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{]tXyI ^o

\_nZn\w

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a\pjy\v Ahs {]bXv\w am{Xw

tNmZyw: a\pjy\v Ah {]hnXmsX Ahs acWtijw Hpw e`nnsv hmZnph A\ypthn anp \nkvIcnpXns AYw FmWv? F kpn tNmZyn\v Hcp auehn adp]Sn ]dbpp. ""A\ypthnbmsX Ah\pthn Bpw anp \nkvIcnm Ignbns efnX kXyw BZyambn apkvenbmsc t_m[ysSppI. cmaXmbn a\pjy\v Ah {]hnXmsX C FXv JpB kqamWv. AXns\ FXnph JpB\ns\bmWv FXnpXv. Pohnncnphpw acnhpw thn {]mYnmw. {]mY\ kzoIcnpXv ]t, hynbpsS hnizmkhpw Ihpw A\pkcnmbncnpw. AXpsImmWv AhnizmknIpthn ]m]w s]mdpm\p {]mY\ ]mSnsv hnenbXv. kpnIfpw aphcpw Xnep `nm`n{]mbw acn apkvenwIpthn {]mYnmtam ]pWyI sNmtam Fo Imcyfne. adnv AhtcmSv {]mYnmtam acnhcpsS {]oXnpthn t\ hgn]mSpIBhmtam Fo ImcyfnemWv. hyambpw Ckvemw \ntcm[n ImcyfmWnh.

1988 sabv Ggnse {]t_m[\nse tNmtZymcamWnXv. apPo_ns ]cmais Ipdnv Fv ]dbpp?

Dcw: kpnI sNp acWm\c {InbI ]eXpw PamAs Ckveman inpw _nZvApamsWv Nn{XoIcnv apkvenwIsf XneSnnpIbpw Ip gw krjvSnpIbpw sXnnpIbpw sNbvXncpp. apPo_ns Dcw AwKoIcnm GsXnepw PamAs Ckvemanmc Xmdmbm AXp kw_amb ^kmZv \onnnbtm. A{Xbpw ktmjw.

sshcpyfSnb {]t_m[\nse apPo_ns Dcw \apv hniIe\w sNmw. Dcn \npw \apv a\nemIph CXmWv.

(1.) A\ypthnbmsX Ah\pthn Bpw anp \nkvIcnm km[ya. (2.) Cu efnXamb kXyw apkvenbmmv Adnbn. (3.) a\pjy\v Ah {]hnXmsXbn FXv JpB kqamWv. AXns\ FXnph JpB\ns\bmWv FXnpXv.(4.) anv \nkvImcw acnhp thn sNp ]pWyIaamIpp. AXv Cu JpB kqn\v FXncmIpp. (5.) Pohnncnphpw acnhpw thn A\yv {]mYnmw. (6.) Pohnncnph acnhpthn ]pWyI sNmw.(7.) ]t, {]mY\ kzoIcnpXv hynbpsS Ihpw hnizmkhpw A\pkcnmbncnpw (Atm acnhpw hnizmkhpw Ihpaptm) (8.) kpnIfpw aphcpw Xnep `n m`n{]mbw acn apkvenwIv thn {]mYnmtam ]pWyI sNmtam Fo Imcyne. (9.) PamAs Ckvemanm kpnIf. (10.) acnhtcmSv {]mYnmtam acnhcpsS {]oXnpthn hgn]mSpI BImtam Fo ImcyfnemWv kpnIfpw PamApImcpw Xnep `nX. (11) kpnI sNp ap Imcynsempw PamAs Ckvemanm `nX {]ISnnpItbm FXnpItbm C. (12) acnhtcmSv {]mYnepw Ahpthn t\ hgn]mSpI t\cepw hyambpw Ckvemw \ntcm[n ImcyfmIpp.

Dcns BZyhpw Ahkm\hpw sshcpyapsv GsXmcmpw t_m[yamIpw. apPo_ns hnhcns Bghpw ]cpw a\nemIpIbpw sNpw. au ZqZn kmlnXyw am{Xw ]Tnh sshcpyfpw hnhctSpw hnfpI km[mcWamWv. kam[m\nmw.

kzn\pthn anp \nkvIcnm km[yas kXyw apkvenbmm a\nemnbnpv. Cu efnXamb kXyw auZqZnI AwKoIcnmXncnm \nhmlanspw apkvenbmmv a\nembnpv. AXpsImmWtm ap kvenbm tNmZnXv. ]t, apPo_v tNmZyn\v apn DcpfpXv ImWm Gsd ckapv. ""a\pjy\v Ah {]hnXmsXbn Fv JpB kqapspw AXns\ FXnph JpB\ns\bmWv FXnpsXpw ]d apPo_v Xs acnhv thn \nkvImchpw {]mY\bpw (Zm\[fpw apw) sNmsav ]dbpp. apPo_ns Cu hmZw JpB\ns\ FXnes?

Fm acnhv thn sNp ]pWyIhpw {]mY\bpw kzoIcnpXv acnhcpsS Ihpw hnizmkhpa\pkcnmbncnpsamWtm apPo_v ]dbpXv. Fn acnhv hopw hnizmkhpw Ihpaptm. Hcp _lpssZh hnizmkn acn tijw GIssZh hnizmknbmbm Ahs hnizmkw kzoIcnSptam? Ahs Iw ^ehmIptam? ]mn Hm^okn Xe ]Wbw sh auZqZnIfmsX CXv AwKoIcnptam? apkvenw temIn\v AmXamWo hmZw. acWn\v apv AhcpsS hnizmka\pkcnmWv PohnncnphcpsS {]mY\bpw ]pWyIhpw kzoIcnpIsbmtWm apPo_ns Dtiyw. F n ta JpB kqn\pt\sc hn]coXas Cu hmZw. JpBs\ FXn pXn apPo_pw {]Xnbs?

acWshpthn ]pWyIw sNbvXm AXv acWshv ^ew sN ptam? Fv BZyw \apv ]cntim[nmw. tijw ta kqs kw_nv Nnnmw. Camw _pJmcn(d)bpw apkvenapw(d) dntmpsNbvX Hcp lZokn \nv Cs\ kw{Klnmw.

""cv J_dpIfpsS AcnIneqsS \_n(kz) X \Spt]mbn. P\fpsS CSbn \nmcambXpw Fm Amlphns ASp alm]m]hpamb Imcypthn Cu cv J_dmfnIfpw innsSppv. Hcm aq{Xs ipnhcppXn kqvaX ]menmh\pw A]c GjWnmc\pambncpp Fv \_n(kz) ]dp. A\cw Hcp Cu\ a FSpv cv `mKamn Hcp `mKw Hcp J_dns taenepw atXv ASp J_dns apIfnepw Ipn. Ch DWmXncnp Imetmfw ChcpsS inv Cfhv e`npsav \_n(kz) ]dbpIbpw sNbvXp. DWm Cu\ a Xkv_olv sNmp ImcWm AXv apIfnsh J_dmfnIv Bizmkhpw inbn Cfhpw e`npsamWv \_n(kz) ]dbpXv. tIhew Hcp Cu\ aens Xkv_olv ImcWw in eLqIcnsSppshn apkvenamb a\pjy J_dn\cnIn shv sNp JpB ]mcmbWw XpSnb k hgn acWsh v kpJhpw ktmjhpw e`npsav ]dtbXntm.

Cu lZokv hniZoIcnpsImv Amam sF\n(d) Camw JXzm_n(d)bn \npw Dcnpp. ""J_dns ASpv shv JpB ]mcmbWw sNpXv kpmsWXn\v Cu lZokn sXfnhpv. Hcp acns Xkv_olv sImv Xs KpWw {]Xonmsan JpB HmXpXv sImv ^ehpw A\p{Klhpw Gsd {]Xonmatm'' (DwZXp Jmcn 3/118, ilp apkvenw 1/141).

apm Aenp Jmcn(d) ]dbpp: ""J_dnSn shv JpB HmX kpmsWv CXns ASnm\n ]WvVnXm hyamnbnpv. Hcp Cu \ aens Xkv_olns\m DaamWtm JpB ]mcmbWw FXmWv \ymbw'' (anJmXv 1/286).

lZokn Cmcyw hyambn ]cmainXmbn ImWmw. ss_lJn(d) \nthZ\w sNbvX lZokn Cs\bpv. ""\_n(kz) ]dp: Hcp hyn J_dn\Spv kqdv bmko HmXnbm B J_dmfnIv in Cfhv sNsSpXpw AhbpsS Fn\v Ah\v KpWw e`npXpamWv'' (anJmXv 2/382).

A_vZpmln_v\p Dadn(d) \nv \nthZ\w:""\n Bscnepw acnm A hs\ XmaknncpXv. DSs\ adhpsNWw. Ahs XebpsS `mKv A_JdbpsS BZy`mKhpw Im`mKv Ahkm\ `mKhpw ]mcmbWw sNWw. Fv \_n(kz) ]dXmbn Rm tIp'' (ss_lJn).

av ]pWyI sNbvXmepw acWsh\v ^ew sNpsav Ckvemw ]Tnnpp. acWshcpsS KpWn\pthn Zm\[w sN {]tXyIw kpmWv. acWtmSv sXmSp Znhkfn {]tXyIambn [w sNWw. Camw AlvaZpw(d), A_q\psFapw(d) dntmpsNpp. acWshv BZy s Ggp Znhkw {]tXyI ]coWw DmIpw. AXpImcWw B Znhkfn AZm\w \SpXv kzlm_nI Ncybmnbncnpp. acWshv th n Pohnncnph sNp lv, kzZJ XpSnb k ^ew sNpsaXn\v sXfnhpI \nch[nbpv. Nnnphv CXv Xs [mcmfatm.

acWshv thnbp k ^ew sNpXn\v anv \nkvIm cw Xs sXfnhmWtm. CXv kXn Hcmv asmcp khpw \ntj[npI km[ya. AXpsImmWv auZqZn apPo_v t]mepw ]pWyI ^ew sNpsav ]dbpXv.

acn GgpZnhkw XpSbmbn kzlm_nI ASnbncw Ignncppshv ta lZokv sImv sXfnXmWtm. kpnIfDw auZqZnIfpw Xn ZnIvdv sNm , Jpc sI (J_dnsbSpv HmX), `Ww [w sN, ASnbncw Ign XpSnb Imcyfn `nm`n{]mbansv apPo_v hyamnbncns IqSpX sXfnhpIfntev ISpn.

Fm a\pjy\v Ah {]hnXmsXbns JpB kqs ]Wv VnXm hymJym\nncnpIbmWv. Camw sF\n(d) ]dbpp: ""CXp kw_ambn ]WvVnXm Fv A`n{]mbmcmWv. Hv. B kqw akqJv (\nba{]m_eyanmXv) BIpp. C_v\pAmkn(d)s A`n{]mbamWnXv. cv. C{_mlnw \_n(A), aqkm \_n(A) Fo cv AnbmfpsS P\Xsb sImv {]tXyIamWv B \nbaw. Fm \psS Cu Dn\v Ah sNbv XXpw Ahpthn aph sNbvXXpw D]Icnpw. CIvcna(d)bpsS A`n{]mbamWnXv. aqv, kqn ]d a\pjy sImv hnh Im^n (Ahnizmkn) BIpp. d_oD_v\p A\kn(d)s A`n{]mbamWnXv. (CX\pkcnv kqns AYan{]ImcamWv. Im^ndmb a\pjy\v Ahs AaemsX ^esSn. Ah\msWn Aa CXm\pw) \mev. Amlphns \oXnbpsS XmXv]cya\pkcnv a\pjy {]hnXv am{Xta Ah\v ^esSpIbpq. Fm aph {]hnXv ^esSpXv \oXnbpsS XmXv]cya\pkcn. adnv Amlphns HuZmcyw sImv am{XamWv. Amlp Dtin{X HuZmcyw Ah\v sNmhpXmWtm. lpssk\p_v\p ^fven(d)sXmWo A`n{]mbw. Av. am kB F hmn\Yw Ah IcpXnbXv FmWv. A_q_Ivcn hdmJn(d) tXmWo A`n{]mbw. (CX\pkcnv kqn\Yw C{]Imcambn. a\pjy\v Ah IcpXnbXmsX {]tbmP\sSn.) Bdv, Ahnizmknv Ah sNbvX \Imcyn\v {]Xn^eambn Zp\nbmhn shp {]Xn^eamsX asmpan. ]mc{XnI PohnXn Ah\Xn \nsmpw tijnnsv hnh. kAve_n(d)bptSXmWo A`n{]mbw. Ggv, a\pjy\v tISmbn `hnpXv Ah sNbvXXmsX asmpa. (Hcm sNbvX Ipn\v asmcmsf innsSnsv Npcpw.) Fv. a\pjy\v a\pjys {]bXv\amsXbn. ]t, Imcyp ImcW ]eXmbXv sImv Nnetm B {]bXv\w Ahs kzambXpw apNnetm ImcWw DmIpXns hgnbmbXpamIpw. DZmlcWambn Ah s aI HmXnbXns {]Xn^ew Ah\v e`nXv B aI DmIpXn Ah\v {]bXv\apmbXv sImmWv. CXpt]mse Xs av IqpImc Ah\v thn {]mY\ \SpXpw (Ahs\ IqpImc\mnbXv Chs {]bXv\amWv). AXpt]mse Xs apNnetm Zo\ns JnZvaXnepw C_mZXnepambp {]bXv\w. AXv Zo\ns AlvepImcpsS {]oXnv hgnsbmcppw. C_v\pKvhm\n(d)bn \nv A_p^dPv(d) DcnXmWnX'' (DwZXp Jmcn 3/119).

Hcp apkvenamb a\pjy asmcp acn apkvenamb a\pjy\v thn JpB ]mcmbWw sNpXv D]cyp JpB kqns\Xncsv C{Xbpw hniZoIcnXn \npw hyambn. Fncns Camw im^nCu(d)bpw A\pbmbnIfpw acnhv thn JpB ]mcmbWw \Sn {]Xn^ew Ahv lZvb sNpXv ^ew knnpnsv Cu kqn \nv KthjWw \SnbXmbn C_v\pIko(d) DcnXv \mw kaYnXn\v hncpa. ImcWw JpB ]mcmbWmcw {]mY\ \SmXncpXn\memWv AdsXv C_v\pIkodn \nv Xs hyamIpw. Atlw ]dbpp: ""Fm {]mY\bpw kzZJbpw anntev {]Xn^ew tNcphbmsWXv GIIWvTm`n{]mbamWv. \_n(kz)bn \nv Xs AXv hyambn hXpamWv'' (X^vkodp C_v\pIko 4/258).

C_v\plPdn(d)s hmpI ImWpI. ""J_dn\cnInshv kuIcyap{X JpB ]mcmbWw \Snb tijw {]mYnWsa Camwim^nCu(d)bpsS hmv anns ta JpB ]mcmbWw sNsSnsv ap ]WvVnXm ]dXn\v hncpassbv \o tNmZnm Rm adp]Sn ]dbmw. hncpa. ImcWw, acnh\v thn shdpw JpB ]mcmbWw sNpXv kw_nmWv Ah ]dXv. Camw im^nCu(d) ]dXmIs ]mcmbWm\cw {]mY\ \SpXv kw_npamWv. CXv {]Xn^e e_v[nbpXv XsbmWtm. Atm FhnsSbmWv sshcpyw. F, Camw im^Cu(d)bpsS {]knamb aZvl_v Xs (]mcmbW {]Xn^ew tNcnsXv, anns kmn[yn shmhmXncnpItbm ]mcmbWm\cw {]mYnmXncnpItbm sNptmgmsW ]n me ]WvVnXmcpsS hymJym\n\v Camw im^nCu(d)bpsS D]cyp hmv Xs) in \Ippv.'' (A ^Xmh Ip_vd 2/27).

Camw \hhn(d) ]dbpp: ""acn hynv Hcp {]Xn^ehpw tNcnsv Nne ]dXmbn Camw amhdZn(d) Dcnnpv. ]t, CXv _mXznemb aZvl_msWpdpXpw hyamb ]nghpw JpB\nsbpw kpnsbpw hyamb tc Jpw apkvenw temIns CPvamC\pw hncpambXpamWv. AXpsImpXs AXv ]mtS AhKWnstSXpamIpp'' (ilp apkvenw 1/1213).