tX\o¨, Nne´n, sImXpIv, Xhf,
Ddp¼v, \m¡menIÄ, CgP´p¡Ä, ]dhIÄ XpS§nb hnhn[ P´p kaql§sf¡pdn¨p JpÀB³
]cmaÀin¡p¶p. PohnIfpsS kwLt_m[w, PohnX{Iaw, AXnibn¸n¡p¶ Xc¯nepÅ AhbpsS
{]hÀ ¯\§Ä, ]mepÂ]mZ\w XpS§nb Imcy§fnte¡mWv JpÀB³ a\pjysâ
{i²bmIÀjn¡p¶Xv. amXrIbv¡p GXm\pw kqà§Ä ChnsS D²cn¡p¶p.
hnhn[ Xcw Pohn hÀK§fpsS
AkvXnXzw JpÀB³ C§s\ shfns¸Sp¯p¶p : ""`qanbnse GXp Pohnbpw Ccp
NndIpIfn ]d¡p¶ ]£nbpw \n§sft¸mepÅ kaql§fmIp¶p'' (6: 38).
tX\o¨bpsS PohnXcoXnbnte¡v
shfn¨w hoip¶ hN\w: ""\nsâ \mY³ tX\o¨IÄ¡v t_m[\w \ÂIn. aeIfnepw
ac§fnepw a\pjy³ sI«nbpbÀ¯p¶hbnepw IqSpm¡pI. F¶n«v FÃmXcw ^e§fn \n¶pw
Blcn¡pI. \nsâ \mY³ kuIcys¸Sp¯n¯¶ k©mc amÀK§fn {]thin¡pI. AhbpsS
DZc§fn \n¶p hnhn[ hÀW§fnepÅ ]m\obw ]pd¯phcp¶p. AXn a\pjyÀ¡v tcmKia\apv.
Nn´n¡p¶hÀ¡v XoÀ¨bmbpw AXn ZrjvSm´ap '' (16:68, 69)
Nne´nIÄ s\¿p¶ heIfnte¡v JpÀB³
{i²bmIÀjn¡p¶p:""hoSpIfn Gähpw ZpÀ_ew Nne´nIfptSXp Xs¶'' (29:41). ""hnlmbÊnÂ
]d¡p¶ ]dhIfnte¡v AhÀ t\m¡p¶ntÃ? AÃmlphÃmsX Ahsb ]nSn¨p\nÀ¯p¶nÃ'' (16 :
79). C§s\bpÅ ]cÈXw kqà§Ä P´pimkv{X]T\¯nte¡p hgnXpd¶p.
P´pimkv{X]T\w apkvenw \mKcnIXbnÂ
apkvenwIfpsS P´pimkv{X]T\w
AXnsâ hnimeamb AÀY¯n CkvemanI \mKcnIXbpsS apgph³ hi§sfbpw DÄs¡mÅp¶p.
\nbaaoamwk, kmlnXyw, Ie, sshZyhnÚm\w F¶nh AXnsâ ]cn[nbn hcp¶p.
ImenIsf hfÀ¯n Pohn¨ncp¶ Ad_nIÄ¡v t\cs¯Xs¶ arK§fpsS kz`mhhpw
PohnXcoXnIfpw kp]cnNnXambncp¶p. Atd_ybntebpw t]Àjybntebpw D¯cm{^n¡bntebpw
\mtSmSnIfmb apkvenwIÄ¡v arK§sf¡pdn¨v IqSpXÂ Adnhpt\Sm³ {]bmkapmbncp¶nÃ.
\nXyPohnX¯nsâ `mKambn arK§sf AhÀ¡v CW¡n FSpt¡Xpmbncp¶p. H«Iw, IpXnc
F¶o arK§sf¡pdn¨v Ad_nIÄ¡v \Ã Úm\apmbncp¶p. Cu ]mc¼cyhpw {Ko¡v, t]Àjy³
\mKcnIXIfnÂ\n¶p kzmwioIcn¨ Adnhpw apkvenwIfpsS P´p hnÚm\ob¯n\v apX ¡q«mbn¯oÀ¶p.
AcntÌm«nensâ "lntÌmdnb B\nameobw' F¶IrXn blvb C_v\p lXvco¡v
Ad_nbnte¡v XÀPa sNbvXp. Xntbm\nkntämknsâ P´pimkv{X IrXnbpw knÀdpÂ
JmenJm¯v F¶t]cn Ad_nbnte¡v samgnamäw sN¿s¸SpIbpmbn. {Ko¡v IrXnIfnÂ
\n¶v hyXykvXambn Ct´mþt]Àjy³ \mKcnIXIfn arK§Ä IYm]m{X§fmbn
AhXcn¡s¸«ncp¶p. kwkvIrX¯n \n¶v ]lvehnbnte¡pw ]n¶oSv Ad_nbnte¡pw
samgnamdnh¶ Ieoex hZnw\ CXn\pZmlcWamWv. C´ybntem t]Àjybntem P´p¡fpsS
icocLS\sb¡pdn¨v ]T\w \S¶ncp¶nÃ.
apkvenw temI¯v BZyIme
P´pimkv{X]T\§Ä hnjbam¡nbncp¶Xv H«Is¯bpw IpXncsbbpamWv. A_q\fvÀ C_v\pkpssaÂ,
AÂ AkvaCu, C_v\p Ad_n, A_q Dss_Zv C_v\pkemw, A_qlmXnw knPnkvXm\n,
Pm_nÀ C_v\p lbq F¶nhÀ P´pimkv{XhnjbIambn FgpXnbn«pv. apAvXknen
ssZhimkv{XImc·mcmb _nivÀ C_v\p apAvXanÀ, A_q CkvlmJv \Åmw F¶nhÀ
P´pimkv{X¯n {]tXyIw XmXv]cyw ImWn¨ncp¶p. F¶m P´pimkv{Xw ssIImcyw
sNbvXncp¶ Gähpw henb apAvXknen {KÙImc³ {]ikvX kmlnXyImc\mb Pmlnfv BWv.
At±l¯nsâ "InXm_p lbhm³' BWv apkvenw temIs¯ Gähpw {]ikvX P´pimkv{X {KÙw.
Ad_nþt]Àjy³þ{Ko¡v t{kmXÊpIfn \n¶pÅ apgph³ hnhc§fpw AXn kamlcn¨n«pv.
AcntÌm«nensâ \nco£W§Ä Pmlnfv Xsâ IrXnbn \ncq]W hnt[bam¡n. 350
arK§sf¡pdn¨v At±lw ]T\w \S¯pIbpw AhbpsS kz`mh KpW§Ä, BIrXn F¶nhsb¡pdn¨v
\mev C\§fnembn hniZoIcn¡pIbpw sNbvXn«pv. arK a\ximkv{X¯nepw At±lw
AXoh XÂ]c\mbncp¶p. ]mÝmXy P´pimkv{XImc·mÀ Pmlnfn\v BNmcy]Zhn \ÂInbn«pv.
AÂIn³Zn, ^mdm_n F¶nhcpw
P´pimkv{Xw ssIImcyw sNbvXhcmWv. C_v\p JpssXz_bpsS lp¿p\Â AIv_mssd³ F¶
IrXn P´pimkv{X¯n\v {]m[m\yw \ÂInbn«pv. CJvhm\pÊ^bpsS ZoÀLamb Hcp
cnkme arK§sf¡pdn¨mWv. D¬abpsS ka{KN{I¯nsâ `mKambmWv AhÀ arK§sf ImWp¶Xv.
C_v\pko\bpsS InXm_pÈn^mbn arK§fpsS icocimkv{Xhpw a\ximkv{Xhpw
khnkvXcw {]Xn]mZn¨n«pv. C_v\pdpivZpw C_v\p_mPbpw CÆnjbIambn
FgpXnbhcmWv. AcntÌm«nensâ P´pimkv{Xkn²m´§Ä¡v C_v\p dpivZv hymJym\w
cNn¨p. lnPvdx Ggmw iXI¯nsâ HSphnepw F«mw iXI¯nsâ Bcw`¯nepambn
P´pimkv{XhnÚm\tImi§Ä cNn¡s¸«p.
Iamep±o³ ZaocnbpsS lbm¯pÂ
lbhm³ A Ip_vd bmWv F«mw iXI¯nepmb Gähpw {][m\s¸« apkvenw
P´pimkv{X{KÙw. CXn\v t]Àjybnepw XpÀ¡nbnepw ]cn`mjIfpmbn.
apkvenwIÄ¡nSbn Cu ]pkvXIw hfsc thKw {]Nmcw t\Sn. JpÀB\n ]cmaÀin¨
arK§sf¡pdn¨v IqSpXednbp¶Xn\v apkvenw ]WvVnX·mÀ Cu {KÙs¯ Ahew_n¨ncp¶p.
CuPn]vjy³ ]WvVnX\mb Pemep±o³ kpbqXzn Cu {KÙ¯n\v ]Zycq]¯nepÅ kw{Klw
Xbmdm¡n. ]n¶oSnXn\v emän³ ]cn`mjbpmbn. CkvemanItemIs¯ Gähpw ka{Kamb
P´pimkv{X{KÙambncp¶p ZancnbptSXv.
apKÄ N{IhÀ¯n PlmwKoÀ Xsâ
XpkvsI PlmwKodn/PlmwKoÀ \mabn arK§sf¡pdn¨v hfsc {i²tbmsS hnhcn¡p¶pv.
apkvenw IYmImc·mÀ arK§sfbpw ]£nIsfbpw X§fpsS BibmhnjvImc¯n\v h³tXmXnÂ
am[yaam¡nbn«pv. Bßob At\zjW¯nsâ amÀK¯nepw CtX am[yaw Xs¶
Ahcp]tbmKn¡pIbpmbn. ^nÀZuknbpsS jmlv\ma, Hu^nbpsS PhmanDÂ lnImbm¯v
F¶o {KÙ§fn ]£nIfpw arK§fpw IYm]m{X§fmWv. kq^n kmlnXy¯nepw arK§Ä¡v {]tXyIw
Øm\apv. k\mCbpsS lZoJ¯p lJoJ, A¯zmdnsâ a³XnJpssXzÀ, dqanbpsS akv\hn,
PmanbpsS _lmcnkvXm³ apXembh DZmlcWw.
th«bmSÂ apXÂ acp¶p \nÀamWw
hscbpÅ Imcy§fn arK§Ä¡v {]mtbmKnI {]m[m\yw IÂ]n¡s¸«ncp¶psh¶p ImWmw.
arK§sf NnInÕn¡p¶Xn\pw apkvenw sshZy·mÀ {]tXyIw ]T\w \S¯nbncp¶p.
{]IrXn k´pe\¯n kky§sfbpw [mXp¡sfbpw
t]mse Hc\nhmcyLSIamWv P´ptemIhpw F¶v apkvenwIÄ a\Ênem¡nbncp¶p.
arK§sf¡pdn¨ ]T\¯n\v Ahsb {]mtbmKnImhiy¯n\v D]tbmKs]Sp¯pI F¶ e£yw
am{Xambncp¶nà apkvenwIÄ I¸n¨ncp¶Xv. AÃmlpsh Adnbm\pw X§fpsSbpw
arK§fpsSbpw \neIÄ XmcXays¸Sp¯m\pw CXneqsS AhÀ {ian¨p.
a\pjy³
a\pjyicocs¯¡pdn¨ ]T\hpw
CkvemanI \mKcnIXbn Pohimkv{X¯nsâ `mKambn hfcpIbpmbn. ""a\pjys\
krjvSn¨Xv Gähpw kpµcamb cq]¯nemsW''¶v JpÀB³ {]kvXmhn¡p¶pv. ""a®nÂ
\n¶p krjvSn¡s¸«h\pw a®nte¡v aS§p¶h\pamWv a\pjy³'' F¶mWv JpÀBsâ asämcp
{]kvXmh\. a\pjyicoc¯nsâ ASnØm\ \nÀamW hkvXp Ifna®msW¶pw JpÀB³ kqNn¸n¡p¶p.
a\pjy {`qW hfÀ¨sb kw_Ôn¨p hfsc hyàhpw IrXyhpamb hnhcWamWv JpÀB³ \ÂIp¶Xv.
a\pjy icocLS\ {]tXyIw ]T\
hnt[bam¡nbhcmWv dmknbpw C_v\pko\bpw. a\pjymhbh§sf¡pdn¨p Jkvho\n ]T\w \S¯n.
a\pjyicoc¯nse Nw{IaW hyhØ, I®nsâ {]hÀ¯\ coXn F¶nhbpw apkvenw
Pohimkv{XImc·mÀ {]tXyIw ]Tn¡pIbpmbn. C_v\p\^okp±naivJn ({In.h.
1208þ1289), Iamep±o³ AÂ^mcnkn (acWw {In.h. 1320), Aen¿p_v\p Cukm
A¯z_o_v AÂ _KvZmZn (a. {In. 1000) F¶nhÀ a\pjymhbh§sf kw_Ôn¨p {KÙcN\ \S¯nbhcmWv.
a\pjysâ Xet¨mdnsâbpw
lrZb¯nsâbpw {]hÀ¯\§sf¡pdn¨v hkvXp\njvTamb hnhcWw \ÂInb ]WvVnX·mcmWv
C_v\p\^okpw kIcn¿m Jkvho\nbpw. AcntÌm«n apt¶m«psh¨ Bib§fn \n¶p
XoÀ¯pw hyXykvXamb \nco£W§fmWv ChÀ \ÂIp¶Xv. a\pjysâ apgph³ Ahbh§fpw
Xet¨mdpw lrZbhpambn _Ôn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶Xmbn AhÀ a\Ênem¡n. izmktImiw, Bamibw,
IpSepIÄ, IcÄ, hr¡ XpS§nb Ahbh§fpsS {]hÀ¯\§fpw apkvenw imkv{XÚÀ
hniZoIcn¨p.
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