcmbn {]hÀ¯n¡p¶hcmWv. ibvJp¯ÀJnbbpw XÀ_nbbpw {]hÀ¯\ tKmYbnenÃm¯ C¡me¯pw Cu Bßob Kpcp¡·mÀ At§bäs¯ {]m[m\yaÀln¡p¶hcmWv. ChcpsS \nÀtZi§Ä¡\pkcn¨p {]hÀ¯n¡Â apkvenw kapZmb¯n sâ _m[yXbmWv. kapZmb¯nsâ aX]camb Hu¶Xy¯n\v Bhiyamb {]hÀ ¯\§Ä \S¯Â ChcpsS ISabmIp¶p. hnÚm\kw_Ôamb NÀ¨bn \o­ hnhcWw C¡mcys¯¸än ImWmhp¶XmWv.

ibvJp¯Aveoansâ ZuXyw al¯mbXmWv. Hcn¡epw \ndp¯nsh¡m³ BIm¯Xpw {]hmNIXz¯nsâ ]n´pSÀ¨bmbn Xs¶ hcp¶XpamWXv. kaql¯nse km[mcW¡mcsâ GI B{ibw Cu hn`mKamIp¶p. \_n(kz)bpsS PohnXw Cu hn`mK¯n\v D¯a amXrIIÄ k½m\n¨n«p­v. Fs¶ Hcp apAÃnam¡n A Ãmlp ]dªb¨psh¶pw DeamAv \_namcpsS A\´cmhIminIÄ BsW¶psams¡bpÅ hN\§Ä CXn\p aXnbmb sXfnhmWv. ]WvVnX·mcpsS ZuXy s¯¡pdn¨p hnhcn¡sh \_n(kz) ]dªXv þ "kaql¯n ]p¯³ `mh§Ä {]ISamhpIbpw ]WvVnX·mÀ au\w ]men¡pIbpw sNbvXm AhÀ¡pta Cemlo im]ap­mIpsa¶mWv.' ibvJp¯Aveoansâ ISp¯ _m[yXsbbmWv \_n(kz) HmÀas¸Sp¯p¶Xv.

Zp:JIcsa¶p ]dbs«, ]ctemIs¯ ap¶n ImWp¶hcpw BßmÀYX ]peÀ¯p¶hcpamb ]WvVnX·mÀ¡p hsc c£bnÃm¯ ØnXnbmWp hfcp¶Xv. Hcp`mK¯p _nZvA¯pImÀ DeamCsâ hne CSn¨p Xmgv¯m³ Hcps¼«nd§nbncn¡p¶p. AÂ]w ]cnjvIcW t_m[apÅhÀ AXn AIs¸«p aXw \jvSs¸«hcmIp¶p. asämcp `mK¯p XzcoJXnsâ t]cn ]WvVnX hyqls¯ {]Xn¡q«n Ibäp¶ hntcm[`mkw \S¡p¶p. XzcoJXv hnjb¯n DeamDÈcoAXn\p bmsXmcp ]¦pansöpw AXpsIm­p XzcoJXnsâ t]cn hnizkn¡p¶Xpw BNcn¡p¶Xpamb Bib§Ä¡pw A\pjvTm\§Ä¡pw AhcpsS `mK¯p \n¶v At\zjW§fpw ]cmXnIfpw DbccpsX¶pamWv ChcpsS hmin. Cu ]Ým¯e¯n \nkzmÀYcmb ]WvVnX·mcpsS amäpc¨p ImWn¡pIbpw kaqls¯ Imcy£aambn t_m[h¡cn¡pIbpw sNt¿­Xv A\nhmcyamWv. AÃmXncp¶m \jvSamIp¶Xp hnip² Ckvemansâ ssNX\yamIpw. Hcp Imcy¯n\v ASnhcbnSpI. icoAXmIp¶ ]mX Xm­n thWw XzcoJXn ]cnekn¡m³. F¶ncns¡ F§s\bmWp XzcoJXn F¯ns¸« HcmÄ¡p icoAXns\tbm idCu ]WvVnX·msctbm AhKWn¡m³ IgnbpI?. BZchnsâbpw kvt\l¯nsâbpw It®msS ImWm\sà km[n¡q. Cu hhkvXpX kXyamb XzcoJXnsâ Ncn{X¯n \n¶p {Kln¡mhp¶XmWv. DJvdhnbmb ]WvVnX·msc sNdpXmbn ImWp¶hÀ¡p XzcoJX[njvSnXamb PohnXw Hcn¡epw km[yaÃ.

ibvJp¯Aveoansâ \nÀtZi¯n\pw D]tZi¯n\pw apXAÃnapw km[mcW¡mc\pw hne IÂ]n¡Ww. aX]camb apt¶ä§fn AhtcmSp \S¯p¶ apimhd hfsc hepXmWv. hnhcapÅhcpw CÃm¯hcpw XpeyamtWm F¶ hnip² JpÀBsâ tNmZyhpw \n§fn \n¶v Úm\nIsf A\pkcn¡Wsa¶ BÚbpw Cu Imcyw ASnhcbnSp¶p­v.

 

ibvJp¯_ÀdpIv

ibvJp¯_ÀdpIv F¶ t]cn Hcp hn`mKs¯ Nne ]WvvVnX·mÀ ]cnNbs¸Sp¯nbXp ImWmw. X_ÀdpIv F¶ ]Z¯nsâ AÀYw "]pWyw sImÅÂ' F¶mWv. P\§Ä¡p _dIXn\p th­n \nesImÅp¶ hyànXz§fmWnhÀ.  ibvJp CÀimZv F¶ t]cnepw ChÀ Adnbs¸Smdp­v.  CÀimZv F¶ ]Zw sIm­ÀYam¡p¶Xv k·mÀKZÀi\amWv. Cu ibvJnsâ ZuXyw injy·mÀ¡p {]tXyI ZnIvdpIfpw aäpw ]Tn¸n¡pIbpw Ah sNmÃm³ CPmkXv (A\phmZw) \ÂIpIbpw \à D]tZi§Ä \ÂIpIbpamWv.

ibvJp CÀimZv Hcn¡epw XzcoJXnsâ ibvJmIm³ tbmKy\Ã. AXn Ipd ª ]Zhn DÅ Hcp \maam{X Kpcphmbncn¡pw. XzcoJXnsâ ]n´pSÀ¨bpsS t] cn kXyhnizmknIÄ¡v Bizmkw ]Icp¶p F¶Xp am{XamWv Ct±l¯nsâ {]m[m\yw. AtX kabw CbmÄ NnÃd¡mc\mIm\pw ]mSnÃ.

ibvJp CÀimZn\pw  ]WvVnX·mÀ ]e \n_Ô\Ifpw ]dªXp ImWmw. AÊbv hÊpepIv F¶ {KÙ¯nse ]cmaÀiw ImWpI: ""kplrt¯, Adnªp sImÄI. ibvJp CÀimZv XnIª ]WvVnX\mIWw. apcoZn\v BhiyamIp¶, IÀaimkv{XaS¡apÅ AXymhiy Imcy§fn AhKmlw D­mbncn¡Ww. kap{Z kam\amb Zo\oÚm\w thWsa¶nÃ. F¦nepw apcoZnsâ kwib§Ä ¡p \nhmcWw \ÂIm³ Ignhp thWw. FÃmän\pw ]pdsa apcoZnsâ am\knI {]iv\§fpw N]eXIfpw Ahbv¡pÅ ]cnlmc§fpw {Kln¨ncn¡Ww'' (130, 131).

apIfn ]dªX\pkcn¨p ibvJp¯_ÀdpImh Xs¶ {iaIcamsW¶p hcp¶p. C¡me¯p XzcoJXnsâ t]cn {]kn²cmb henb alm·mÀ Xs¶ Cu ]Zhn AhImis¸SWsa¶nÃ. Hcp Imcyw ASnhcbnSmhp¶XmWv. XÀ_nbXnsâ bpKw Ahkm\n¨n«pw temI¯p \ne\n¡p¶psh¶p ]dbp¶ kXyamb XzcoJXpIÄ FÃmw Xs¶ kzoIcn¨p hcp¶Xp X_ÀdpInsâ \n_Ô\Ifpw \nba§fpw H¯ ibvJpamscbmWv.  AXn\I¯mWp IÅ\mWb§Ä tNt¡dnbncn¡p¶Xv. AXpsIm­p {]m]vXcmb ]WvVnX·mcpsS Ic§fn \n¶ÃmsX XzcoJX[njvTnX X_ÀdpIv kzoIcn¡mhp¶XÃ.

ibvJp CÀimZv apcoZpIÄ¡p amXrIbpw amÀKZÀinbpambn«mWp \nesImtÅ­Xv. bYmÀY¯n ]ctemI ]WvVnXsâ ZuXyamWv AbmÄ \nÀhln¡p¶Xv. AXn\v Hcp {]tXyI XzcoJXnsâ ]c¼cmKX ImÀ¡iy§fpw \nÀ_Ô§fpw \S¸n hcp¯ntb¡mhp¶XmWv. F´mbncp¶mepw c­p Imcy§Ä ASnØm\ambn ImWWw. H¶p GXp \nÀ_Ô§fpw \nba§fpw icoA¯[njvTnXamIWw. c­mat¯Xv ]mWvVnXyhpw AXnsâ ASbmfhpw D­mhpIbpw thWw.

ibvJp CÀimZv apcoZpIÄ¡p \ÂInhcp¶ ZnIvdpIÄ Xncp\_n(kz) ]Tn¸n¨htbm ]Tn¸n¨Xnsâ ]mÝm¯e¯n hcp¶htbm Bbncn¡Ww. AÃmsX kz´w XÂ]cy¯nsâbpw CObpsSbpw ]n³_e¯m ]WnXp­m¡nbh BIcpXv. kXyamb XzcoJXnsâ ]mXbn k©cn¨ alm·mÀ¡p am{Xta kXy¯n CPmk¯n\p km[n¡q. A¯c¡mcn \n¶p In«p¶ AZvImdpIÄ PohnX¯n amä§Ä hcp¯m\pw DXIpw.

ibvJp CÀimZpamÀ C¡me¯p hfsc IqSpXep­mImsa¶p hnizkn¡p¶Xpw A_²amWv.  Ahcpw \maam{XamsW¶XmWp kXyw. t]cpIfn am{XamWv A[nIhpw Pohn¡p¶Xv. A]qÀh§fn A]qÀhamtb bYmÀY KpW hntij§Ä DÅhÀ ImWq. 

 

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