(1)
dafzm³ t\m¼nsâ ]IÂ kab¯v IcpXn¡q«n ssewKnI _Ô¯nteÀs¸Sp¶Xv sImv t\m¼v
Akm[phmIpw {]mbÝn¯hpw \nÀ_ÔamIpw. "dafzm\nse kwkÀKw' F¶ teJ\w t\m¡pI.
aäv Nne ImcW§Ä sImpw t\m¼v Akm[phmIp¶XmWv. AXv hniZoIcn¡pIbmWnhnsS.
(2) t\m¼pImc\msW¶ t_m[hpw \njn²amsW¶ Adnhpw DÅtXmsS IcpXn¡q«n OÀ±n¡pI.
OÀ±n h¶h\v t\m¼v JzfmAv hot«Xnsöpw Dm¡n OÀ±n¨h\mWv JzfmAv hot«sX¶papÅ
kzlolmb lZokmWv CXn\v tcJ.
F¶m ASp¯
Ime¯v CkvemamtÇjn¨ hyànbmhpI, ]WvVnX·mcn \n¶pw ZqscbpÅ Øe¯v Pohn¡pI
XpS§nb {]Xn_Ô§fpÅ km[mcW¡mc\pw t\m¼pImc\msW¶ Im cyw ad¶h\pw _em¡mc¯n\v
hnt[bambh\pw D]cypà Imcy§fpw tijw hniZoIcn¡p¶ Imcy§fpw sN¿p¶Xv sImv
t\m¼v apdnbpIbnÃ.
Dm¡n OÀ±n¡p¶hsâ
hmbbn \n¶v Hcp hkvXphpw DÅnte¡v Cd§nbn«nsöpd¸mbmepw t\m¼v apdnbpI
Xs¶ sN¿pw. Dm¡n OÀ±n¨psh¶XmWv ImcWw. DÅnte¡v AXn \n¶v hÃXpw {]thint¨m
CÃtbm F¶ ]cnKW\ ChnsSbnÃ.
F¶mÂ
Xebn \nt¶m DÅn \nt¶m I^w ImÀ¡ns¨Sp¯v ]pdt¯¡v Xp¸n¡fbp¶Xv sImv t\m¼v
apdnbp¶XÃ. AXv OÀ±n Dm¡eÃtÃm. ]t£, hmbbpsS ]cn[nbntes¡¯nb tijw Xp¸m³
kuIcyambn«pw Xp¸n¡fbmsX DÅnte¡v Cd§nt¸mbm t\m¼v Akm[phmIpsa¶Xn ]WvVnX·mÀ¡nSbnÂ
]£m´canÃ.
Cu¨
icoc¯n\I¯p {]thin¨mÂ
t\m¼pImcsâ hbäntet¡m atäm AdnbmsX Cu¨ {]thin¨m t\m¼p apdnbpIbnÃ. F¶m
 AXns\ ]pds¯Sp¡m³ thn Dm¡n OÀ±n¨m t\m¼p \jvSs¸Spw. Cu¨bpsS {]thiw
aqew ITn\ambn {]bmks¸Sp¶ hyàn¡v Cu¨sb ]pds¯Sp¡mw. AXp ^Àfzv t\m¼msW¦nÂ
JzfzmAv ho«Â \nÀ_ÔhpamWv (Xplv^: 3/403).
t\m¼pImcsâ DÅn t]mb Cu¨ t\m¼p apdnbp¶ ]cn[nbn Ibdntbm F¶p kwibn¨mÂ
AXns\ ]pd¯pNmSn¡mw. AXpaqew t\m¼p apdnbnÃ. am{XhpaÃ, t\m¼p apdnbp¶ ]cn[nbnte¡p
Ibdpsa¶p `b¶m ^Àfzv t\m¼pImc\msW¦n \nÀ_Ôambpw NmSn¡Ww. DÅnte¡p
Ibdpsa¶p I I^w ]pd¯p NmSn¡p¶Xp t]mse¯s¶bmWv ChnsSbpw (iÀhm\n: 3/403).
t\m¼pImcsâ DÄ`mKw
(3) a\pjyicoc¯nÂ
\n¶v, km[mcWKXnbn DÄ`mKw F¶v ]dbs¸Sp¶ Øe§fnte¡v hà XSnbpw tNcp¶Xv
sImpw t\m¼v apdnbp¶XmWv. DÄ`mKw F¶m Xetbm«n, sNhn, ape¡®v, hbÀ,
enwKm{Kw, ]n³Zzmcw F¶nhbpsS DÄ`mKhpw Xcnaq¡v, Ad_n A£c§fnse Bdma¯Xnsâ
DdhnSw (Ipdp\m¡v), ImepIÄ Ip¯s\ sh¨ncn¡pt¼mÄ tbm\nbn \n¶v shfnhmIp¶ `mKw
F¶nhIÄ¡¸pdw, izmk\mfw, A¶\mfw, aq{Xmibw, IpS F¶nhbmWv (Xplv ^ 3/399,
402, 403, apKv\n 1/427, 428, C'B\¯v 2/228, 229, 231, iÀlp_m^fv &
IpÀZn 2/175, 176, C_v\p Jmknw (BinbXp¯plv^) 3/402, iÀhm\n 3/400, 402,
403).
\mhn hÃ
km[\hpw sh¨Xv ImcWw {]kvXpX km[\¯nsâ cpNn am{Xtam aW¯ hkvXphnsâ hmk\
am{Xtam DÅnte¡v tNcp¶Xv sImv t\m¼v apdnbp¶nÃ. cpNn, hmk\ XpS§nbh XSn
AsöXmWv ImcWw.
]pIhen
F¶m ]pIbn¸n¡pI,
]pI hen¡pI XpS§nbhbneqsS DÅnte¡v ]pI tNcp¶Xv sImv t\m¼v apdnbptam?
\ap¡v ]cntim[n¡mw.
]pI km[mcWKXnbn Hcp XSnbmbn ]cnKWn¡s¸Sm¯Xn \m ta ]dªh sImv t\m¼v
apdnbnsöv ]dbp¶hcpv. F¶m taÂ]dªhbneqsS ]pI DÅnte¡v F¯nbm XSn Xs¶bmWv
DÅnte¡v tNcp¶sX¶pw AXpsImv t\m¼v apdnbp¶XmsW¶papÅ A`n{]mbamWv {]_ew.
hmkvXhhpw CXv Xs¶. ssiJv 'Aen¿p_v\p Pamen a¡n, _Àamhn, AÃmam
A_vZpÃmln_v\p k'CuZv, C_v\pJzmknw, _mPqcn, C_v\pknbmZv (d.lpw.) XpS§nb
]WvVnX·mÀ {]kvXmhn¨XmWv C¡mcyw.
DÄ`mKw
F¶p]dbm³ ]äm¯ hn[w amwkw \ndªp\n¡p¶ icoct]inIÄ, aÖ \ndªp\n¡p¶ FÃnsâ
B´cnI`mKw XpS§nb Øe§fnte¡v I¯n t]msebpÅh Xmgv¯p¶Xv sImv t\m¼v
apdnbpIbnÃ. C¡mcyw Xplv^bn C_v\plPÀ(d) {]kvXmhn¨n«pv.
C©Ivj³
ta ]dªX\pkcn¨v
aknente¡v ASn¡p¶ C©Ivj³ sImv t\m¼v apdnbnsöv hyàamIp¶p. F¶mÂ
Rc¼nte¡v Ibäp¶ C©Ivj³, ¥qt¡mkv, càw XpS§nbh sImv t\m¼v apdnbpsa¶mWv ]WvVnX
]£w. km[mcWKXnbn DÄ`mKw F¶p ]dbm³ ]äp¶ `m Kw ta hkvXp¡Ä Ibäp¶
Rc¼pIÄ¡ps¶XmWv ImcWw. hà hkvXphpw Ign¨p sIm v t\m¼v \ãs¸Sp¯msXbpw `£Ww
Dt]£n¨p sImv £oWn¡msXbpw t\m¼v e`yamIm³ ¥qt¡mkv Ibänbm aXnbmIpsa¶ [mcW
\ncÀYIamsW¶v ta hniZoIcW¯n \n¶v hyàambn.
aÖ FÃnsâ
DÄ`mK¯v \ndªp \n¡p¶Xv t]mse càhpw Rc¼nsâ DÄ`mK¯v \ndªp \n¡p¶Xv sImv
km[mcWKXnbn DÄ`mKw F¶p]dbm³ ]äp¶ hn[¯nepÅ Hcp `mKw Rc¼n\nsöXmWv
NnecpsS \ymboIcWw. CXv icnbÃ. Imcyw taÂ]dªXv t]msebmsW¦n aÖ FÃnsâ
DÅn \nÝeambn \n¡p¶ t]mse càhpw Rc¼pIÄ¡pÅn \nÝeambn \nÂt¡nbncp¶p.
adn¨v AXv Ft¸mgpw Nen¨p sImncn¡pIbmWv. AXpt]mse Xs¶ AXnte¡v Ibäp¶ càw,
¥qt¡mkv, acp¶v apXembhbpw Nen¨v sImncn¡p¶p.
F¶mÂ
Dan\ocv Cd¡p¶Xv sImv t\m¼v apdnbpIbnÃ. ]t£, C¸dªXv Dan\ocnsâ DdhnSamb
hmbn \n¶v t\sc DÅnte¡v Xs¶ Cd§nt¸mbmemWv. {]XypX, \mhnt·embn«ÃmsX ]pd¯ph¶
Xp¸p\ocv hopw DÅnte¡v Cd¡nbm t\m¼v apdnbpI Xs¶ sN¿pw. hmbnÂ
Dmbncns¡mncn¡p¶ Xp¸p\ocv Xp¸n¡fbmsX Ah Hcpan¨p IqSnb tijw AIt¯¡v
Cd¡p¶Xv sImpw t\m¼v apdnbp¶nÃ.
F¶mÂ
Dan\ocv Cd¡p¶Xv sImv t\m¼v apdnbpIbnsöv ]dªXv ]Ãnsâ Du\v s]m«nb càw
t]msebpÅh sImv AXv \Pkmbn«nsænemWv. {]XypX, \Pkmbn«ps¦n AXv Cd¡p¶Xv
sImv t\m¼v apdnbp¶XmWv. cà¯nsâ Hcp IeÀ¸panÃm¯ hn[w Xp¸p\oÀ sXfnªncp¶mepw
icn. \PkmbtXmsS AXv A\yhkvXphnsâ Øm\¯msb¶XmWv ImcWw. C¸dªXv km[mcW Du³
s]m«n càw hcp¶Xv sImv hnja¯nembn«nsænemWv. C\n hnjakÔnbneIs¸«h\msW¦nÂ
AXpsImv t\m¼v apdnbp¶XÃ. \nb{´n¡m\mIm¯Xv Xs¶ ImcWw.
F¶mÂ
hpfzqAv FSp¡p¶ kab¯v hmbn shÅw sIm¹n¡pt¼mÄ Xp¸p\otcmsSm¸w shůnsâ
IeÀ¸pmbm AXv DÅnte¡v Cd¡p¶Xv aqew t\m¼v apdnbpIbnÃ. Xp¸n¡fbm³
km[yamsW¦nepw icn. AXns\ kq£n¡pI hnjaIcamsW¶XmWv ImcWw.
sNhn,
aq¡v, aq{XZzmcw F¶nhbneqsS icoc¯nsâ DÅnte¡v acp¶v Dän¡pI, aeZzmc¯neqsS
acp¶v IbäpI XpS§nb ImcW§Ä sImpw t\m¼v apdnbp¶XmWv.
km[mcWKXnbn a\pjyicoc¯n \n¶v DÄ`mKw F¶v ]dbs¸Smhp¶ `mKt¯¡v hà XSn
bpw tNcp¶Xv sImv t\m¼v apdnbpsa¶v kµÀiIÀ a\Ênem¡nbtÃm. F¶m A¸dªXv
Xpd¡s¸« Zzmc¯neqsS Ah DÅnte¡v F¯nbmemWv. At¸mÄ Xebnepw icoc¯nepw F®
tX¡p¶Xn\m tcmaIq]§Ä¡nSbneqsS Ah DÅnte¡v {]thin¡p¶Xv sImv t\m¼v
apdnbp¶nÃ. AXnsâ {]Xn^e\w DÅnte¡v F¯nbmepw icn. A{]Imcw Xs¶ I®nÂ
kpdpabnSp¶Xv sImpw t\m¼v apdnbpIbnÃ. ]of¡pgnbpsS sNdnb Zzmc¯n\pÅneqsS
kpdpabpsS IpfnÀa sXmbn F¯p¶ps¦nepw icn. Chsbm¶pw Xpd¡s¸« Zzmc§fsöXmWv
ImcWw. F¶m Xpd¡s¸« Zzmcw sImpt±in¡p¶Xv krjvSn¸n Xs¶ DÅXv am{XaÃ,
Ir{Xnaambn ]n¶oSv Dm¡s¸«Xpw AXnepÄs¸Spw. AXpsImmWv Xet¨mdnte¡v F¯pw
hn[tam hbänte¡v F¯pw hn[tam I¯nt]msebpÅh Xmgv¯nbmepw t\m¼v Akm[phmIp¶Xv.
hgnbnse
s]mSn]Se§Ä, tKmX¼v, Acn XpS§nbhbpsS t\cnb s]mSnIÄ XpS§nbh DÅnte¡v F¯p¶Xv
sImv t\m¼v apdnbpIbnÃ. Ah kq£n¡Â {]bmkIcambXmWv ImcWw. At¸mÄ ]ns¶
DÅntes¡¯nbXv A¸tam IqSpXtem F¶ ]cnKW\bnÃ. AhnNmcnXambn Ibdp¶Xv
kw_Ôn¨mWn¸dbp¶Xv. CX\pkcn¨v s]mSn]Se§fpmIp¶ knaâv, amÀ_nÄ XpS§nbhbpsS
DXv]mZ\ tI{µ§fnepw ssdkvanÂ, tkman XpS§nb Øm]\§fnepw tPmensN¿p¶hcpsS
izmk¯neqsS AhnNmcnXambn s]mSnIÄ Ibdnt¸mIp¶Xv sImv t\m ¼v apdnbnsöv
hcp¶p.
ap§n¡pfn¡Â
F¶mÂ
ap§n¡pfn¡p¶hsâ DÅnte¡v shÅw F¯nbm t\m¼v apdnbp¶XmWv. AhnNmcnXambn
IbdnbXmbmepw icn. adn¨v shÅw Hgn¨p Ipfn¡p¶hsâ DÅnte¡v AhnNmcnXambn
Ibdp¶Xv sImv t\m¼v apdnbp¶nÃ. t\m¼pImcs\ At]£n¨v ap§n¡pfn¡p¶Xv
hne¡s¸«Xpw shÅw icoc¯nsemgn¨v Ipfn¡p¶Xv hne¡s¸Sm¯XpamWv. ap§p¶Xv sImv
Xs¶ t\m¼v apdnbpsa¶ \ne¡Ã DÅnte¡v shÅw tN cm³ AXv ImcWamIp¶p F¶Xv
sImmWv. At¸mÄ DÅnte¡v shÅw tNcmsX ap§nbXv sImv t\m¼v apdnbnÃ.
AÀikv (aqe¡pcp)
aqehym[nbpÅh\n \n¶v ]pd¯phcp¶ aqew DÅnte¡v Xs¶ Ibdp¶Xv sImv t\m¼v ap
dnbp¶nÃ. C{]Imcw Xs¶bmWv Ah³ Ibänbmepw. \nhr¯nbnÃm¯Xn\memWXv. F¶mÂ
càw t]msebpÅ Aip²amb hà hkvXp¡fpw AXnsâta Ds¶ncn¡s«. F¦n AXn s\
Ibäp¶Xv sImv t\m¼v apdnbptam CÃtbm F¶ Imcy¯n c`n{]mbapv. t\m¼v
apdnbnsö A`n{]mb¯n\mWv {]m_eyw. Cu c`n {]mbw Xs¶ {]kvXpX Aip²
hkvXp¡fpÅ aqew IgpIp¶Xv sImv hnjaansænemWv. {]XypX hnjaaps¦n IgpIp¶Xnsâ
ap¼pXs¶ Ibäp¶Xv sImv t\m¼v apdnbnsöv Dd¸n¨v ]dbm\mIpw.
hpfzqCsâ
kp¶XpIfmb hmbn shÅw sIm¹n¡pI, aq¡n shÅw Ibän¨oäpI F¶nhbneqsS shÅw
DÅnte¡v tNÀ¶m t\m¼v apdnbpw. F¶m apdnbpsa¶v ]dªXv t\m¼pImc\v
hne¡s¸«hn[w AanXambn sNbvXn«ps¦nemWv. Csæn t\m¼v apdnbm¯XmIp¶p.
]t£, hmb \Pkmbn«ps¦n AXnsâ ipNoIcW¯n\pthn IgpIpt¼mÄ B[nIyw {]hÀ¯n¡Â
A\nhmcyambXv sImv AhnNmcnXambn shÅw DÅnte¡v tNÀ¶m t\m¼v apdnbpIbnÃ.
cm{Xn
Ign¨ `£W¯nsâ AhinjvS§Ä ]ÃpIÄ¡nSbn X§n\n¶psh¶ncn¡s«. F¶m AhnNmcnXambn
Xp¸p\ocnt\mSv IqsS B AhinjvS§Ä DÅnte¡nd§nbm t\m¼v apdnbp¶XÃ. Xp¸p\ocnÂ
\n¶v Ahsb thÀXncn¨v Hgnhm¡m³ km[yambnsænemWn¸dªXv. {]XypX
km[yamhpIbpw F¶n«v AXns\ Hgnhm¡mXncn¡pIbpw sNbv Xm AXv Cd§p¶Xv sImv
t\m¼v apdnbpI Xs¶sN¿pw.
Npw_\hpw
t\m¼pw
(4) ip¢w
]pds¸Sphn¡p¶Xv sImpw t\m¼v apdnbp¶XmWv. ]pds¸Sphn¨Xv A\phZ\obamb
amÀtKWtbm AÃm¯ amÀtKWsbt¶m F¶pÅ hyXymkanÃ. C{]Imcw Xs¶ kv]Ài\w, Npw_\w
XpS§nb ImcW§fm ip¢w ]pds¸«mepw t\m¼v apdnbpw. icockv]Ài\t¯msS `mcybpsam¶n¨v
InS¶ ImcW¯m C{µnbw ]pds¸«mepw XssYh. F¶m adtbmSv IqSnbp Å kv]Ài\w,
hnImct¯msSbpÅ ZÀi\w, Nn´ XpS§nb ImcW§fm ip¢w ]pds¸Sp¶Xv sImv t\m¼v
apdnbp¶nÃ. hpfzqCs\ apdn¡pw hn[apÅ kv]Ài\w CÃm¯Xn\m kz]v\ kvJe\t¯mSmWv
CXn\v kmayXbpÅXv. hnImcs¯ C¡nfns¸Sp¯p¶ Npw_\w t]msebpÅh t\m¼pImc\v
Idml¯mIpsa¶mWv \nbaw. ^Àfzv t\m¼mWv A\pjvTn¡p¶sX¦n l dmansâ
IpäapÅ(Xlvcoansâ) IdmlXv Xs¶bmIpw.
icoc¯nÂ
sIm¯n {hWs¸Sp¯ntbm sIm¼psht¨m càw FSp¡p¶Xv sImv t\m ¼v apdnbp¶XÃ. ]t£
C¶s¯ B[p\nI kwhn[m\a\kcn¨v càsaSp¡p¶Xv sIm v t\m¼v apdnbpsa¶mWv
ap³hniZoIcW¯nsâ XmXv]cyw. càsaSp¯psh¶XÃ {]iv\w. {]XypX Rc¼nsâ DÅnte¡v
kndn©v {]thin¨psh¶XmWv (Xplv^ iÀhm\n klnXw 3/397 apXÂ 413 hsc t\m¡pI).
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