apl½Zv
\_n (kz) sb¡pdn¨pÅ ]Snªmd³ kao]\s¯]ddn aXsa¶ \nebnepw cmjv{Sob hyhØ F¶
\nebnepw Ckvemw temI¯n\pta sNep¯nb kzm[o\¯n\v B\p]mXnIambn«nÃ, AXnsâ
{]hmNI\mb apl½Zv \_n¡v Ncn{Xw \ÂInb Øm\w. F¶p am{Xaà hensbmcfthmfw Idp¯
Nmb§fmemWv Nn{XoIcn¡s¸«Xv F¶p t]mepw ]dbmw. addp cp {]_e aX§fmb {InkvXp
aX¯nsâbpw _p² aX¯ntâbpw t\Xm¡fmb tbiphn\pw {io _p²\pw temIw IÂ]n¨p \ÂInb
Øm\¯n\v t\Àhn]coX¯nemWv \_nsb {]XnjvTn¨n«pÅXv. \_nbpsS PohnX¯n¶pw
ktµi§Ä¡pw aosX Icnhogv¯m\pÅ Bkq{XnX \o¡§Ä Dmbncp¶p F¶Xv icnbmWv. ]mÝmXy
þ {InkvXob t{kmXÊpIfneqsSbmWv Cu \_n\nµ ]et¸mgpw ]pd¯v h¶Xv. ]Snªmd³ {InkvXob
kZÊpIfpw, ]uckvXy CkvemanI kwkvIrXnbpw X½n hmfp sImpw hm¡p sImpw \nc´cambn
\S¯nb Gddp ap«epIfpsS ]Ým¯e¯n apl½Zv \_ntbmSpÅ i{XpX kzm`mhnIamWv.
]mÝmXy³ ss{IkvXhX t\cnTsn h¶ Gddhpw iàamb i{Xphmbncp¶phtÃm Ckvemw.
AXn\m B aX¯nsâ {]hmNI³ ]Snªmdn¶v I]S\pw IÅw ]dbp¶h\pw ssewKnI
sshIrX§fpsS DSabpw a{´hmZnbpw aäpambn amdn F¶p sh¨m aXn.
AtX kabw
Ckvemant\bpw \_ntbbpw a\Ênem¡p¶Xn¶v BßmÀ°amb {iaw \S¯pIbpw F¶m X§fpsS
At\zjW¯nsâ ]mXbn hyXnNen¨pt]mhpIbpw sNbvX ]mÝmXy ]WvVnXcpv. AXn¶v
{][m\ ImcWw Ing¡n¶pw ]Snªmdn¶panSbn DbÀ¶p \n¶ aXnemWv. ]mÝmXy
aqey§Ä¡pw {InkvXob PohnX t_m[¯n¶pw A\pkcn¨mWv AhÀ Ad_v tKm{X
PohnXt¯bpw B PohnX¯n \n¶v {]hmNI³ InfnÀ¸ns¨Sp¯ CkvemanI aqey§tfbpw
]T\ hnt[bam¡nbXv; XoÀ¨bmbpw AhÀ¡v Atd_y Hcp Adnbs¸Sm¯ `qJWvUambncp¶p,
AhnSps¯ P\X X§fpsS k¦Â]§Ä¡XoXcpw AhcpsS {]hmNI³ X§Ä¡v ]nSnIn«m¯ a\pjy\pambncp¶p.
Atd_y³ PohnX¯nsâ kmaqly km¼¯nI {]Xe§Ä ]Snªmdn¶v XnI¨pw A]cnNnXambn
hÀ¯n¨p. Ckvemw Hcp almiànbmbn¯ocpIbpw ]Snªmd³ \mKcnIXbpsSta kz´w
kwkvIrXnbpsS anIhp]tbmKn¨v B iàn IS¶m{IaWw \S¯pIbpw sNbvXt¸mÄ ]mÝmXy
temIw A¼c¶p t]mbn F¶XmWv t\cv; X§Ä ioen¨ PohnX ssienbn \n¶pw Ip ]gInb
aqey hyhØbn \n¶pw XoÀ¯pw hn`n¶ambncp¶p Ckvemansâ coXn. AXv DÄs¡mÅm³
IgnbmXncp¶ ]Snªmd³ \mKcnIX Ckvemans\ {]mIrXw Fs¶gpXn¯ÅpIbmWv sNbvXXv.
\nehnepÅ kZmNmc aqey§fpsS ASnØm\¯n Nn´n¡pt¼mÄ amXrIm tbmKyaà apl½Znsâ
PohnXw F¶ \nKa\¯nte¡v F¨v.Pn. shÂkns\t¸msebpÅ Hcp Ncn{XImcs\ \bn¨Xv Cu
AhØbmsW¶v ]dbmw.
BZy Ime¯v
]mÝmXy Fgp¯pImÀ apl½Zv \_nsb i{XpXtbmsSbmWv kao]n¨Xv F¶mWv kmamt\y\ \nco£n¡s¸Sp¶Xv.
Unssh³ tImaUnbn almIhn Zmsâ \_nsb \cI¯n Is¯nbtÃm. Cu Is¯Â Hcp
IhnbpsS `mh\ am{XaÃ, ]Snªmd³ \mSpIÄ apl½Zv \_nsb¡pdn¨p h¨p ]peÀ¯nbncp¶
k¦Â]§fpsS s]mXpcq]w IqSnbmWv. \_ntbmSpÅ ]mÝmXy hntcm[¯nsâ Cu ]Ým¯ew
]n¶oSv ]e HmdnbâenÌv Fgp¯pImcpw ]T\ hnt[bam¡nbn«pv. apkvenwIÄ apl½Zv
\_nsb, alm\mb {]hmNI³ F¶ \nebn hfscb[nIw Hu¶Xy¯n {]XnjvTn¡pt¼mgmWv
At±lw Xosc A`naX\Ãm¯ hyànbmbn Nn{XoIcn¡s¸Sp¶Xv Ft¶mÀ¡Ww. CkvemwaX
hnizmknIÄ \_nsb "krjvSnIfn sh¨v Gddhpw t{ijvT³' (Aivd^p JÂJv) Bbn
KWn¡p¶Xv hnizmk]camb ImcW§fmWv. CkvemanI aqey§fpsS ASnØm\¯nemWv At±lw
t{ijvS\mb a\pjy\mhp¶Xv. \_ntbmSpÅ ]mÝmXy hntcm[¯n\pw CtX coXnbnepÅ Nne
am\§fpv. ]Snªmd³ {InkvXob aqey§fpsS ASnØm\¯nemWv At±lw A`nImay\ÃmXmhp¶Xv.
cp Iq«cpw \_nsb hnebncp¯p¶Xv hnizmkm[njvSnXamb am\ZWvU§fmemsW¶v hyàw.
F¶mÂ
hnizmknIfptSXÃm¯ AfhptImepIÄsImv {]hmNIs\ hnebncp¯m³ {ian¨ cN\Ifpw
HmdnbâenÌpIfptSXmbpvv. HmdnbâenÌv ]mT§fn Ckvemw hntcm[w \ndªp \n¡p¶Xnsâ
]Ým¯ew hniZam¡phm³ Chcn ]ecpw {ian¡pIbpmbn. ]s¯m¼Xmw \qämn Ncn{Xw
krjvSn¨ bpK]pcpj·msc¸ddn CwKvfojv Ncn{XImc\mb tXmakv ImÀsse \S¯nb
]T\¯n apl½Zv \_n¡v \ÂInb D¶XØm\amWv ]mÝmXy temI¯v \_n ]T\§fn Znim
amddw krjvSn¨Xv. {]hmNIs\ \njv]£ambn hnenbncp¯m\pÅ {ia§Ä ]n¶oSv \S¶p.
F¦nepw apl½sZ¶ ]cnjvIÀ¯mhns\ A{X Ffp¸¯n AwKoIcn¡p¶Xn \n¶v ]Snªmd³ \mSpIsf
XSbp¶ Nne \nÀ_ÔnXmhØIfpmbncp¶p. Atacn¡bnse tPmÀPvPv Su¬
bqWnthgvknddnbnse apkvenwþ{InkvXy³ AÀ ÌmânwKnsâ UndIvSdmb tPm¬
FÂ.Fkvt]mkntddm cNn¨ "Ckvemw t\À hgn' (Islam The straight path) F¶
IrXn Cu \nÀ_ÔnXmhØIsf¡pdn¨v khniZw {]Xn]mZn¡p¶pv. {InkvXy³
temIhpambpw PqX kaqlhpambpw Ckveman\pÅ Ncn{X ]camb aX cmjv{Sob _Ôw
F¡me¯pw iàambncp¶psh¶pw AXv sXddn²mcWIÄ¡pw kwL«\§Ä¡pw hgnsh¨n«ps¶pamWv
Fkvt]mkntddm \nco£n¡p¶Xv. Cu [mcWIfpsS ]Ým¯e¯nemWv \_n ]et¸mgpw
hnebncp¯s¸Sp¶Xv. AXmbXv sk]vXw_À 11 sâ thÄUv t{SUv skâÀ B{IaWhpw
Xzmen_m\pw ^ekvXo\pw hntamN\ t]mcm«hpw intcmhkv{XaWnbm\pÅ {^©v apkvenw
s]¬Ip«nIfpsS t]mcm«hpw aäpw krjvSn¡p¶ kmaqly kwLÀj§Ä t]mepw
Ckvemansâbpw \_nbptSbpw {]XnOmbsb _m[nt¨¡pw F¶À°w. Dkmam _n³emZsâ
cq]¯nemhmw ]mÝmXy³ a\Êv Ct¸mÄ \_nsb ImWp¶Xv. {]mIrX\mb Ad_v tKm{X hÀ¤¡mcsâ
thj¯n ]p Ime¯v ZÀin¨t]mse Xs¶bmWnXv. bYmÀ°y§fÃ, ImgvN¸mSpIfmWv \_nsb
hnebncp¯p¶Xnsâ ASnØm\sa¶v Npcp¡w.
\_nsb¡pdn¨pÅ
]e ]mÝmXy³ cN\IÄ¡pw asddmcp ]cnanXnbpv. Ckvemw aX¯n BIrjvScmhpItbm
]n¶oSv apkvenambn¯ocpItbm sNbvX Ht«sdt¸À Ckvemans\¸ddnbpw \_nsb¸ddnbpw
FgpXnb cN\IfnemWnXv ImWpI. apl½Zv AkZv, sP{^n emwKv, apdmZv tlm^vam³
XpS§nbhÀ Cu KW¯n s]Spw. X§fpsS sshImcnIamb A`n\nthi§fpsSbpw hyàn]camb
aXm\p`h§fpsSbpw ASnØm\¯nemWv AhÀ \_nsb kao]n¡p¶Xv. hkvXp \njvTambns¡mÅWsa¶nÃ
AhÀ hc¨psh¡p¶ Nn{X§Ä. ISp¯ Nmb§fn hc¨ C¯cw \_n Nn{X§fpw ]mÝmXy³ cN\IfnÂ
ImWmw.
{]hmNI
PohnXs¯ hnaÀi\mßIambn hnebncp¯p¶XneqsS Ckvemansâ ZuXys¯¯s¶ ]T\
hnt[bam¡p¶ HmdnbâenÌv cN\IÄ [mcmfw ImWmw. \_nbpsS PohnXw Xs¶bmbncp¶p
At±l¯nsâ ktµihpsa¶v Cu ]T\§Ä FSp¯pIm«p¶p. kz´w PohnX¯neqsS At±lw
Atd_ybnse {]mIrX aqey§sf \ncmIcn¨p. Cu bXv\¯n At±lw BZyw sNbvXXv Bdmw
\qämnse Atd_ybn \ne \n¶ncp¶ ssZh k¦ev]w s]mfns¨gpXpIbmWv. _lpssZh
hnizmknIfmbncp¶p Ad_nIÄ. \_n Ahsc {]]©¯nsâ {kjvSmhpw \nb´mhpw c£nXmhpamb
GIssZhs¯¡pdn¨p ]Tn¸n¨p. GI\pw AXpey\pamb Cu ssZhw am{XamWv Bcm[\¡v
AÀls\¶pw a\pjyÀ ssZh¯nsâ hn\oX Zmk·mcmsW¶papÅ Bib¯neqsS, Nne \nb{´W§Ä¡pw
s]cpamdd kwlnXIÄ¡pw hnt[bcmWv a\pjyÀ F¶p Øm]n¡pIbmWv \_n sNbvXXv.
AtXmsS ssZh k¦Â]w PohnX coXnsb \nb{´n¡p¶ LSIw IqSn Bbn¯oÀ¶p.
ssZhs¯¡pdn¨v \ne\n¡p¶ {]mIrXhpw Aimkv{Xobhpamb k¦Â]§Ä Xncp¯pIbmWv
apl½Zv (kz) sNbvXXv. Cu Xncp¯eneqsS a\pjycpsS PnhnX¯n\pw
Xncp¯epIfpmbn. hneyw aqÀ "sse^v Hm^v apl½Zn'Â \_nsb hnebncp¯p¶Xv Cu
AÀ°¯nemWv. ssZh¯nsâbpw a\pjycptSbpanSbnse aXn sI«pIÄ XIÀ¯ hyàn F¶ \nebnemWv
apl½Zv \_n¡v aqÀ IÂ]n¨p \ÂInb {]kàn. Western Awakening of Islam F¶
IrXnbn temÀUv slUven \_n¡v \ÂIp¶ Øm\hpw CtX AÀ°¯n Xs¶. kcfamb
coXnIfneqsS hnizmkn¡v ssZhamÀK¯nepÅ XS椀 \o¡ns¡mSp¯XmWv apl½Znsâ ]mT§fnse
DZm¯amb ktµisa¶v At±lw \nco£n¡p¶p.
{]ikvX \mSIIr¯mb
tPmÀPvPv _ÀWmÀUvjm apl½Zv \_nsb hnebncp¯p¶Xpw At±lw {]Ncn¸n¨ aX¯nsâ
ssNX\y¯nsâ ]Ým¯e¯nemWv (The Genuine Islam). \_n _ÀWmÀUvjm¡v HcÛpX a\pjy\mbncp¶p.
At±ls¯ a\pjy hwi¯nsâ tamNI\mbn ]cnKWn¡Wsa¶mWv jmbpsS A`n{]mbw. jm C{X
IqSn¸dªp: ""At±ls¯t¸msebpÅ HcmÄ B[p\nI temI¯nsâ kakvXm[nImc§fpw
GsddSp¯m \ap¡v Gddhpw Bhiyamb kam[m\hpw kt´mjhpw \ne\n¡p¶ Xc¯nÂ
temI¯nse FÃm {]iv\§fpw hnPb ]qÀhw ssIImcyw sN¿s¸t«s\.'' \_nsb At±l¯nsâ
aX k¯bn \n¶v thÀ Xncn¨p \nÀ¯nbà _ÀWmÀUvjm ZÀin¨Xv; aX¯n \n¶v thdn«v
\_n¡v asddmckvXnXzw At±lw IÂ]n¡p¶nÃ.
a\pjy
Ncn{Xs¯ kzm[o\n¨ \qdp {]apJ hyànIsf¸ddnbpÅ ]T\§fpsS kamlmcamWv ssa¡Ä
F¨v lmÀ«nsâ "\qdv t]À : Ncn{Xs¯ Gddhpw kzm[o\¨hcpsS {Iaw' (The Hundred
A ranking of the most influential persons in History) F¶ IrXn.
AÛpXIcsa¶v ]dbs« apl½Zv \_n¡mWv Ct±lw H¶mw Øm\w \ÂIp¶Xv. tbip aq¶ma\mbpw
ImdÂamÀIvkv ]Xns\m¶ma\mbpw am{Xta hcp¶pÅq. apl½Zv \_nsb¡pdn¨v ssa¡Ä
lmÀ«v ]dbp¶Xv aXImcy§fnse¶ t]mse euInI Imcy§fnepw At±lw t\XmhmsW¶mWv.
tbip Cu AÀ°¯n \_nsb¡mÄ F{Xtbm XmsgbmWv. apl½Zv F¶ cmjv{Sob t\Xmhnt\bpw
apl½Zv F¶ aXXXzÚt\bpw At±lw Htc _nµphn Iq«nbnW¡p¶p. {InkvXp aX¯nsâ
hfÀ¨¡v tbip hln¨Xntesd ]¦v Ckvemansâ hnImk¯n \_n hln¨n«ps¶mWv ssa¡Ä
lmÀ«nsâ Is¯Â. {InkvXob kZmNmc k¦ev]§Ä¡v cq]w \ÂInbXv tbiphmsW¦nepw
{InkvXy³ ssZhimkv{Xw hnIkn¸n¨Xv skbnâv t]mfmWv. F¶m CkvemanI kZmNmc ]mT§Äs¡¶
t]mse ssZhimkv{X¯n\pw cq]w \ÂInbXv apl½Zv \_nbmWv. A\pjvTm\§Ä t]mepw
\_n {Ias¸Sp¯n. \_nbpsS PohnXw Xs¶bmWv Ckvemansâ ]mTw F¶mWv lmÀ«nsâ `mjyw.
Ic³
Bwkvt{Sm§nsâ
Muhammed a
western attempt to understand Islam
F¶ IrXnbn apl½Zv \_nsb ]mÝmXy temI¯nsâ i{XpXm]camb \ne]mSpIfpsS ]Ým¯e¯nemWv
hnebncp¯p¶Xv. tdma³ It¯men¡m k`mwKamb I\ymkv{Xo Bbncp¶p Ic³. Ckvemans¶Xncmb
ap³ hn[nIÄ¡v \_nsb¡pdn¨pÅ AhmkvXh {]NmcW§Ä hgnsh¨psh¶v AhÀ kaÀ°n¡p¶p.
\_nsb¸ddn
ImÀsse \S¯nb ]T\s¯¸ddn t\cs¯ kqNn¸n¨phtÃm. 1841  {]kn²s¸Sp¯nb "Hm¬
lotdmkv, lotdm hÀjn¸v B³Uv Zn lotdmbn¡v C³ lnÌdn' F¶ {KÙ¯nemWv \_nsb¸ddn
At±lw ]cmaÀin¡p¶Xv. Ncn{X¯nse [oc\mbIsc Is¯pIbmWt±lw. {]hmNIcpsS
Iq«¯n apl½Zn¶mWv At±lw H¶mw Øm\w \ÂIp¶Xv. \_nsb¸ddnbpÅ ]qÀh[mcWIsf
At±lw shÃphnfn¡p¶p. "kq{Ximenbmb I]S³, AkXy¯nsâ aqÀ¯n' XpS§n \_nbpsS
ta NmÀ¯s¸« Ccp {]XnOmbsb ImÀsse XIÀ¡pIbpw \mSy§Ä XoscbnÃm¯ BÄ F¶ \nebnepÅ
AkvXnXzw At±l¯n¶p \ÂIpIbpw sN¿p¶p. AÛpX§Ä {]hr¯n¡m\mhm¯ AÛpXambmWv
ImÀsse \_nsb hntijn¸n¡p¶Xv. hmfp]tbmKn¨mWv Ckvemw aXw {]Ncn¸n¨Xv F¶
{]NmcWs¯ "F§s\ {]Ncn¨p F¶XÃ Hcp aX¯nsâ Im]Sy¯nsâbpw kXymhØbpsSbpw
DcIsÃ'¶v ]dªv At±lw A{]kàam¡p¶p. FÃm AÀ°¯nepw acp`qanbpsS ]p{X³ F¶v ]dbmhp¶
Hcp km[mcW a\pjy\mWv ImÀsseensâ \_n.
F¨v.F.BÀ
Knºnsâ "Ckvemw F lnkvtddmdn¡Â kÀtÆ' F¶ IrXnbnse \_nsb¡pdn¨pÅ A[ymbw ]WvVntXmNnXamb
]T\amWv. apl½Zv \_nsb¶ a\pjy\mWv Cu ]T\¯n sXfnªp \n¡p¶Xv. Cu a\pjy\v
cp apJ§fpv. Hcp Ad_v tKm{XhwiPsâ apJhpw cmjv{S t\Xmhnsâ apJhpw. Ad_v
kaql¯nsâ a\ximkv{Xhpw kmlNcy§fpw \_nsb GsXms¡ Xc¯n ]cphs¸Sp¯n F¶Xns\¡pdn¨v
Knºv ]cntim[n¡p¶p. \_nsb kmaqlyimkv{X ]T\¯n\v hnt[bam¡pIbmWv {KÙImcs\¶v
]dbmw. At±lw kaÀ°n¡p¶Xv \_nbpsS ASnØm\ e£yw aX]cambncp¶p F¶mWv.
JpssdinIÄs¡Xncmbn \_n \S¯nb bp²§Ä¡p ImcWw tKm{X hÀK§Ä¡v klPamb bp² hmk\bÃ,
aX]camb ZuXy]qÀ¯oIcWambncp¶psh¶v ]dbm³ Knºn¶v aSnbnÃ. F¶m cmjv{Sobhpw
\bX{´hpw Bhiyamb kµÀ`§fn \_n D]tbmKs¸Sp¯pIbpw sNbvXp. ]£]mX§fnÃm¯ ]WvVntXmNnX
kao]\amWv KnºntâXv. kzq^nk¯n BIrjvS\mb {^nXvtPm^v jpthm³, Ckvemansâ
kuµcyk¦ev]§fn Xmev]cyw ImWn¨ amÀ«n³ enwKvkv XpS§nbhÀ hyXykvX coXnbnÂ
{]hmNIs\ ImWp¶p. "kv{SKvÄ ddp kdWvSÀ' F¶ IrXnbn Xm³ Ckveman F¯nt¨À¶sX§s\
F¶ At\zjW IY sP^vdn emwKv hnhcn¡p¶p. Cu IrXnbnse "dkqepÃmlv' F¶ A[ymbw
\_nsb JpÀBsâ shfn¨¯n hnebncp¯m\pÅ {iaamWv.
Cu ]T\§fnÂ
\n¶v hyXykvXamWv amIvknw tdmkn³ksâ apl½Zv F¶ {KÙw. \_nbpsS PohnXt¯bpw
ktµit¯bpw kmaqly imkv{X¯ntâbpw cmjv{Sob XXzZÀi\§fpsSbpw shfn¨¯nÂ
tdmkn³k¬ A]{KYn¡p¶p. Ckvemw amÀIvknkt¯mSv ASp¯p \n¡p¶ {]Xyb
imkv{XamsW¶mWv tdmkn³ksâ Is¯Â. tdmkn³ksâ Cu ]T\w ]t£, \_nbpsS bYmÀ°
hyànXzs¯ Is¯p¶Xn ]et¸mgpw ]cmPbs¸Sp¶Xmbn ImWmw. \_nbpsS cm{ãob
PohnXs¯¸ddnbpÅ anI¨ ]T\ambn Cu IrXnsb hntijn¸n¡mw.
apl½Zv F¶
{]hmNIs\¸ddnbpw apl½Zv F¶ hyànsb¸ddnbpw Ct¸mgpw Ht«sd At\zjW§Ä \S¡p¶p.
]mÝmXy temIw C\nbpw Cu a\pjys\bpw At±lw {]kcn¸n¨ ktµi§sfbpw icnbmw h®w
DÄsImn«nÃ. kzoImcyXbpsSbpw \ncmIcW¯ntâbpw hnhn[ L«§fnemWv AhÀ¡v
Ckvemw, AtXt]mse \_nbpw. AXn\m ]Snªmd³ temIw kZm \_n Nhn«n \n¶a®v
Inf¨p adn¨p sImtbncn¡pIbmWv. |