Ct¸mÄ \_nZn\w sImmSÂ A\mNmcamsW¶pw
inÀ¡msW¶pw dkqÂ(kz) sâ t]cn Hcp bmko³ HmXnbm Im^ndmbnt¸mIpsa¶pw aäpw
t\m«okpIÄ, {]kwK§Ä, {]kn²oIcW§Ä hgnbpw {]Ncn¸n¨psImncn¡p¶ D¸Xnjv
Wp¡fpsS ]gb t\Xm¡fmb auehnamÀ \_nZn\w sImmSÂ apkvenwIfpsS ISabmsW¶p
{]Ncn¸n¨hcpw auenZv HmXn¨p A¶Zm\w \ÂInbhcpw Bbncp ¶psh¶p C¶s¯ Ip«nIÄ¡v
AdnbpIbnÃ. AXn\m B Iq«cpsS ]gb {]kn²oIcW§fn \n¶pw AÂ]w Nne D²cWnIÄ
Xmsg tNÀ¡mw.
1951 Unkw_À 12 d_oDÂ AÆÂ 12\v
tIcf \Zvh¯p apPmlnZosâ P\d sk{I«dn F.sI. A_vZp eXzo^v auehn sNbvX
tdUntbm {]kwKw AÂa\mdn {]kn²oIcn¨Xnsâ BZy`mKw.
"]Xn\mep iXm_vZ§Ä¡p ap¼v
temI¯nse P\§sfÃmw AÛpXt¯msS ho £n¨psImncp¶ Hckm[mcW iniphnsâ P·Zn\amWv
C¶v temIw sImmSp¶Xv' (AÂa\mÀ ]pkvXIw:2 e¡w 19þþ20
P\phcn 1952).
A¡me¯p \Zvh¯nsâ P\d sk{I«dn
t]mepw amkhpw Znhkhpw IW¡m¡n \_nZn\w sImmSpIbpw temIw apgph³ sImmSp¶Xmbn
k½Xn¡pIbpw sNbvXncp¶psh¶v kv]jvSambtÃm. \_nZn\w sImmSÂ tIcf¯nÂ
am{XtabpÅq F¶v {]Ncn¸n¡p¶hÀ ChcpsS {]apJ t\Xmhv C.sI. auehn AÂ
CÀimZn FgpXnbncp¶ teJ\¯nse Nne hcnIÄ IqSn {i²n¡pI.
""d_oDÂ AÆÂ Bcw`w apXÂ
dkqÂ(kz)bpsS auenZv sImmSpI F¶ k{¼Zmbw aivcnJv apXÂ aKvcn_v hsc \S¶phcp¶
H¶mWtÃm. apkvenwIÄ Xmakn¨p hcp¶ GsX¦nepw Hcp cmPy¯v Cu BNmcw Csöp
]dbphm³ km[n¡bnÃ'' (AÂ CÀimZv 1343 d_oDÂ AÆÂ, C.sI. auehn). hopw C.sI.
auehn AÂapÀinZn FgpXnbXv IqSn hmbn¡pI.
""\_n(kz)temI¯n\v
sNbvXpsImSp¯n«pÅ A\p{Kl§Ä Fs´ms¡bmsW¶v \mw temIs¯ Adnbn¨p sImSp¡Ww.
AXmWv \½psS NpaXe. F¶m Ipd¨p Imew ap¼p hsc B almßmhnsâ amlmßys¯
Adnbphm\pw ]Tn¡phm\papÅ bmsXmcp amÀKhpw aebmf¯n Dmbncp¶nÃ. d_oD AÆÂ
amkw hcpt¼mÄ auenZv `wKnbmbn Ign¡p¶ k{¼Zmbw \½psS CSbn Dmbncp¶psh¦nepw
AXv Ad_n `mjbn Bbncp¶XpsImv ]db¯¡ ^esam¶pw Dmbncp¶nÃ, F¶m CS¡me¯v
Nne Øe§fn AÀYw ]dªpsImv auenZv HmXm³ XpS§nbn«pv. A[nI Øe§fnepw
s]mXptbmK§Ä IqSn \_nbpsS amlmßys¯¡pdn¨v {]kwK§Ä \S¯nhcp¶pv. CsXÃmw
Gsd¡psd kt´mjIcw Xs¶'' (AÂ apÀinZv ]pkvXIw:1, e¡w:5).
F¶m AÂapÀinZv, AÂCÀimZv
XpS§nb ]gb {]kn²oIcW§sfm¶pw C¶s¯ auehnamÀ Incn¡bnÃ. AhsbÃmw Incp¶psh¦nÂ
CubSp¯ Ime¯v Cd§nb i_m_v hmcnIbn Xmsg sImSp¯ {]Imcw FgpXpambncp¶nÃ.
""............... Ad_nbnÂ
HmXnbm a\ÊnemhnsöXn\m aebmf¯n inÀ¡³ auenZv Ign¡Wsa¶v
apPmlnZpIfmcpw ]dªn«nÃ, ]dbpIbpanÃ. AkXy§Ä FgpXn Bib¡pg¸§Ä krjvSn¡p¶Xp
]mWvVnXyw AhImis¸Sp¶hÀ¡v tbmPn¨XÃ'' (i_m_v 1994 BKÌv 26 shÅn, ]pkvXIw
18, e¡w 1). CXns\´mWv ]p¯³ IqäpImÀ adp]Sn ]dbpI. C.sI. auehn apPmlnZÃ
hlm_n Bbncp¶psh¶mbncn¡ptam?
sFIykwL¯nsâ auenZv
"Cu kµÀ`¯n cp sImÃambn
apkvenw sFIykwL¯nsâ B`napJy¯n \S¯nhcmdpÅ auenZmtLmjw Cu {]mhiyhpw
d_oDÂ AÆÂ 12þþmw
XobXn `wKnbmbn IgnªpIqSn F¶pÅ hnhcw R§Ä kt´mj]qÀÆw Adnbn¨psImÅp¶p.
GdnbmSp temhÀ sk¡âdn kvIqfn sh¨v sImmSs¸« kpZn\¯n IqSnb hnZymÀYn
kt½f\¯nepw almtbmK¯nepw \_n(kz)bpsS P\\w, _meyw, aX{]NcWw, kz`mh
sshinjvSyw F¶n§s\ \_nNcn{X¯nse {][m\s¸« `mK§sfbpw Ipdn¨p aebmf¯nÂ
Hmtcm am\y·mÀ {]kwKn¨p. AÀYw Adnbm¯ Ipsd Ad_n hmIy§Ä hmbn¡msX auenZv
icns¸SpIbnsöp iTn¡p¶hÀ¡v \ockw tXm¶mXncn¡¯¡h®w Ad_nbn auenZv HmXm\pw
Ipsd kabw hn\ntbmKn¡mXncp¶nÃ. tbmK¯n kw_Ôn¨hÀ¡pw AÃm¯hÀ¡pw Hcp hncp¶p
\ÂIpIbpmbn' (AÂ CÀimZv 1343 d_oDÂ AÆÂ).
auenZv inÀ¡msW¶p ]dbp¶ AÂ]w
Nne Xo{hhmZnIÄ A¶pw Dmbncp¶ncn¡Ww. AXpsImmWtÃm NneÀ ]s¦Sp¡mXncp¶Xpw.
F¶m Ahcpw kZybn ]s¦Sp¯psh¶mWtÃm dnt¸mÀ«n ImWp¶Xv. im]mSv inÀ¡n\XoXamWv.
C\n tIcf PwC¿¯p DeabpsS
aJ]{Xambncp¶ AÂapÀinZnse Nne hcnIÄ ImWpI.
""...............auenZnsâ
]pWykZÊn ]s¦Sp¡phm³ Xu^oJv e`n¨hÀ `mKyhm·mcmWv. ta ]dª kwKXnIÄ {]Zm\w
sN¿p¶ H¶mWtÃm auenZnsâ aPvenkv. Cu Imcy§Ä km[n¡p¶ Hcp kZÊv Hcp ]pWykZÊv
Xs¶bmWv. Cu kZÊn auenZn (auenZnsâ kZÊnÂ) Zo\nbmb kzlolmb Zo³ Adnbp¶
Benao§Ä [mcmfw IqSnbncn¡Ww. apkvenwIfn Zo\n¿mb ssNX\yw A¦pcn¸n¡Ww'' (AÂapÀinZv
]pkvXIw.4, e¡w.1).
sI.Fw. auehn ]dªXp {i²n¡pI.
""...............AXn\mÂ
apl½Zv \_nsb AÃmlp `qPmX\m¡n temIs¯ A\p{Kln¨n«pÅ Cu amk¯n \_nbpsS
ZAvh¯p (ktµiw) {]Ncn¸n¡pI hgnbmbn \msaÃmhcpw AÃmlpXBem¡v ipIvdv sN¿Ww.
AXn\mbn tZi§Ä tXmdpw auenZv tbmK§Ä IqSn AXn \m\mPmXn aXØscbpw
kt½fn¸n¨p AhÀs¡Ãmw \_nbpsS ZAvh¯v X_veoKv sN¿pI F¶ ISasb \mw \nÀhln¡pIbpw
Cu kpZn\¯nepw daZm³ amk¯nepw FÃm tZi¯nepw X_veoKv ^v tiJcn¡pIbpw thWw''
(AÂapÀinZv ]p.1, e¡w.5).
ISa F¶m ""^Àfv'' F¶mWtÃm.
CXn \n¶pw _nZCu {]Øm\¡mcpsS ]gb Ime t\Xm¡Ä \_nZn\w sImmS ^ÀfmsW¶p ]dªhcmbncp¶p
F¶p hyàambtÃm.
C\n amkw IW¡m¡n sImmSp¶Xns\
]änbmWv NneÀ¡v Bt£]w. AXn\p ]gb t\Xm¡fnsemcmfmb C.sI. auehn ]dbp¶
adp]Sn ImWpI.
"...............am\h
temI¯nsâ sFlnIhpw ]mc{XnIhpamb kÀhhn[ ku`mKy¯n\papÅ amÀK§sf
sh«ns¯fnbn¨p X¶ B ]pWymßmhv i^oD\m apl½Zv(kz) Xsâ kv]Àiw sImp Cu `qansb
A\p{Kln¨n«pÅXp CXpt]mepÅ Hcp d_oD AÆ amk¯n BbXpsImpXs¶' (AÂapÀinZv
3/9 C.sI. auehn ta hcnIfnse "i^oD\m' F¶Xnsâ AÀYw \ap¡p thn in]mÀi
sN¿p¶hÀ F¶mWtÃm? F¶m C¶s¯ ]p¯\mib¡mÀ B {]tbmKhpw inÀ¡msW¶p ]dbp¶hcmWv).
hopw AÂapÀinZn Xs¶ ]dbp¶Xp ImWpI.
""...............C§s\bpÅ
al aX¯nsâ {]t_m[\¯nsâ {]PmXÂ]c\mb `cWm[nImcn, Zo\Zbmephmb {]`p,
DÂIrjvS ]cnioeI\mb D¯aKpcp, ssZhktµihmln P\n¨ amkamWv d_oDÂ AÆÂ. AXn\mÂ
B amks¯ apkvenw temIw BIam\w sImmSp¶p. temIw apgph\pw sImmtSXpamWv.
Cu sImm«w ]e \Ã Imcy§fpw km[n¸n¡p¶pv. Xncpta\ntbmSpÅ kvt\ls¯ a\pjy
lrZb§fn Du ¶n¸nSn¸n¡p¶p. At±l¯nsâ k¨cnX§sfbpw kÂkz`mh §sfbpw
kvacn¸n¡p¶Xn\p hgnsh¡p¶p. Ah P\§Ä¡p hnhcn¨p sImSp¡p¶Xn\p Ahkcw \ÂIp¶p.
Ckvemw Zo\nsâ {]NcW¯n\p]Icn¡p¶p. apkvenwIfn sFIyhpw kwLS\bpw ]ckv]c
kvt\lhpw hÀ²n¸n¡p¶Xn\pw AXv DXIp¶p.
""...............\_nsb
amXrIbm¡n \_nbpsS Ncysb ]T\w sNbvXp AXns\ XpSÀ¶p {]hÀ¯n¡p¶hÀ AÃmlphns\bpw
Ahkm\s¯ Znhks¯bpw ]än t]SnbpÅhcpw ]S¨hs\ A[nIambn hnNmcapÅhcpamWv.
C¯c¡mÀ auenZv tbmK§fn h¶ptNcpIbpw \_nNcyIsf tI«p a\Ênem¡n {]hÀ¯n¡pIbpw
sN¿pw. A¶p apkvenw temIw H¶mbn sImmSp¶ auenZv tbmK§fn \_nbpsS icnbmb
\S]Sn{Iaw hniZambn ]dªpsImSp¡pIbpw A§bpsS kz`mh§Ä hnhcn¡pw sN¿pw. \_nsb
]n´pScphm\pÅ DXvt_m[\§Ä \S¡pw. kZÊn \_ntbmSpÅ t{]aw hfÀ¯pw. \_nbpsS
A\pbmbnIfmb kzlm_¯nsâ aX\njvS, `àn apXembh hnhcn¡pw. AhnsS IqSnbncn¡p¶hcpsS
\mhpIsfsbÃmw kzem¯v sNmÃp¶Xn\p t{]cn¸n¡pw. AÃmlphnsâ kvt\lw IcØam¡phm³
]cym]vX§fmb D]tZi§Ä \S¡pw'' (AÂapÀinZv ]pkvXIw 4, e¡w 1).
hopw AÂa\mdn ]dbp¶Xp
{i²n¡pI
""ktlmZc§sf! temIm\p{Klnbmb
apl½Zv(kz)bpsS P·Zn\amb Cu d_oDÂ AÆÂ 12 DZbKncn apXÂ AkvXabKncn hscbpÅ
apkvenwIÄ BËmZw sImmSpIbpw B hµy alm\p`mhsâ k¨cnX§sf ]pckvIcn¨p
kvXpXn IoÀ¯\w ]mSpIbpw sN¿p¶p. X§Ä Pohs\¡mÄ kvt\ln¡p¶ B temssII
amÀKZÀinbpsS t\sc At±l¯nsâ P·Zn\¯n iàn _lpam\§Ä AhÀ {]ISn¸n¡p¶ps¦nÂ
AXn BÝcys¸Sphm\nÃ. AXp kzm`mhnIamWv'' (AÂa\mÀ ]pkvXIw 1, e¡w 17).
F¶m ]p¯\mib¡mcpsS hmZw
dkqÂ(kz)sâ t]cn Hcp bmko³ HmXnbm t]mepw Ah³ Im^ndmbnt¸mIpsa¶mWv. {]KÛ
apPmlnZp t\Xmhmb sI. DaÀ auehn kÂk_oen FgpXnbXp ImWpI.
""dkqÂ(kz)sâ t]cn Hcp bmko³
HmXpI F¶psh¨m \ap¡p dkqensâ s]m cp¯w In«m³ bmko³ HmXpI F¶mWtÃm. bmko³
Hcp C_mZ¯mWv. AÃmlp AÃm¯hcpsS s]mcp¯¯n\p thn C_mZs¯Sp¯m Im^ndmIpw
F¶p BÀ ¡mWdnªpIqSm¯Xv. AÃmlp AÃm¯hÀ F¶p ]dªXp Bcmbncp¶mepw hy XymkanÃ''
(kÂk_o ]pkvXIw 3, e¡w 3, t]Pv 20).
apkvenw temIw apgph\pw \ncmt£]w
sNbvXp hcp¶ Hcp ]pWyIÀ½s¯ inÀ¡pw Ip^vdpambn ap{ZbSn¡p¶Xn\v C¡q«À¡v
bmsXmcp aSnbpanÃ. F¶mÂ, ss^kz cmPmhv shSntbäp acn¨ tijw AbmÄ¡p thn ^mXnlx
HmXnbXmbn dm_nXz¯p Bean CkvemanbpsS ]{Xw dnt¸mÀ«p sNbvXncp¶p. F¶mÂ
A¶p kuZn Kh¬saân \n¶pw i¼fw ]äns¡mncp¶ sI. DaÀ auehn DÄs¸sS Hcmfpw
AXns\ FXnÀ¯p InÃ. dm_nXzbpsS ]{X¯n h¶Xnsâ {][m\ `mKw Xmsg tNÀ¡mw.
""hJ^ÊpAamD h JmZ¯p BeanÂ
Ckveman ^o _nZmb¯n PÂkXn ZpsshJX³. Xeu Jnemelm kqd¯Â ^mXnl¯n Xdlvlpa³
Aem dqln iloZn aKv^qcn elq PemeXn aenIv ss^kzÂ'' (AJv_mdp BeanÂ
Ckveman, e¡w 914, lnPvd 1401).
AÀYw: CkvemanI temI¯nsâ t\Xm¡fpw
\mbI·mcpw tbmK¯n Ipd¨p kabw Fgpt¶äp \n¶p. AXn\nSbn almcmPmhpw càkm£nbpamb
ss^kzensâ Bßim´n¡mbn AhÀ ^mXnlx kqd¯p HmXn.
F¶m ChcpsS ]gbIme t\Xm¡Ä¡v
C¯csamc`n{]mbapmbncp¶nÃ. sI.Fw. auehn AÂapÀinZn FgpXnbXv t\m¡pI. (Asænepw
\mgnI¡p \m ¸Xp h«w amdp¶XmWtÃm ChcpsS A`n{]mb§Ä)
""AssÈJv aplvbp±o³ A_vZpÂ
JmZnÀ Poem\n(d)X§fpsS t]cn ZnIvdv sNm ÃpI F¶psh¨m At±l¯n\p ZnIvdnsâ
khm_v({]Xn^ew) e`n¡phm³ \n¿¯p sNbvXpsImp ZnIvdv sNmÃpI F¶mWtÃm AÀYw''
(AÂapÀinZv, ]pkvXIw 2, t]Pv 471).
{]hmNIXncpta\n km[mcW a\pjy\pw
]m]nbpamsW¶v {]Ncn¸n¡p¶Xnepw {]hmNIsc CIgv¯n¡mWn¡p¶Xnepw ChcpsS ]m£nI§fpw
{]kwK§fpw A\Â]amb ]¦v hln¨n«pv. “AÃmlphn\p
hgns¸Sp¶ hnjb¯n dkq (kz)t]mepw hogvN hcp¯n”sb¶v
DaÀ auehn 1971, kÂk_oen FgpXnbn «pv (]pkvXIw 4, e¡w 8, BKÌv). ssZhamsW¶v
sXäv[cn¡mXncn¡m³ AÃm lp a\¸qÀÆw sXäv sN¿n¡psa¶v auZqZnbpw FgpXIbpmbn.
""AÃmlp XBem IcpXn¡q«n FÃm {]hmNI·mcnÂ
\n¶pw Nne kab§fn Ahsâ kwc£Ww DbÀ¯nbpw sImpw H¶pw cpw Ipä§Ä sN¿n¡p¶p.
F´ns\¶m Ahsc {kjvSmhv F¶p a\Ênem¡mXncn¡m\pw, Ahcpw a\pjycmsW¶p {Kln¡phm\pw
thn'' (X^vloamXv hmeyw 2, t]Pv 43).
C¯c¯nepÅ Fgp¯pw {]kwK§fpamWv
Ckvemansâ i{Xp¡Ä¡v {]tNmZ \ambXpw {]hmNIs\ Ahtlfn¡p¶ ImÀ«qWpIfpw aäpw
{]kn²oIcn¡m³ CSbm¡nbXpw. AXn\m C¯c¡mcpsS sIWnhebn IpSp§nt¸mImXncn
¡m³ {]hmNI kvt\lnIÄ _²{i²cmIWw.. AÃmlp \s½ \_n Xncpta\n tbmsSm¸w
kzÀK¯n {]thin¸n¡pamdmhs«, Bao³.
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