JpÀB\pw tKmfimkv{Xhpw

tKmf cq]hXvIcW ]T\¯n\v Ad_nbn CÂap sslAx F¶mWv ]dbpI. CÂap¶pPqw, CÂapÂ^eIv F¶o t]cpIfnepw JtKmf]T\w apkvenw tem I¯v Adnbs¸Sp¶p. kabw, Zn¡v Chsb¡pdn¨p ]Tn¸n¡p¶ tKmfimkv{XimJbmWv CÂap aoJm¯v.

Ckvemansâ BhnÀ`mh¯n\p ap¼v Ad_v temI¯v Cu imkv{XimJIsfm¶pw DZbw sNbvXncp¶nÃ. FÃm ]ucmWnI P\hn`mK§sfbpw t]mse \£{X§fpw CXc tKmf§fpw AhÀ¡v Bcm[yhkvXp¡fmbncp¶p. F¦nepw ZnKv \nÀWb¯n\v \£{X¯nsâ DZbØm\§sf AhÀ Ahew_n¨p. acp`qanbnse bm{XI Ä¡v CXv Gsd D]Imc{]Zambncp¶p. ImcWw cm{Xnbnembncp¶p Ad_nIfpsS hym]mcbm{XIÄ A[nIhpw. ImemhØbnse amä§fpw \£{X§sf \nco£n ¨v AhÀ a\Ênem¡n. CXn\¸pdw tKmf§sfbpw AhbpsS Ne\§sfbpw Ip dn¨v IrXyamb hnhcw Ckveman\p ap¼v Ad_nIÄ¡p­mbncp¶Xmbn AdnhnÃ.

Ckvemansâ BKa\w Ad_nIÄ¡nSbn A\nXc km[mcWamb sshÚm\nI hn¹h¯n\p \nan¯ambn¯oÀ¶p. JtKmf hnÚm\ob¯nsâ hnImk¯n Cu hn¹h¯nsâ AeIÄ Gsd ZriyamWv. apkvenw temI¯v tKmfimkv{X]T\w kPohamIm³ c­v {][m\ ImcW§Ä Nq­n¡mWn¡m³ Ignbpw.

H¶v: tKmfimkv{X ]T\¯n\v JpÀB³ \ÂIp¶ ap´nb ]cnKW\bpw Blzm\hpw. c­v: {]mÀY\IfpsS kabw, "Jn_ve'bpsS Øm\w, lÖnsâ aoJm¯v XpS§nbh \nÀWbn¡p¶Xn\v tPymXnÀKWnX ]T\w Bhiyambn¯oÀ¶Xv.

JpÀBsâ t{]cW

`qanbpw hm\temIhpw AÃmlphnsâ krjvSnbmWv. AÃmlphnsâ CÑ{]Imcw {]]©w krjvSn¡s¸SpIbmbncp¶p. CXmWv {]]©s¯ kw_Ôn¨ JpÀBsâ H¶mas¯ XXzw. krjvSn ambbÃ; bmYmÀYyamWv F¶pw JpÀB³ kn²m´n¡p¶p. ""bmYmÀYyambn BImi§sfbpw `qansbbpw krjvSn¨Xv Ah\mIp¶p'' (hn.Jp. 6/72).

krjvSn¡s¸« {]]©w ]qÀWambpw AÃmlphnsâ CwKnX¯n\p hnt[bambmWv Nen¡p¶Xv. krjvSnIfpsS \nb´mhpw ]cn]meI\pw AÃmlphmIp¶p. CXpw JpÀB³ hyàam¡p¶p­v: "BdpZn\§fnembn BImi`qanIsf krjvSn¨ AÃmlpXs¶bmIp¶p \n§fpsS \mY³. A\´cw Ah³ "AÀin' A[n]\mbn. Ah³ cmhpsIm­v ]Ien\p adbnSp¶p. [rXnbn AXv (]IÂ) AXns\ (cm{Xnsb) At\zjn¡pIbmWv. kqcy\pw N{µ\pw \£{X§fpw Ahsâ B Ú¡p hnt[bamWv. AdnbpI, krjvSn¸pw \nb{´Whpw Ah\pÅXmIp¶p. temIc£nXmhmb AÃmlp AXy[nIw A\p{KlapSbh\s{X'' (hn.Jp. 7/54).

{]]©w krjvSnbpw bmYmÀYyhpamWv. {]]©s¯ \nb{´n¨psIm­ncn¡p¶Xv AÃmlphmWv. F¶o Imcy§Ä Øm]n¡pI hgn JpÀB³ {]m]©nI {]Xn`mk§sf CuizcØm\¯v \nÀ¯p¶ {]mIrX ZuÀ_ey¯n \n¶p a\pjya\ÊpIsf tamNn¸n¡pIbmWv sNbvXXv. AtXmsS {]]©w a\pjy\p ap¼n Hcp Xpd¶ ]pkvXIambn amdn.

hm\temI hnkvab§fnte¡v JpÀB³ a\pjysâ {i²£Wn¨p. ""cm{Xnsbbpw ]Iens\bpw kqcys\bpw N{µs\bpw krjvSn¨Xv Ah\mWv. Ahtbmtcm¶pw AXnsâ hgnbn Ncn¨psIm­ncn¡p¶p'' (hn.Jp. 21/33). ""Gähpw kao]Øamb BImis¯ Ah³ Zo]§Ä sIm­v Ae¦cn¡pIbpw Ahsb kwc£n¡pIbpw sNbvXp. kÀhÚ\pw AP¿\pambhsâ hyhØbmIp¶p AXv'' (41/12).

AÛpXIcamb {]m]©nI kwhn[m\s¯¡pdn¨pw AhbpsS BXy´nI bmYm ÀYys¯¡pdn¨pw Nn´n¡m\pw ]Tn¡m\pw JpÀB³ \nc´cw t{]mÕml\w \ÂIp¶p. ""ZrjvSntKmNcamb kvXw`§Ä CÃmsX BImis¯ DbÀ¯nbh\mWv AÃmlp. ]ns¶ Ah³ AÀinsâ A[n]\mbn. kqcy\pw N{µ\pw Ah\p hnt[bamWv. Hmtcm¶pw \nÝnX Ah[n hsc Nen¨psIm­ncn¡pw. Imcy§Ä Ah³ \nb{´n¡p¶p. \n§Ä \n§fpsS \mYs\ I­pap«p¶Xn ZrVhnizmkapÅhcmIp¶Xn\pth­n Ah³ ZrjvSm´§Ä hniZam¡p¶p. `qansb hnimeam¡pIbpw AXn aeIfpw ]pgIfpw D­m¡pIbpw sNbvXXv Ah\mWv. Hmtcm C\w ]g¯nepw Ah³ CWIfmbn Cc« C\§sf D­m¡n. ]Iens\ Ah³ cm{XnsIm­v s]mXnbp¶p. AXn Nn´n¡p¶hÀ¡v ZrjvSm´ap­v'' (hn.Jp. 13/2,3).

BImi§fnse AÛpX§Ä t\m¡n¡mWpIbpw `qanbnse AXnib§Ä A\p`hn¨dnbpIbpw sN¿p¶ a\pjy³ Nn´n¨pXpS§p¶p. [njW D·njn¯mhp¶tXmsS hnÚm\¯nsâ IhmS§Ä Ahsâ ap¼n aeÀs¡ Xpd¡s¸SpIbpw sN¿p¶p.

""BImi`qanIfpsS krjvSn¸nepw cm¸IepIÄ amdnamdn hcp¶Xnepw _p²nam·mÀ¡v [mcmfw ZrjvSm´§fp­v. AhÀ \n¶pw Ccp¶pw InS¶pw AÃmlpsh kvacn¡pIbpw BImi`qanIfpsS krjvSn¸ns\ Ipdn¨p Nn´n¡pIbpw sN¿p¶p'' (3/190).

CXmWv tKmfimkv{X]T\¯n\p JpÀB³ \ÂInb t{]cWIfpsS amXrI. \nch[n hmIy§fnembn, [mcmfw Øe§fn JpÀB³ a\pjysâ Nn´mtijnsb C{]Imcw X«nbpWÀ¯p¶p­v.

tKmfimkv{Xhpw apkvenwIfpsS ssZ\wZn\ PohnXhpw

apkvenwIÄ¡v apkvenwIÄ F¶ \nebn Xs¶ tKmfimkv{Xw Hcp ssZ\w Zn\ Bhiyambn¯oÀ¶XmWv apkvenw \mKcnIXbn {]kvXpX sshÚm\nI taJe k¼pjvSamIm\p­mb c­mas¯ ImcWw. JtKmf]T\¯n\p apkvenwIÄ¡p t{]cWbmbn¯oÀ¶ aX]camb {]mtbmKnImhiy§fn {][m\w A©p t\c§fnse \nkvImc¯nsâ kabw \nÀWbn¡pI F¶Xmbncp¶p. kzp_vlv, fplÀ, AkzÀ, aKvcn_v, CimAv F¶o {]mÀY\m kab§Ä IW¡m¡p¶Xn\v kqcysâ D¶Xn (altitude)bpw Ne\{Iahpw Adntb­Xp­mbncp¶p. CXn\mbn hnhn[ KWnXimkv{X coXnIÄ ]e apkvenw kaql§fpw BhnjvIcn¡pIbp­mbn. \nkvImchpambn¯s¶ _Ôs¸«XmWv Jn_vex \nÀWbw. akvPnZpIÄ ]Wnbpt¼mÄ CXv {]tXyIw Bhiyambn¯ocp¶p. `h\§Ä ]Wnbpt¼mgpw apkvenwIÄ Jn_vex t\m¡pI ]XnhmWv. ZnKv\nÀWbimkv{Xw A\nhmcyam¡n¯oÀ¡p¶XmWnXv. tPymXnÀKWnXw aX]T\¯nsâ `mKambn¯ocp¶Xv C§s\bmWv. hnhn[ {]tZi§fn \n¶v lÖn\v ]pds¸Sp¶hÀ¡v Clvdman {]thint¡­ "aoJmXv' Adntb­Xv A\nhmcyamWv. ChnsSbpw tKmfhnÚm\obw klmb¯ns\¯p¶p. Ch¡p]pdsa {]t_m[\ bm{XIfpw apkvenwIÄ¡v tKmfimkv{Xw ]Tnt¡­Xv A\nhmcyam¡n¯oÀ¯p.

aXIemeb§fnepw ]ÅnZÀkpIfnepw lnkm_v (KWnXw) CÂapÂ^eIv (tKmfimkv{Xw) F¶nh {][m\ ]mTyhnjbambn¯oÀ¶Xv ta kqNn¸n¨ aX]camb BhiyIXIfpsS ]qÀ¯oIcWmÀYamWv. JpÀBsâ t{]cWbpw ssZ\wZn\mhiy §fpsS k½ÀZhpw H¯ph¶t¸mÄ apkvenw \mKcnIXbn tKmfimkv{Xw ]pjvIeambn. lnPvdxsb ASnØm\am¡nbpÅ Nm{µ]©mwKamWv apkvenwIÄ kzoIcn¨Xv. lÖv, t\m¼v F¶nh Nm{µ]©mwKa\pkcn¨mbncn¡Ww F¶Xv aXimk\bmWv. ImemhØbnse amä§Ä Cu A\pjvTm\§Ä¡v hcp¯p¶ Ffp¸hpw {]bmkhpw `qanbpsS GXp tImWn hkn¡p¶ hnizmkn¡pw Xpey\nebn A\p`hn¡m³ CXv Ahkcw \ÂIp¶p. F¶m ImÀjnImhiy§Ä¡v apkvenwIÄ B{ibn¨Xv kuc]©mwKamWv. sImÀtZmhbnse apkvenw tKmfimkv{XÚÀ cq]s¸Sp¯nb kuc]©mwKw {]Npc{]Nmcw t\Snbncp¶p.

hnÚm\tiJcWhpw hyhØm]nX ]T\hpw

F«mw iXI¯nsâ c­mw ]mXnbn Aºmko `cWm[nImcn a³kzqdnsâ Im e¯v _mKvZmZnemWv hn]peamb hnÚm\tiJcWhpw hyhØm]nX ]T\hpw kamcw`n¨Xv. bh\þ]mÀknþkndnb³þ C´y³ t{kmXÊpIfn \n¶pÅ imkv {XÚm\w _mKvZmZnte¡v HgpIns¡m­ncp¶p. {Ko¡v, ]lvehn, kwkvIrXw  `mjIfnse {KÙ§Ä Ad_nbnte¡v samgnamäw sN¿s¸«p. \nco£W ]T\§Ä¡mbn hm\\nco£W tI{µ§Ä kÀ¡mÀ sNehnepw kzImcy Xe¯nepw \nÀanXambn. Hcp \qäm­psIm­v _KvZmZv temI¯nse Gähpw henb tKmfimkv{X ]T\tI{µambn amdn. AkwJyw tKmfimkv{X ]WvVnX·mÀ _mKvZmZn Xmakam¡n. ]Xns\m¶v, ]{´­v iXI§fn apkvenw kvs]bn\pw hniz{]kn² tKmfimkv{X]T\tI{µambn ]cnekn¨p.

tSmfanbpsS hnJymX{KÙamb ‘saKmse knâmIvknUv amXsaänI’¡v lnPvd aq¶mw \qäm­n Xs¶ H¶ne[nIw Ad_n ]cn`mjIÄ D­mbn«p­v. Chbn Kp³bm\p_v\p CkvlmJv, km_nXv_v\p JpÀdx F¶nhcpsS ]cn`mjIÄ ]pIÄs]ähbmWv. tSmfanbpsS aäp IrXnIfmb Sm_pse am\psekv, sslt]msXkkv ¹m\ämdw, ]vfn\nkvt^dnbw, sSävdm_n_vtemkv F¶nhbpw CtX Ime¯v Ad_nbnte¡v samgnamäw sN¿s¸«p. F¶m tSmfanbpsS IW¡pIfpw ]«nIIfpw AtX]Sn kzoIcn¡m³ apkvenw tKmfimkv{XÚÀ Iq«m¡nbnÃ. hyàamb ]T\¯neqsS IqSpX IrXyamb \nKa\§fn F¯nt¨cp¶Xn\pÅ ZoÀLamb KthjW§fn AhÀ GÀs¸«p. Nne tKmfimkv{X {]iv\§Ä \nÀ²mcWw sN¿p¶Xn\v \m¸Xp hÀjw hsc \o­ ]T\§Ä \S¯nb KthjIcp­v. _mKvZmZv, kaÀJ´v, \nim]qÀ, sImÀtZmh, ZakvIkv, d¿v F¶nhnS§Ä tI{µoIcn¨mWv Cu KthjW]T\§Ä A[nIhpw \S¶Xv. Cu ]T\§Ä hgn tSmfanbpsS AXphsc AwKoIcn¡s¸« ]e \nKa\§fpw Xncp¯m³ \mkzndp±o³ Xzqkn, JpXp_p±o³ iodmkn XpS§nb apkvenw tKmfimkv{XImc·mÀ¡v km[n¨p. ]pXnb \£{X¸«nIIÄ AhÀ Xbmdm¡n. tSmfanbpsS \nKa\§sf JWvVn¡p¶ \n_Ô§fpw Ad_nbn cNn¡s¸«p. ]Xnaq¶v, ]Xn\mev \qäm­pIfn apkvenw temI¯v tKmfimkv{X]T\w AXyp¶X  L«¯nse¯n. Ad_v tKmfimkv{X {KÙ§Ä emän³, ln{_p `mjIfnte¡v samgnamäw sN¿s¸«Xv C¡me¯mWv. tKmfimkv{Xhpambn _Ôs¸« FÃm D]imJIfnepw \nch[n {KÙ§Ä C¡meambt¸mtg¡pw Ad_nbn hncNnXambn¡gnªncp¶p. ^ÀKm\nbpsS InXm_p^o ldIXnÊamhn¿ h PhmanD CÂan¶pPqw F¶ _rlZv{KÙw hnJymXamWv. A_vZpdlvam\nÊq^n cNn¨ kzphdpÂIhmIn_v F¶ kNn{X {KÙw ]n¡me tPymXnimkv{X]T\§sf Gsd klmbn¨n«p­v. apkvenwIÄ¡p]pdsa Ad_v blqZcpw ss{IkvXhcpw JtKmf hnÚm\ob t]mjW¯n\v KWyamb kw`mh\IÄ AÀ¸n ¨p.