ZznenwKa\pjy\pw enwKamä ikv{X{Inbbpw

]pcpjsâ _oPw kv{XobpsS AÞhpambn k¦en¨p­mIp¶ ssktKm«v (Zygote) F¶ 0.135 anÃnaoäÀ am{Xw hymkapff GItImiw hn`Pn¨p hfÀ¶p a\pjy icocw D­mIp¶psh¶pw Hcp ]qÀ® hfÀ¨sb¯nb icoc¯n 60 {Sney¬ hsc tImi§fp­mIpsa¶pw imkv{Xw ]dbp¶p. tImSn¡W¡n\p tImi§fn Hmtcm¶nepw 23 tPmUn AYhm 46 t{ImatkmapIfp­mIpw. 23 tPmUnbn Hmtcm tPmUnbnepw Hcp t{Imatkmw ]nXmhn \n¶p _oP¯neqsS In«nbXpw atäXv AÞw hgn amXmhn \n¶p In«nbXpambncn¡pw. 46 t{ImatkmapIfn cs­®w enwKt{ImatkmapIÄ (Sex Chromosomes) F¶ t]cnednbs¸Sp¶p. injvSapff 44 t{ImatkmapIÄ Hmt«mtkmapIÄ (Autosomes) F¶ t]cnepw. ]pcpjtImi§fnepÅ c­penwK t{ImatkmapIfn H¶ns\ X F¶pw atäXns\ Y F¶pamWp ]dbp¶Xv. F¶m kv{XoIfn c­p enwKt{ImatkmapIfpw X t{ImatkmapIfmWv. AXmbXv 44 Hmt«mtkmapIfpw XY F¶ c­p enwKt{ImatkmapIfpw tNÀ¶XmWp ]pcpjsâ icoctImiw. AtXkabw, 44 Hmt«mtkmapIfpw XX F¶ c­penwK t{ImatkmapIfpw tNÀ¶XmWp kv{XobpsS icoctImiw.

tImi§fn \nc´cw hn`P\w \S¡p¶p­v. Hmtcm tImi¯nsâbpw hn`P\¯n\p ap¼v t{ImatkmapIÄ hn`Pn¡s¸Sp¶p. Hmtcm t{Imatkmapw ]nfÀ¶v Afhnepw KW¯nepw Xpeyambn«pÅ cs­®ambn¯ocp¶p. AXpsIm­v ]pXpXmbn cq]w sImÅp¶ Hmtcm ]p{XotImi¯nepw amXrtImi¯nse¶ t]mse 46 t{ImatkmapIÄ D­mbncn¡pw. {]XypÂ]mZ\ {]{Inbbn ssewKnI tImi§Ä kwtbmPn¨p ssktKm«v F¶ GItImiap­mIpt¼mÄ Ccp ssewKnI tImi§fpsSbpw \yq¢nbkv kwtbmPn¨v H¶mbn¯ocp¶p. At¸mÄ ChnsS Hcp k¦oÀW {]iv\w DZn¡p¶p. 46 t{ImatkmapIÄ hoXapÅ c­p tImi§fpsSbpw \yq¢nbkv H¶mhpIbpw AXn 92 t{ImatkmapIÄ D­mhpIbpw sN¿pw. C¯cw ssktKm«v DÂ]mZn¸n¡p¶ {]PIfn t{Imatkmw kwJy ho­pw Cc«n¡pw. A§s\ Hmtcm Xeapdbnepw XpSÀ¨bmbn t{Imatkmw kwJybpsS Cc«n¡Â Ahncmaw XpScpIbpw sN¿pw. F¶m bYmÀY¯n Hcp hÀK¯nse FÃm XeapdIfnepw X\Xmb t{Imatkmw kwJy IrXyambpw Øncambpw ]cnc£n¡s¸SWw. F¦n am{Xta t{ImatkmapIfm \nÀ®bn¡s¸«ncn¡p¶ Hmtcm hÀK¯nsâbpw X\Xmb khntijXIÄ¡p hyXnbm\w kw`hn¡mXncn¡pIbpÅq (Pohimkv{Xw `mKw II hmeywþ2 tIcf`mjm C³Ìnäyq«v t]: 94 t\m¡pI)  

F¶m Cu {]iv\w ]cnlcn¡p¶Xn\p {]IrXn AZv`pXIcamb Hcp kwhn[m\w GÀs¸Sp¯nbn«p­v. {]XypÂ]mZ\ tImi§fpsS \yq¢nbkpIfn kw`hn¡p¶ Hcp {]tXyI Xcw hn`P\w (Meiosis) aqew t{Imatkmw kwJy Øncambpw IrXyambpw \ne\nÀ¯p¶p. Cu hn`P\w hgn ssewKnI tImi§fnse (KmaoäpIfnse) t{Imatkmw kwJy amXrtImi¯nteXnsâ t\À ]IpXnbmbn¯ocp¶p. AXmbXv ssewKnItImi§fmb _oP¯nepw AÞ¯nepw 23 t{ImatkmapIÄ am{Xta D­mbncn¡pIbpÅq. AXpsIm­v _oPmÞ k¦e\w \S¶p ssktKm«v cq]s¸Spt¼mÄ B GItImi¯nepw AXnsâ hn`P\s¯¯pSÀ¶p­mIp¶ aäp tImi§fnepw 46 (23+23) t{ImatkmapIÄ D­mIp¶p (Ibid:94).

At¸mÄ ]pcpj·mcn _oPP\\ kab¯v km[mcW tImi§fnse 44 Hmt«m tkmapIfn 22 F®w hoXw Hmtcm Kmaoänte¡pw t]mIp¶p. AtXkabw enwKt{Imatkmw tPmUnbnse X H¶nte¡pw Y atäXnte¡pw t]mIp¶p. CXnsâ ^eambn c­pXcw ]pcpj_oP§fp­mIp¶p. H¶v, 22 Hmt«mtkmapIfpw X F¶ enwK t{Imatkmapw tNÀ¶Xv. c­v, 22 Hmt«m tkmapIfpw Y F¶ enwK t{Imatkmapw tNÀ¶Xv. F¶m kv{XotImi§fn 44 Hmt«mtkmapIfn 22 F®w hoXw Hmtcm Kmaoänte¡p t]mIpt¼mÄ XX F¶o c­p enwKt{ImatkmapIfn Hmtcm¶p hoXhpw AXnte¡p t]mIpw. At¸mÄ 22 Hmt«mtkmapIfpw Hcp X enwKt{Imatkmapw DÅ HtcXcw AÞ§fmWp kv{XoIÄ DÂ]mZn¸n¡p¶Xv.

_oPkwtbmP\ kab¯v X t{Imatkmw AS§nb ]pcpj_oPhpw AÞhpw X½n tNÀ¶p­mIp¶ knàmÞw s]¬Ipªmbn¯ocp¶p. Y t{Imatkmw AS§nb _oPhpw AÞhpw tNÀ¶p­mIp¶ knàmÞw B¬Ipªmbpw hfcp¶p. AXmbXp _oP¯nse X Dw AÞ¯nse X Dw tNÀ¶v s]®pw _oP¯nse Y bpw AÞ¯nse X Dw tNÀ¶v BWpw D­mIp¶p (]mc¼cyhpw t¢mWnMpw t]:21þ22).

sXmenbpsS \ndw, BIrXn, _p²n, iàn, apSn apXembhsbms¡ Hmt«mtkmapIÄ \nb{´n¡pt¼mÄ AXnsâ enwK hyXymkw \nÀ®bn¡p¶Xp ssewKnI t{ImatkmapIfmWv (saUn¡Â F³sskt¢m]oUnb t]:377).P\\¯nepw enwK \nÀWb¯n\v B[mcw Ah Xs¶. _oPw ]pcpj·mcpsS hrjW§fnepw AÞw kv{XoIfpsS AÞmib§fnepamWp hfcp¶Xv. F¶m tlmÀtam¬ DÂ]mZ\¯nse A]mIXIÄ sIm­v Nne {]tXyI kmlNcy§fn hrj Whpw AÞmibhpw Htc hyànbn Xs¶ hfÀ¶p ht¶¡mw. c­pw ]qÀ® hnImkw {]m]n¡pIbpanÃ. A§s\ hcpt¼mÄ kmlNcy§Ä IW¡nseSp¯v GsX¦nepw Hcp P\\{KÙn FSp¯p Ifªm atäXp ]qÀ® hnImkw ssIhcn¡pIbpw hyàn km[mcW BtWm s]t®m Bbn¯ocpIbpw sN¿p¶p (]mc¼cyhpw t¢mWnMpw. 36).

C¯cw hyànIÄ \]pwkI (Hermaphrodite) §fn Hcn\amWv. \]pwkI§fn ]p¶]pwkIhpw kv{Xo\]pwkIhpap­v. ]pcpj e£W§Ä IqSpXembpw kv{Xo e£W§Ä IpdhmbpapÅXmWp ]p¶]pwkIw. kv{Xoe£W§Ä IqSpXembpw ]pcpje£W§Ä IpdhmbpapÅXmWp kv{Xo\]pwkIw (i_vZXmcmhen t]: 1054). \]pwkI§Ä ]et¸mgpw `uXnI \nbaÚÚ·mÀ¡p XethZ\ krjvSn¡mdp­v. AhcpsS ssIbnepÅ Hcp \nba imkv{X {KÙ¯nepw {]Xnhn[n ImWm\mhm¯ ]e {]iv\§fpw \]pwkI§fpambn _Ôs¸«p­mImdp­v.