JpÀB³ Xpd¶ hgn

hniz\mKcnIXIfpsS CuänÃambn bqtdm]y³ Ncn{Xw ]cnNbs¸Sp¯p¶ GX³ kn\v, Adnhv ssZh§fpsS kzImcy kt¦X§fn \n¶v Is«Sp¡s¸« \n[nbmbncp¶p. Adnhp tamjvSn¨p a\pjyÀ¡p \ÂIn F¶ Ipä¯n\v t{]manXyqkv _Ô\Ø\m¡s¸SpIbpw sNbvXp. Adnhnsâ kqà§Ä AhÀWcpsS ImXn ]Xnªv Aip²amhp¶Xns\Xnsc Pm{KXtbmsS Imh \n¡pIbmbncp¶p C´ybnse Bcy³amÀ. {Ko¡v, C´y³ kwkv¡mc§fn \n¶v hyXykvXambn Adnhns\ P\Iobam¡p¶Xn\p th­nbmWv Ckvemw \nesIm­Xv. temI \mKcnIXIsf ¡pdn¨pÅ XmcXay ]T\w H¶maXmbn ASbmfs¸Sp¯p¶ kXyw CXmWv. Adnhnsâ P\IobhXv¡cW¯n\p ap³ssI FSp¯Xv JpÀB³ BWv.

JpÀB³ Ad_v P\Xbn D­m¡nb amäamWv Cu AhImi hmZ¯n\v sXfnhv. apl½Zv \_nbpsS {]hmNIXz e_v[nbpsSbpw {]t_m[\ hnPb¯nsâbpw ap¼v Ad_nIfpsS kwkvImcs¯ \nÀWbn¨ncp¶Xv {]mIrXamb tKm{XmNmc§fpw IpSn¸IIfpambncp¶p. \à BXnYy acymZbpw Ih\ ssh`hhpw DÅhcmbncp¶p AhÀ F¶sXmgn¨p \nÀ¯nbm Ckveman\p ap¼s¯ Ad_n kwkv Imcw Imcyambn H¶pw Ahtijn¸n¨n«nÃ. \ne\nÂ]n\pÅ kachpw aZyw, kv{Xo, bp²w F¶o {Xb§fpamWv Ad_v càs¯ Xnf¸n¨Xv. {]XnImcw, [ocX, t`mKw, HuZmcyw F¶nhbv¡¸pdw Nn´m]camb Fs´¦nepw DWÀhpIÄ AhÀ {]ISn¸n¨Xmbn sXfnbp¶nÃ.

{]hmNIsâ BKa\¯n\p sXm«p ap¼pÅ Ad_n PohnX¯nsâ Gähpw anI¨ CuSpshbv]v apAÃJIÄ F¶dnbs¸Sp¶ k]vX Imhy§fmWv. Cwdp ssJkv, Xzd^, Awdv_v\p IpÂkqw, A³Xzdx, kpsslÀ, e_oZv, lmcnYv F¶nhcpsS ]pIÄs]ä IhnXIfmWv "apAÃJIÄ'. tKm{Xm`nam\¯nsâ hàm¡fmbncp¶ Cu IhnIÄ ]mSnbX{Xbpw aZys¯bpw t{]as¯bpw {]XnImcs¯bpw acp`qanbnse PohnX Ima\sbbpw Ipdn¨mWv. XXzNn´bpsStbm imkv{Xmt\zjW¯nsâtbm IncW§Ä AhÀ t{]mÕmln¸n¨ncp¶nà F¶ÀYw.

{]Wbn\n Dss\kxbpambn klib\w km[n¡msX h¶t¸mÄ Ipfn¡Shn \n¶v AhfpsSbpw tXmgnamcpsSbpw hkv{Xw tamjvSn¨v Ahsc \áIfmbn Xs¶ kao]n¡m³ \nÀ_Ôn¨v H«Is¯ Adp¯v Ahsc kÂIcn¨ tijw {]Wbn\nbpsS H«I¸pd¯v khmcn sN¿p¶XmWv Cwdp ssJknsâ apAÃJxbpsS CXnhr¯w. aZyw, ssaYp\w, bp²w F¶o aq¶p PohnX kpJ§sf Ipdn¨mWp Xzd^x ]mSp¶Xv. Ckveman\p ap¼s¯ Ad_n a\knsâ s]mXp kz`mhw {Kln¡m³ C{Xbpw aXn.

cm{Xn¡p tijw ]IÂ

Hcp ]t£, A¡mes¯ Atd_ysb s]mXnª Ccp«ns\ {]XoIhXvIcn¡p¶XmWv Cwdp ssJknsâ Cu hcnIÄ. ""hebven³ I auPn _lvcn AÀJm kpZqelp Ae¿ _n A³hmC lpaqan en b_vXeo”. (kap{Z¯nse XncameIÄ IWs¡ cm{Xn AXnsâ hncnIÄ Fsâ ta Xmgv¯nbn«p; \nch[n ZpxJ§fm Fs¶ ]co£n¡p¶Xn\p th­n).

AÚm\¯nsâ Cu cm{XnIfn \n¶v Úm\¯nsâ ]Iente¡v Ad_nIsf hnfn¨pWÀ¯nb \mZambncp¶p "CJvdAv' (hmbn¡pI). Ccp«n \n¶p shfn¨¯n te¡pÅ Ad_nIfpsS {]bmWs¯ JpÀB³ ASbmfs¸Sp¯p¶p.

"hmbn¡pI' F¶ BÚbpsS A{]Xntcm[yamb Icp¯v Ad_v P\Xsb F{]Imcw amänsbSp¯p F¶v Ncn{Xw tcJs¸Sp¯p¶p­v. Adnhp t\S Hmtcm apkv enansâbpw \nÀ_Ô _m[yXbmsW¶pw ssN\bn t]msb¦nepw Adnhp t\ SpI F¶pw A\pbmbnIsf ]Tn¸n¨ {]hmNI³ bp²¯ShpImsc hn«b¡p¶Xn\v sh¨ D]m[n Xsâ A\pNc·mcn ]¯pt]Às¡¦nepw Fgp¯pw hmb\bpw ]Tn¸n¨p sImSp¡pI F¶Xmbncp¶p. A£c hnZysb P\Iobam¡pIbmbncp¶p {]hmNI³ CXneqsS (_ZÀ bp²¯n _Ô\Øcmb i{Xp¡Ä¡v {]hmNI³ \nÝbn¨ tamN\{Zhyw ]¯v apkvenwIÄ¡v Fgp¯pw hmb\bpw ]Tn¸n¨p sImSp¡pI F¶Xmbncp¶p).

lndm Kplbnse [ym\¯n \n¶v {]hmNIs\ DWÀ¯nb "CJvdAv' F¶ Aicocn ]pXnsbmcp \mKcnIXbpsS ASn¡Ãmbn¯oÀ¶p. H«I¯nsâ aq¡pIbÀ ]nSn¨v, ""In^m \_vIn an³ ZnIvdm l_o_n³ h a³knen'' (\n¡q, {]mW t{]bknbpsS kvacWbn AhfpsS `h\mhinjvS¯n\Sp¯p \n¶p \ap¡v Icbmw) F¶p ]mSn \S¶ P\X, ""ssZhta, Adnhp hÀ[n¸n¨p XtcWta'' (dºn knZv\o CÂa³) F¶p {]mÀYn¨p XpS§n. AhcpsS `mh\Ifn \n¶v {]Wbhpw elcnbpw IpXncbpsS N´hpw tKm{X¸Ibpw A{]Xy£ambn. `qanbpsS Npäfhns\ Ipdn¨pw \£{X§Ä X½nepÅ AIes¯ Ipdn¨pambn AhcpsS BtemN\. AhcpsS `mj, AXphsc kwkvImc¯nsâ `mjbmbncp¶ {Ko¡ns\ £Wt\cw sIm­v \njv{]`am¡n. tdmansâbpw t]ÀjybpsSbpw ss[jWnI {]`mhw Ad_nIÄ¡p ap¼n Icn´ncn I¯n.

{In.h. Bdmw \qäm­n\pw ]{´­mw \qäm­n\panSbn Ad_nIfpsS Ncn{X¯n F´p kw`hn¨p F¶Xv hnkvabmhlamWv. {]KÛ imkv{XNcn{XImc³ tPmÀPv kmÀ«sâ hm¡pIÄ {i²n¡pI:

""Gähpw auenIhpw Gähpw Bib k¼¶hpamb {KÙ§Ä cNn¡s¸«Xv Ad_nbnemWv. F«mw \qäm­nsâ ]IpXn apX ]Xns\m¶mw \qäm­nsâ A´yw hsc Ad_nbmbncp¶p a\pjy hwi¯nsâ imkv{X`mj. B ImeL«¯n Gähpw ]pXnb hnÚm\w IcØam¡Wsa¶pÅhÀ Ad_n ]Tnt¡­nbncp¶p. Pm_ndp_v\p l¿m³, AÂInµn, AÂJmcnkvan, AÂ^ÀKm\n, AÂdmkn, km_nXp_v\p JpÀdx, AÂ_¯m\n, lpss\\p_v\p CkvlmJv, AÂ^mdm_n, C_vdmloap_v\p knam³, A akvDuZn, Xz_cn, A_pÂh^m, Aen¿p_v\p Aºmkv, A_p Jmknw, C_v\p A PÊmÀ, A _ndq\n, C_v\p ko\m, C_v\p bq\pkv, A JÀJn, C_v\p sslkw, Aen¿n_v\p Cuk, AÂKÊmen, A kÀJmen, DaÀ J¿mw þ ]mÝmXy temI¯v Xpeycmb kaImenIcnÃm¯ GXm\pw alm{]Xn`Isf am{Xw ChnsS HmÀ¡mw. Cu ]«nI F{X thWsa¦nepw \o«m\pw {]bmkanÃ. a[yImeL«w imkv{X cwK¯v hÔyambncp¶p F¶v \n§tfmSmsc¦nepw ]dªm Cu BfpIfpsS t]cpIÄ am{Xw AhtcmSv ]dbpI. 750 \pw 1100 \panSbv¡pÅ {lkzImeL«¯nemWv ChscÃmw Pohn¨Xv.''

H«I¸pd¯v ]pkvXI§Ä

CkvemanI \mKcnIX Ad_nIfnep­m¡nb ]cnhÀ¯\¯nsâ kzmZdnbm³ Aºmko Jeo^x aAvaq³ _KvZmZn Øm]n¨ "ss_Xp lnIvax' (Úm\ `h\w) F¶ imkv{X ]T\ tI{µs¯¡pdn¨p a\Ênem¡nbm aXnbmhpw. hm\ \nco£W tI{µhpw {KÙmebhpw tNÀ¶ Cu ]T\ tI{µ¯nsâ \nÀanXn¡v A¶s¯ c­p e£w ZnÀlamWv (C¶s¯ Ggp anÃy³ tUmfdn\p Xpeyw) Jeo^x \o¡nsh¨Xv. hnhn[ `mjm ]WvVnX·mÀ ss_Xp lnIvaxbn \ntbmKn¡s¸«p. FÃm hnÚm\ imJIfnepapÅ {KÙ§Ä (\qsdm«I§Ä¡v Npa¡m\pÅXv) AhnsS tiJcn¨ncp¶p. ]lvehn, kwkvIrXw, {Ko¡v, ImÂZnb³, kpdnbm\n `mjIfnepÅ IrXnIÄ Ad_nbnte¡v Cu tI{µ¯nÂsh¨p hnhÀ ¯\w sN¿s¸«p.

tUm.KpkvXmhv eo t_m¬ FgpXp¶p: "In those days when books and libraries meant nothing to Europeans, Many Islamic lands had books and libraries in plenty. Indeed, in Baghdad's 'House of Wisdom' there were four million Volumes; and in cairo's Sultanic Library one million; and in the library of syrian Tripoly three million Volumes ; While in Spain alone under Muslim rule there was an annual publication between 70 and 80 thousand Volumes"

(Dr.Gustave Le Bon, History of Islamic and Arab Civilization, Vol III, P329, k¿nZv ap PvX_m aqkhnemcn D²cn¨Xv. A¯uloZv (Cw¥ojv tPWÂ) hmfyw 17 e¡w 4).

""]pkvXI§fpw {KÙmeb§fpw bqtdm]yÀ¡v H¶paÃmXncp¶ Cu Zn\§fn  ]e CkvemanI \mSpIfnepw Ah [mcmfambp­mbncp¶p. _mKvZmZnse "Úm\ `h\'¯n \mep Zie£w {KÙ§Ä D­mbncp¶p. ssItdmhnse kp¯msâ {KÙmeb¯n Hcp Zie£w; kndnb³ {Snt]mfnbnse {KÙmeb¯n aq¶p Zie£w; apkvenw `cWIme¯v kvs]bn\n am{Xw hÀjw {]Xn Fgp]Xn\mbnc¯n\pw F¬]Xn\mbnc¯n\pw CSbv¡v {KÙ§Ä {]kn²s¸Sp¯nbn«p­v.''

tKmf imkv{Xw apX sshZyimkv{Xw hsc FÃm sshÚm\nI imJIfpw CkvemanI \mKcnIXbn hfÀ¶p ]´en¨p. {lkzamb Hcp ImeL«¯n\p Ån sshÚm\nI cwK¯v A`qX]qÀhamb hfÀ¨ ssIhcn¡m³ apkvenwI Ä¡p km[n¨p.

tNmZyanXmWv : Iman\namcpsS amZIXzw hÀWn¡m³ {]mks¸mcp¯apÅ hm¡pIÄ tXSnbhÀ kwJyIfpsS s]mcpÄ NnIbm³ CSbmbsX§s\? hmfpIÄ Nph¸n¨p tKm{X alnasb hnfw_cw sNbvXhÀ ("shfp¯ hmfpIfpambn t]mbn Nph¶ hmfpIfpambn aS§p¶hÀ R§Ä' F¶p Ihn) AcntÌm«nen\pw bpIvfnUn\pw Xncp¯pIÄ \nÀtZin¡m³ am{Xw {]m]vXcmbsX§s\?

shfn¨¯nsâ {]fbw

Ccp]¯naq¶p kwhÕc¡mew apl½Zv \_n Dcphn« hm¡pIfmWv a{´iànbmse¶ t]mse Atd_y³ D]`qJÞs¯ amän¡fªXv. \_nbpsS akvXnjvIw kzbw s\bvsXSp¯ hm¡pIfmbncp¶nà Ah. A¶s¯ Atd_y³ ]cnØnXnbn aX]ctam hnZym`ymk]ctam Bb ]ÝmXesam¶panÃm¯ Hcp hyàn¡v km[n¡p¶Xn Ihnª ZuXyamWp {]hmNI³ \nÀhln¨Xv. shfn]mSnsâ shfn¨amWv lndbn {]Xy£s¸«sX¶p hyàw. BImi¯p \n¶p hoW an¶Â ]nWÀ t]mse {]hmNI³ Atd_ysb {]Imiabam¡n. tXmakv ImÀsseensâ AXn at\mlcamb hm¡pIÄ  ChnsS ]IÀ¯s«;

""Ad_v tZi¯n\v XaÊn \n¶v {]Imi¯nte¡pÅ ]ndhnbmbnc¶p AXv. AXv aptJ\bmWv Atd_y¡v BZyw Poh³ ssIh¶Xv. temImcw`w apX AXnsâ acp`qanIfn Bcmepw {i²n¡s¸SmsX Aeªp \S¶ ]mhw]nSn¨ AP]meI·mÀ. AhÀ¡v hnizkn¡m\mhp¶ hN\hpambn Hcp \mbI {]hmNI³ AhÀ¡nSbnte¡v Ab¡s¸«p. t\m¡q, {i²n¡s¸SmXncp¶Xv temI{i² t\Sp¶p, sNdpXv temIt¯mfw hepXmhp¶p. AXn\p tijw Hcp \qäm­n\pÅn Atd_y Hcä¯v {Km\U apX atäbä¯v UÂln hsc, [ocXbnepw {]uVnbnepw {]Xn`bpsS {]Imi¯nepw temI¯nsâ hensbmcp `mK¯v Xnf§n \n¡p¶p. hnizmkw alnXw, Poh ZmbIw. hnizkn¡p¶tXmsS Hcp tZi¯nsâ Ncn{Xw ]pjv¡eamhp¶p. Bßobu¶Xyhpw alXzhpw t\Sp¶p. Cu Ad_nIÄ, apl½Zv F¶ a\pjy³, B Hcp \qäm­v. AKWyhpw Ccp­Xpamb Hcp temI¯v Xos¸mcn hoWXp t]mse Bbncp¶ntà AXv? ]t£, t\m¡q; s]m«ns¯dn¡p¶ shSnacp¶mbn UÂln apX {Km\U hsc AXv BImiw aps« I¯nÖzen¡p¶p. Rm³ ]dªp: almßmhv F¶pw BImi¯p \n¶p hcp¶ an¶Â]nWÀ t]mse Bbncp¶p. aäpÅhÀ At±l¯n\mbn Im¯p\n¶p. CÔ\w Xosb F¶ t]mse AhÀ¡pw Pzmebmhm³''.

apl½Zv \_nbneqsS an¶Â¸nWdmbn acp`qanbn Cd§nb JpÀB³ F´ntes¡ÃmamWv AhnSps¯ \nhmknIfpsS I®p Xpd¸n¨Xv? JpÀB\nse ]cÈXw kqà§fn \n¶v Nne amXrIIÄ am{Xw aXn CXn\pÅ D¯cw e`n¡m³. JpÀB³ Ad_nIfpsS {i²sb H«I¯nte¡pw BImit¯¡pw ]ÀhX§fnte ¡pw `qanbpsS InS¸nte¡pw BIÀjn¨p.